of the, the bio diversity genetic engineering animal behavior, an artificial intelligence, drones by syria and split that lo, how the animal kingdom helps for the science coming up on the show, the welcome to the new edition of tomorrow. today. the gelatinous, also known as bleeding hard monkeys live in the you'll be in the highlands at altitude between 224400 meters. although jolanda so closely related to

babylon, they belong to their own genus and are the only prime needs to eat grass. but despite the very specific ecological nation, these mountains do not sate from humans. like many other species, gernado. so i mean, i, you see and read list of endangered species within the middle of a bite of us the crisis. so we need to have the scientific understanding of why of some space is being impacted so heavily. july, those have very complex group behavior. similar to planes, the president can yeah. small groups of females with one man with each group. join up to form larger groups containing several dozen animals. that's why scientists set the max punk institute for neurobiology of behavior are studying both species. they want to test out a new method for monitoring the social behavior of animals in their natural habitat . the my previous research was on was very much sort of

standard behavioral ecology where i was sitting in a jeep with a pair of binoculars watching an animal. and i found that i was limited and the questions i could answer was that method, i can only watch one animal in depths for any period of time. but to look at the questions regarding collective behavior and how groups of animals respond to things like predators, you really need to see the behavior of the whole group at once. and that's just not possible for one person sitting in a jeep and so i had thought to use drones. layer costello and your team are combining drone technology with the newest possibilities of technical monitoring, known as computer vision. special software analyzes the draw. one's digital video's using ai and replicates the function of the human brain, which can recognize individual objects by analyzing patterns. the computer uses this information to make its own decisions,

prognosis and assignments like following one specific animal. for example. this method is called the type of learning that has become standard practice at the max planck institute. and so it wasn't germany. the thing there costello and ian cousins arranged a video chat with ben kogan but he currently works. i think university of washington units and program to a deep learning algorithms for the jerome project. so, you know, the model actually learns from, from the images that we give it. or basically we take a subset, maybe a couple of 100 images, maybe a couple 1000 images and we as humans go through and actually pilot the optics that we're interested in. so say, if we're interested in finding zebras, then we take these images and then draw the boxes on the computer around the zippers and the images that we care about. and then what we can do is we can take those images. so all the annotated images and give them to these models and then basically ask the model to find a set of parameters that highlight those objects. we care about not just in the

images, give them, but in lots of other images that has never seen before. basically, so they can learn those, those patterns with the help of computer vision, the behavioral biologist can observe how hurts respond to ecological changes in their environment, caused by climate change or human interventions. the animals don't notice that they're being observed. they don't need to be captured and fitted with sensors. the max blank research team gets all the relevant data. they need this way, the for the savers. we fly at about 85 meters above the ground, which is high enough that they're typically not disturbed, but we can still get really high resolution imagery. because we still, i'm in high definition. we can see not only the animals location, but also what it's doing. we can see if it's visual it, we can see if it's feeding, we can see if it's interacting with other zebras. up at the top, we see the trucks of the animals and the pixel coordinates of the video frame. but

this doesn't allow us to disentangle. the movement of the animals from the movement of the drones. and so it's really important that we're able to project these tracts into geographic coordinates, and that's what we see on the map. so we see that we can translate the tracts from the pixel coordinates into the real world and see where these animals actually are and how they move in environments. the combined a i technical image analysis works well with both the planes, zebras and kenya and the chit lotteries in the field. because both groups lead to help me open plainly visible from above. around the very beginning. this is a breakthrough in our ability to get these types of data putting things into animals in the real world. and so what we now need to do is to expand this expanded studies across the globe. so we can understand that in fact, humans are having and was like, there are only 20000 yolanda is left in the wild by studying their social behavior using drones. the max planck research team is hoping to gain new insights into

early human history as well. to a lot of those are the only other primates besides humans not to live intrigues. the evolution of a human ancestors started several 1000000 years ago, but our planet is much older. so what was happening here for all those billions of years? the 1st forms of life to image with bacteria, organisms that seem relatively simple, but actually very complex. bacteria have many properties, some can even globe. but what's the actual purpose of light producing bacteria? as far as we know, periods that have a single org and that could to touch these light signals. there is a theory that you developed in an in bacteria when

the bacteria could be as, as a group could be seen. they can't be seen as individuals, right? they're too small for the eyes to see. so they can be seen until they evolved at the time when, when complex size. but why would bacteria want to be seen by larger animals? for a long time, scientists, one barely show until a tiny inhabitant of hawaii is crystal voltage, gave the team some cleans night toast. tonight, the hawaiian folk tale square matches from hiding to hunt small crops and shrimp under the cover of darkness. to avoid becoming something else as pray under the moon installed light, it uses a kind of a trick. it close overall, so it becomes illuminated by the light. the emanates from february fishery bacteria that have a special like to lifting open. these bacteria cover the entire surface of the

squint skin. using best lights, the roughly 5 cents meter long squared can cost light on its own shots and make itself practically invisible to predators. the this is so it makes them difficult for research is to detect but not impossible. yes, we got one. this is an adult female point. bob tells good. if we ship or tomorrow morning, she'll arrive the following morning. so she spends about 20 hours in a cooler and in transit. usually they show up wherever we ship them and they're happy and just hanging out waiting. the little squid has a full 1000 kilometer slides ahead of her before she can move into her new home and the lot in pasadena together with 9, those are males and females. she'll be not shooting cat 4 and a very special conditions so that she produces as many of the spring as possible.

this would have trouble see light below a certain wavelength, including our guess of a certain wavelength for red light. and so we can work in red light and they cannot see us. so we can come observe them in their nighttime and watch them each and hans and lay eggs. and they don't over here. previous studies have already given the great lots of important information about the symbiosis between squared and bacteria. for example, the glue, cold fire luminescence seems to have communication purposes. we know of no particular reason for the dispatcher to make by luminescence except in

symbiotic associations where they make the light or for an animal host. such that that host can now use the light for a variety of its behaviors. and what we found out to our surprise was the amount of light each individual cell made changed when the bacteria got to a certain density in that liquid. and this gave us the idea that the bacteria were communicating to each other. and we began to realize that bacteria have many behaviors just like more advanced animals and plants that are not visible until you look very close to the mechanism by which bacteria communicate is called form something. they use various signaling molecules that allow them to detect squats around them. one signaling molecule determines which species a nearby and then also determines the concentration of that right and species. if

it's high enough, the bacteria old switch on the lights at the same time. and the squared also seems to be positive, this communication network in every square centimeter of water. there are a 1000000 bacteria, a 1000000 bacteria. and in that there about only about a 100 of those 1000000 bacteria or gabriel fish. so one of the things that has to happen is when the baby's hatch from the egg within 3 hours, they are able to pick out of the sea water the right. there's somebody out there able to recognize there's somebody on this extraordinary ability shows that the communication between heist in fact area is much closer than scientists previously believed. is this

a lion earlier this summer, a lioness was the lead to be on the loose in germany? it turned out to be in and virus. you mistake the big cat with actually a wild full it's pretty easy to get members of the animal kingdom mixed up. especially if there were a mutual things to go on. analyzing dna pascals, finding the environment could make it easier. one new method is being tested in switzerland. this water sampling lake hall view contains a wealth of information, as well as potential for animal conservation. christie diner from the e. g. h zurich, researches environmental dna, which is also known as e p. n a. it's a new method of species identification. its primary objective is to revolutionize the monitoring of biodiversity around the world. this what's really exciting about environmental dna is that it's like capturing all the stars in the universe. we have every piece of dna from every species potentially floating around in this

water. and we're pushing it in. and it gets harder and harder the more watery filters, because the more things we're collecting and what's really exciting about this is it's quite simple. all we're doing is filtering a little bit of water 100 milliliters. and from that, we can potentially say all the species that are living in this entire landscape, including the marine creatures and to land animals that live around and in they called the sample contains not only dna from aquatic life using traditional methods to monitor such a large area is time consuming and expensive. during field work that sometimes lasts for weeks, plants fund guy, animal species or their excrement are collected, counted, and recorded. environmental dna is a huge timesaver. neither animals, plants,

nor any other traits like voice or excrement, are necessary for the classification. just tiny pieces of tuning are sufficient, and vague can be found in abundance in the environment. every living thing needs permanent traces of genetic information. you may use everywhere in folio ext, permit feathers and even mucous, when it's collected in sequence. a quick check of a dna database is all it takes to determine the species, at least in theory, because some important information is still missing. biologist luca stephen tura from the come to an arc out uses the new method to monitor li calls used for invasive species like crack of muscles and fresh water prongs. these are already well documented in databases a let's get p a c. i have a new biography protection programs here at the lake, which is a program that allows us to use various methods and so that new new invasive

species and then got the modeling often used as a way to check if it's effective. you, we want to know of something new is arrived or not, and all of us on the comb. this of them's as well as lucas stephen toria is searching for just a few species with the environmental dna method. christie diner wants to explore the entire habitat surrounding the lake. she's clearly thinking bigger because dna travels, she thinks it will work. what's fascinating about dna is, but once it gets into water, it actually moves with the water. and if you can imagine a dna, a piece of dna getting into a river that flows to the lake, this lake behind me acts like a sponge in the landscape. and it's soaking up all that dna. and it's potentially sitting here for enough time that we can sample it. the information we get is for the entire water shit. so all the land you can see coming where the rivers we've

come into this lake. and that gives us a very easy way to sample simple a few samples, but for an entire area of water share this with land area that drains whatever water collection it to the same place. make home view has a water chat or drainage basin of 128 square kilometers. the team is researching. a total of 8 large makes that of drainage patients of varying sizes. supposedly the bigger the drainage basin, the breakthrough, the bio diversity and the lake. the name of the research project is to establish whether this theory is correct and to find out how much dna actually ends up in the lake. the chemical physical and biological factors like sunshine, temperature, and ph values influence how much the dna degrades. on its way to the lake,

beyond that, the analysis of the gathered samples provides dna sequences that are basically sequences of letters that which sequence corresponds to which species is something that has to be searched for in reference, data banks. it compare is stored sequences with those found here. the problem is that the databases are incomplete. not all of a species found on to your are included. data on invertebrates are especially lacking. many ambitious projects are under way to change that in the coming years. despite the various hurdles, environmental dna is already causing a stir in the world of science because of its huge potential for scientist, for biologists free college as this is really a paradigm shift because we're able to access information that was never possible before. and so there's about 1400000 lakes in the world that are 10 heck, there's

a bigger and if we look at the land that is in contact with all of that, that's 25 percent of the earth. so it could be that we go to a 1000000 or so lakes and we can sample a large proportion of the earth, maybe every year. and that's possible to do with this kind of technology. a species go extinct every day. researching biodiversity more efficiently and across the larger areas is more important now than ever. it's the basis of species conservation. humans are destroying more and more forest, devastating animal habitats and the prices. but sometimes humans health animals brooding that how to take the american bowl from it was important to us from the us pond. it's been probably being understood in the wilds. that is, until now it says loans is like and also because what looks like

any of them. but look closer and you'll see it's home to an animal that actually doesn't belong here. the north american bull from native ship hawks of the us, canada, and mexico. the folks are now spreading throughout the cons. glove region, adult friends will eat anything they can, including other i'm fabian's and even smaller rodents. the tadpoles can reach 10 to 15 centimeters in length and have no natural predators in the lakes here. no one is really sure how bull frogs came to be here, but that all theories, fonts for young hero to a guy, you can legally bible from the top polos impact store front to expand. it was great for kids to watch the top 2 holes, right. but then you end up with a problem that just gets bigger and bigger. hope all is positive on that. if you can't keep it in the garden anymore, but you also don't want to kill it with that,

my goal is that people released the folks into nature. the low to burn in is truth . no, no, but i did not to and left over you come by, tadpoles anymore, and the damage is already being done. and since the folks are on the list of invasive species, the numbers have to be controlled a few minutes and can of a for sure. i'm 50 and so generally under protection and can't be removed the home, but we have special permission to nice little frogs. oh, those are allowed to die scenarios. the onset switched on these items. the only thing i was told by send hand over behind organizes regular events to catch the frogs today, she's working with 10 domains to summer markets i've already thought about who should go with have have a look at that. so casey group one comes and show up to, um, from, from terminal to among them is biologist kind of shows he wants to learn more about the spread of the frogs and tadpoles. he studies the tadpoles that he's lab at the institute. so by our materials and bio molecular systems in short got so one's,

this is myspace. it's important for us to understand how the bullfrog develops. that's where they're living, and especially where they will be hyper needing. but we have to understand the ecology of little frogs. if we want to control them effectively if it came from lucas and effective control is needed because it's not clear whether the measures you so far like the dives are working. this wasn't, you know, let's see on the last 10 years, they around 60000 tadpoles up in the account and remove the funding. but to what extent you can find, change the bullfrog support, have them completely disappeared from this advocate. that will only become clear in the next few years. at the end of next, the onsite back of the lake. it's starting to get the the best time to catch the tassels, the under water. the drivers don't have to look for long,

easily catching ones have po off during nova the bands out with around 500, but had an over abundance of they've previously caught twice as many. she's not diving choosing to use and that along the show instead. here the team regularly catch brooks that are past the level stage, like this little guy estimated to be about a year old and still not sleep grand. the bullfrog is already much bigger than the adult was the frog that's native to the area. it wouldn't stand a chance against the full grand bull from kind of little help on says the humps the tadpoles is having an effect. the mobile, the dive is catch. the few they find next time. but a single adult female bullfrog placed tens of thousands of eggs and without natural

predators, many of the types of all survives so it's unlikely that both drugs can be eliminated from this positive gemini, simply by catching tadpoles. if i was, blood is red, why do you have a question about the animal kingdom of the world of science and tech? just and this is video text or voice message. if we answer your question in the, so we'll send you a little surprising because the thank you. so come on just all this week. the question comes from many your honda about sista in colombia to animals dream. they can tell us about their dreams, of course, but that hasn't stopped curious, scientists from looking for answers in 2001 researchers at boston's mit measured the brain, waves of lab rach 1st in the maze,

searching for food. and again, while they were asleep, the results show effect during sleep. the same brain areas were active as during the search for food. the rats were mentally retracing their journeys with amaze processing, what they learned during the day the sleep studies have also been done on c prof inches, while sleeping, the internal trip to the melody of their songs, to sing songs the song during the day. researches concluded that these birds do, in fact, dream of singing. in humans, the sleep phase most closely associated with the dreaming is remo. more rapid eye movement. as the name suggests, the sleep phases characterized by quick, uncontrolled eye movements. people who are awakened during rem sleep can often recall their previous dream in detail range

sleep can be observed in an almost the mammals. when our catch twitch, brown, bark, or me out, it's very likely that every living moments of their day in their dreams. what dreams sleep has just been seen and mammals, these couple fish twitched their eyes in tentacles during sleep and came even reflexively change. color. sleep tvs are similar to ram. have now also been identified in rep titles for the researchers, an indication that different sleep phases must have already been developed in prehistoric times. and what about insects or spiders? a recent study found that jumping spiders can twitch in their sleep, similar to other animals during remo, sleep evidence that even they have dreams. the

best fit for this edition of tomorrow today dw science. thanks for watching and see you next time the the the

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