but really deep, but just reimbursing the watch now. the bio diversity, genetic engineering animal behavior and artificial intelligence. drones by syria and split the clue how the animal kingdom helps the science coming up on the show. the welcome to the new edition of tomorrow. today. the gelata is also known as bleeding hard monkeys live in the field in the highlands, at altitude between 224400 meters. although jolanda so closely related to

babylon, they belong to their own genus and are the only prime needs to eat grass. but despite the very specific ecological nation, these mountains, though not safe from humans, like many other species, gernado. so i mean, i, you see and read list of endangered species within the middle of a bite of us the crisis. so we need to have the scientific understanding of why of some space is being impacted so heavily. july, those have very complex group behavior. similar to planes, the president can yeah. small groups of females with one man with each group. join up to form logic groups containing several dozen animals. that's why scientist set the max punk institute for neurobiology of behavior are studying both species. they want to test out a new method for monitoring the social behavior of animals in their natural habitat . the my previous research was on was very much sort of

standard behavioral ecology where i was sitting in a jeep with a pair of binoculars watching an animal. and i found that i was limited and the questions i could answer was that method, i can only watch one animal in depths for any period of time. but to look at the questions regarding collective behavior and how groups of animals respond to things like predators, you really need to see the behavior of the whole group at once. and that's just not possible for one person sitting in a jeep and so i had thought to use drones. layer costello and your team are combining drone technology with the newest possibilities of technical monitoring, known as computer vision. special software analyzes the draw. one's digital video's using a i, and replicates the function of the human brain, which can recognize individual objects by analyzing patterns. the computer uses this information to make its own decisions,

prognosis and assignments like following one specific animal. for example. this method is called deeper learning that has become standard practice at the max planck institute. and so it wasn't germany that there costello and ian cousins arranged a video chat with ben kogan but he currently works. i think university of washington units and program to a deep learning algorithms for the drone project. so, you know, the model actually learns from, from the images that we give it. or basically, we take a subset, maybe a couple of 100 images, maybe a couple 1000 images, and we as humans go through and actually pilot the objects that we're interested in . so say, if we're interested in finding zebras, then we take these images and then draw the boxes on the computer around the zippers and the images that we care about. and then what we can do is we can take those images. so all the annotated images and give them to these models and then basically ask the model to find a set of parameters that highlight those objects. we care about not just in the

images, give them, but in lots of other images that has never seen before. basically, so they can learn those, those patterns with the help of computer vision, the behavioral biologist can observe how hurts respond to ecological changes in their environment, caused by climate change or human interventions. the animals don't notice that they're being observed. they don't need to be captured and fitted with sensors. the max blank research team gets all the relevant data. they need this way, the for the savers. we fly at about 85 meters above the ground, which is high enough that they're typically not disturbed, but we can still get really high resolution imagery. because we still, i'm in high definition. we can see not only the animals location, but also what it's doing. we can see if it's visual it, we can see if it's feeding, we can see if it's interacting with other zebras. up at the top, we see the trucks of the animals and the pixel coordinates of the video frame. but

this doesn't allow us to disentangle. the movement of the animals from the movement of the drones. and so it's really important that we're able to project these tracts into geographic coordinates, and that's what we see on the map. so we see that we can translate the tracts from the pixel coordinates into the real world and see where these animals actually are and how they move in environments. the combined a i technical image analysis works well with both the planes, zebras and kenya, and the jet lot is in the field because both groups leave it help me open, plainly visible from above. around the very beginning. this is a breakthrough in our ability to get these types of data putting things into animals in the real world. and so what we now need to do is to expand this expanded studies across the globe. so we can understand that in fact, siemens of having and was like, there are only $20000.00 gelata is left in the wild by studying their social behavior using drones. amongst punk research team is hoping to gain new insights

into early human history as well. to a lot of those are the only other primates besides humans not to live intrigues. the evolution of a human ancestors started several 1000000 years ago, but our planet is much older. so what was happening here for all those billions of years? the 1st forms of life to image with bacteria, organisms that seem relatively simple, but actually very complex. but to be of many properties, some can even glue. but what's the actual purpose of light producing bacteria? as far as we know, periods that have a single org and that could to touch these light signals. there is a theory that you developed in an in bacteria when

the bacteria could be as, as a group could be seen. they can't be seen as individuals, right? they're too small for the eyes to see. so they can be seen. and so they evolved at the time when, when complex size. but why would bacteria want to be seen by larger animals? for a long time, scientists was really sho, until a tiny inhabitant of hawaii is crystal voltage gave the teams some claims. now he chose to night. the hawaiian folk tale square matches from hiding to hunt, smoke, crops, and shrimp under the cover of darkness. to avoid becoming something else, his prey under the moon installed light that uses a trick it close overall, so it becomes illuminated by the light that emanates from february fishery bacteria that have a special like to missing open. these bacteria cover the entire surface of the

squint skin. using best lights, the roughly 5 centimeters long squared can cost light on its own shots and make itself practically invisible to predators. the this is so it makes them difficult for research is to detect but not impossible. yes, we've got one. this is an adult female for him. bob tells good. if we ship or tomorrow morning, she'll arrive the following morning. so she spends about 20 hours in a cooler and in transit. usually they show up wherever we ship them and they're happy and just hanging out waiting the little squid, how to full thousands columbia to slice ahead of her before she can move into her new home and the lot in pasadena together with 9 of the males and females she'll be not shooting cad for under a very special conditions so that she produces as many of the spring as possible.

us without trouble see light below a certain wavelength, including our guess of a certain wavelength or red light. and so we can work in red light and they cannot see us. so we can come observe them in their nighttime and watch them each and hans and lay eggs. and they don't over here. previous studies have already given the great lots of important information about the symbiosis between squared and bacteria. for example, the glue, cold fire luminescence seems to have communication purposes. we know of no particular reason for the expect jerry to make by luminescence,

except in sind biotic associations where they make the light or for an animal host . such that that host can now use the light for a variety of its behaviors. and what we found out to our surprise was the amount of light each individual cell made changed when the bacteria got to a certain density in that liquid. and this gave us the idea that the bacteria were communicating to each other. and we began to realize that bacteria have many behaviors just like more advanced animals and plants that are not visible until you look very close to the mechanism by which bacteria communicate is called form something. they use various signaling molecules that allow them to detect squats around them, one signaling molecule to time and switch species and thereby, and then also determines the concentration of that right and species. if it's high

enough, the bacteria old switch on the lights at the same time and the squared also seems to be positive. this communication network in every square centimeter of water. there are a 1000000 bacteria, a 1000000 bacteria. and in that there about only about a 100 of those 1000000 bacteria or gabriel fish. so one of the things that has to happen is when the baby's hatch from the egg within 3 hours, they are able to pick out of the sea water the right. there's somebody out there able to recognize there's somebody on this extraordinary ability shows that the communication between heist in fact area is much closer than scientists previously believed. is this

a lion earlier this summer, a lioness was the lead to be on the loose in germany? it turned out to be in and virus. you mistake the big cat with actually a wild full it's pretty easy to get members of the animal kingdom mixed up. especially if there were only drill things to go on. analyzing dna pascals, finding the environment could make it easier. one new method is being tested in switzerland. this water sampling lake called view contains a wealth of information, as well as potential for animal conservation. christie diner from the e. g. h zurich, researches environmental dna, which is also known as e p. n a. it's a new method of species identification. it's primary objective is to revolutionize the monitoring of biodiversity around the world. this what's really exciting about environmental dna is that it's like capturing all the stars in the universe. we have every piece of dna from every species potentially floating around in this

water. and we're pushing it in. and it gets harder and harder the more watery filters, because the more things we're collecting and what's really exciting about this is it's quite simple. all we're doing is filtering a little bit of water 100 milliliters. and from that we can potentially say all the species that are living in this entire landscape, including the marine creatures and the land animals that live around and in they cause. the sample contains not only dna from aquatic life using traditional methods to monitor such a large area is time consuming and expensive. during field work that sometimes lasts for weeks, plants fund guy, animal species or their excrement, are collected, counted, and recorded. environmental dna is a huge timesaver. neither animals, plants,

nor any other traits like voice or excrement, are necessary for the classification. just tiny pieces of tuning are sufficient, and vague can be found in abundance in the environment. every living thing needs permanent traces of genetic information. you may use everywhere in folio ex, permits feathers and even mucous, when it's collected in sequenced. a quick check of a teen, a database is all it takes to determine the species. at least in theory, because some important information is still missing. biologist lucas steve on tours from the time to an hour ago uses the new method to monitor league calls used for invasive species like crack of muscles and fresh water prongs. these are already well documented in databases. this is the deal i'm see. i have a new biography protection programs here at the lake, which is a program that allows us to use various methods and so that new new invasive

species and then got the milling off. and this is a way to check if it's effective. you, we want to know of something new is arrived or not, and all of us on the comb. this of them's as well as lucas stephen tour is searching for just a few species with the environmental dna method. christie diner wants to explore the entire habitat surrounding the lake. she's clearly thinking bigger because dna travels, she thinks it will work. what's fascinating about dna is, but once it gets into water, it actually moves with the water. and if you can imagine a dna, a piece of dna getting into a river that flows to the lake, this lake behind me acts like a sponge and the landscape. and it's soaking up all that dna. and it's potentially sitting here for enough time that we can sample it. the information we get is for the entire water shift. so all the land you can see coming where the rivers we've

come into this lake. and that gives us a very easy way to sample simple a few samples, but for an entire area of water share this atlanta area that drains whatever water collection it to the same place. make home view has a water chad or drainage mason of 128 square kilometers the team is researching. a total of the large makes that of drainage patients of varying sizes. supposedly the bigger the drainage basin, the breakthrough, the bio diversity and the lake. the name of the research project is to establish whether this theory is correct and to find out how much dna actually ends up in the lake. the chemical physical and biological factors like sunshine, temperature, and ph values influence how much the dna degrades. on its way to the lake,

beyond that, the analysis of the gathered samples provides dna sequences that are basically sequences of letters. which sequence corresponds to which species is something that has to be searched for in reference, data banks, it compare is stored sequences with those found here. the problem is that the databases are incomplete. not all the species found to your are included. data on invertebrates are especially lacking many ambitious projects are under way to change that in the coming years. despite various hurdles, environmental dna is already causing a stir in the world of science because of its huge potential for a scientist. for biologists, for ecologist, this is really a paradigm shift because we're able to access information that was never possible before. and so there's about 1400000 lakes in the world that are 10 heck, there's

a bigger and if we look at the land that is in contact with all of that, that's 25 percent of the earth. so it could be that we go to a 1000000 or so lakes and we can sample a large proportion of the earth, maybe every year. and that's possible to do um with this kind of technology, a species go extinct every day. researching biodiversity more efficiently and across the larger areas is more important now than ever. it's the basis of species conservation. humans are destroying more and more forest, devastating animal habitats and the prices. but sometimes humans health animals brooding that how to take the american bowl from it was important to us from the us pond. it's been probably being understood in the wilds. that is, until now it says loans this night can also cause what looks like

any of them. but look closer and you'll see it's home to an animal that actually doesn't belong here. the north american bullfrog natives have hocks of the us, canada, and mexico. the folks and now spreading throughout the cons. web region, adult films will eat anything they can, including other i'm fabian's and even smaller rodents. the tadpoles can reach 10 to 15 centimeters in length and have no natural predators in the lakes here. no one is reading show how bull frogs came to be here, but that all theories fonts by on the road to a guy, you can legally bible from the top polos impact store front implant. it was great for kids to watch the top 2 holes, right. but then you end up with a problem of just getting big a room, big balls phones, even though you can't keep it in the garden anymore. but you also don't want to

kill it with that, my goal is that people released the folks into nature. the low to burn in these tooth. no, no, but i did not to and left over you come by, tadpoles anymore, and the damage is already being done. and since the folks are on the list of invasive species, the numbers have to be controlled events and can of a for sure, i'm 50 and so generally under protection and can't be removed the home. but we have special permission to nice little frogs. oh, those are allowed to die scenarios the on sufficiently zone for dante lounge told by send hanover behind organizes regular events to catch the frogs. today she's working with 10. don't i have to sell my market that i've already sold about who should go with have have a look at that. so casey group one comes and show up to, um, from, from terminal to among them is biologist kind of shows the underwater, the drivers don't have to look for long,

easily catching ones had co off during now by the end up with around $500.00. but the hand of november on says they've previously caught twice as many she's not diving choosing to use and that along the show instead. here the team regularly catch brooks that are past the level stage. like this little guy estimated to be about a year old. and still not sleep room. the bullfrog is already much bigger than the adult roles and frog that's native to the area. it wouldn't stand a chance against a full grin. bull from kind of little hop on says the humps that tadpoles is having an effect. the mobile, the dive is catch the few where they find next time. but a single adult female bullfrog placed tens of thousands of eggs and without natural

predators, many of the tadpole survives. so it's unlikely that both drugs can be eliminated from this positive gemini, simply by catching tadpoles. if i was blood is red, why do you have a question about the animal kingdom of the world of science and text? just send this a video, text or voice message, and if we answer your question in the show, we'll send you a little surprise is the thank you. so come on just all this we question comes from many your honda about sista in colombia to animals dream. they can tell us about their dreams, of course, but that hasn't stopped curious, scientists from looking for answers in 2001 researchers at boston's mit measured the brain, waves of lab rach 1st in the maze,

searching for food. and again, while they were sleep, the result shows that during sleep, the same brain areas were active as during the search for food. the rats were mentally retracing their journey through the maze processing what they learned during the day. the sleep studies have also been done on c prof inches while sleeping, the internal trip, the melody of their songs to sing songs the song during the day. researches concluded that these birds do, in fact, dream of singing in humans, the sleep phase most closely associated with the dreaming is rem more rapid eye movement. as the name suggests, this sleep phase is characterized by quick, uncontrolled eye movements. people who are awake and during rem sleep can often recall their previous dream in detail. rems

sleep can be observed in almost mammals. when our catch twitch, brown bark on the owl, it's very likely that every living moments of their day in their dreams. but dream sleep has just been seen in mammals. these cuttlefish twitched their eyes and tentacles during sleep and came to a didn't respectively change color. sleet. these are similar to ram. have now also been identified in reptiles for the researchers. an indication that different sleep phases must have already been developed in prehistoric times. and what about insects or spiders? a recent study found that jumping spiders can twitch in their sleep, similar to other animals during remo, sleep evidence that even they have dreams. the

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this is the, the news line from ballot israel and move some of its forces to the north of gaza as how mos regroups in areas is very limited. so it says it has cleared hundreds of thousands of evacuated from rough um, in the south. meanwhile, struggling to get food and water. also coming off the food and shakes up rushes military leadership. he dismisses as longstanding allies, soule gay showing go with defense minister and replace the same with an economist, limited military experience. the.