material goals? that's all for now. up. next is our series mapped out looking at mounting tensions among the world's biggest nuclear powers. thanks for watching the get ready for any exciting auburn toyota for the surprise. hi, irish. and i'm ready to dive into the hands of children to you. have you have a one, dodge saw the front porch response. and the unexpected side to side. do you know which of these 3 industries has the highest c o 2 emission rates? would you guess concrete, the transforming business syllabus onto the bigger house,

but the real new div just reimbursing the watch now on the southern networking, closing and a new kid capable of stretch subject from the us ballistic missiles, cemetery, and showing up at the shores of control to end the construction sites in the middle of the chinese desert, you silos for intercontinental ballistic missiles. dozens of them. these recent examples of the 3 biggest powers displaying modernizing and increasing the us and those there's no doubt in my mind that the, the risk of nuclear weapons coming into use is increasing and has increased significantly during the cold war. the system of the current kept things in check

today that i'm more active on the safe side, the new care order control treaties. all of that is under a lot of stress. the age of disarmament is over, newcastle. close are growing again. so we stumbled into another and more dangerous nuclear spray. the, the only time nuclear weapon square used in a conflict was in august 1945 when the us strep thumbs on. he rushing mountains like a saki and japan. this was the blast radius of the bomb dropped on hiroshima which killed up to 140000 people. and this would be the devastation to days. largest bombs in the american awesome. it would cost lucky the nuclear weapons having destroyed the world. yet, even though that could have happened during the cold war and

the number of nuclear warheads reached 70000 at the peak. this was due to the race between the soviet union. and to do that, it states both in 2000 nuclear tests, such as here, and this will get through the end of the competition. yeah, i do not know. i hear of retaliation prevented both from pushing the button 1st. the principal calls mutually assured destruction. eventually, after the series of arms control treaties and the contents of the soviet union came mass us disarmament. the number of nuclear warheads went down to over 12000 today. still enough to destroy the world multiple times. 9 countries half nukes most keep the exact size of the us no secrets. but according to estimates the us and russia still the big players today. china is awesome though is much smaller. instead of me growing, we get to that. and then the countries like north korea, indeed yeah,

pack is done from and the united kingdom is trenice believes to be one of those, but has never officially confirmed. it has nukes. but just as we still have the nuclear dread, closest thing of the nuclear stress test starts. the 3 reasons, brush that's war against ukraine, the contents of arms control and china as nuclear builds up. ever since russia who's kind of age know, keep train, the kremlin, has made a series of new test wrists like this towards the history of western nations. must realize that we also have weapons that can hit targets on their territory and they have to do to still pursue it. so all this really threatens a conflict with the use of nuclear weapons conflict and the destruction of civilization was measured the we showing him civil is that's right from the beginning of that war. uh, nuclear weapons were a brought out rabbit. so to speak. um,

by the russians to say to the west, listen, don't go him directly here and try to stop us. hans christensen is the director of the nuclear inflammation project at the federation of american scientists. the organization, advocates for transparency and risk reduction from nuclear weapons. we've seen the way they talk about needs of weapons and the potential role because it weapons involves uh, quite significantly in the sense that it became more explicit by threatening to break the nucleotide to food and it's throwing the system of the terrans off balance in 2023, he announced the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons to neighboring bella roofs . it's the 1st time russia since nuclear weapons outside of its own territory. this is where the nukes could be. storage and military depot and central mother was. precious is a descending tactical nuclear weapons, but you have a range of a few 100 kilometers low y yields and are supposed to have a battlefield purpose. these are the friend from strategic nuclear weapons,

which could wipe out an entire city thousands of kilometers away. technical nuclear weapons and but our roost are a threat to nato's eastern members. but russia is believe to already have tactical nukes and come in and brought it's west and exclaim, giving of those some of the reach of a major territory. i interpret the better risk deployment decision more as a political signal, as opposed to being driven by military or strategic necessity on the russian side. a note to is direct us eurasia at the james martin center for nonproliferation studies. she specializes in russian foreign policy and arms control. i would contextualize this decision to, to move nuclear weapons to better was into this general array of measures that russia has taken in order to heighten the temperature and make us in the west. feel that the risk of nuclear war is increasing due to russia,

nate to begin wrestling its own nuclear savers. in europe, on the fronds and buquet, you have to own nukes. there are some 100 nuclear warheads from the united states, deployed to bases in belgium. the netherlands, germany, italy, entered key to us, maintain control over the weapons that's in a conflict. the bombs would be mounted on hosts, nation war plains. here dutch pilots, training for just such a scenario. now, preparations are running high to put u. s. nukes also have this database and the okay, just 100 kilometers northeast of london. it really started after rushes, invasion of premier in 2014. that's when we started seeing real changes happening in the way the americans planned the role of nuclear weapons in defense of your us small. so bringing its nuclear submarines informed us to europe more often like this. b 52 over stuck home. they're going further east. they're going into the

areas where they happened. they didn't used to go at all. um, i mean, sometimes very offensive ways. in march 2023, for example, in american b, $52.00 bomber conducted maneuvers over europe, heading towards st. petersburg and turning around just before it got to russian space and in your face exercised russia similarly 2nd, that's my. so let's here in 2021. remember my neither of about 60 in the past, the us and russia had at least notified each other in advance the vote exercises like this. that was part of the new start trading is also kept the list of the number of strategic nuclear weapons. the ones which can destroy the whole cities of the being launched from a different continent. this and other agreements between the 2 sides are designed to build trust through their reputation and lead russia into us to reduce desktop

fire. that's after attack in ukraine, russia suspended participation in the treaty and already before in 2019 on this from to feed us out of the treaty bending mid range missiles like these something between tactical and strategic weapons, especially with trump. plus, i'm happy that the treaty does not include u. s. rivals in asia. we really have no choice. perhaps we can negotiate a different agreement, adding china and others. or perhaps we can in which case we will out spend and out end of a all others by far aggressive frederick for just for just the new new order. today, 6 out of the 9 new just dates are adding to desktops sites, especially one of them. we have china that is rapidly building up its own nuclear arsenal, and modernizing and so far,

refusing to be engaged in arms control talks because it hasn't yet reached what it was called. parity with united states and russia. here in the desert near the northwest and the city of human, china has built more than 100 new side of these uh, storage and launching sites for icbm. and the last 10 years alone, china has doubled its nuclear inventory. it is estimated that the country now has around $500.00 warheads and is projected to grow further. it's a dramatic change for the chinese of course, because all the previous decades, they have consistent that they were not in, in arms raised. they didn't need more than just a small number of weapons to make the point to other countries, which is like, don't do something stupid. they clearly clutter decided the dentist no longer in china. it's never explained why it is expanding. it's r as no until far as wants to go. and then let's say paging,

considered as far as know to vulnerable to an attack. so what does this mean for the new nuclear arms race? remember the idea of mutually assured destruction we mentioned before. in the cold war, 2 sides mentioned each other as new numbers to keep their arrival in check. striking a balance will be much harder with sweet play us in view, with addition on notice of aging, how to confirm to me if you're advisory, in case russia and china joint forces, the dining of the new nuclear capable of the 21 is just the 1st glimpse of the u. s . new modernization program. the total price tech to update us nuclear weapons could reach $1.00 trillion dollars over the next 30 years. so new nukes, more nukes and more dangerous. well, the system of the turns beginning to falter, getting it back under control, will be even harder this time. we only have experience in the past of doing arms

control and between the soviet union and the united states. we don't really have any experience doing multi acting pianist control agreements. so what does that mean for the future? the sale use of youtube weapons, their value in the minds of military and political leaders is increasing, then sends the message also to non nuclear states. we now have new countries in asia, in the maybe east and even in europe. thinking about whether they might need a nuclear weapons capability off their own. the new nuclear arms race is picking up speed and without new rules and place. it will be hard to stop the

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