the the people in trucks injured when trying to feed the city center. more refugees are being turned away. the board families on the tanks in syria, these creative suite straight to if he explained to his son around the world more than $100.00. and

we should have the this is supposed to be the next speaker for nuclear energy. it promises to fix all the problems with traditional nicky, a power making it cheaper, foster and easier to build smaller, safer modular units, a game changer for nuclear going forward. it's called the small modular react up, and over the past few decades will than 80 start up. some projects have been working on this futuristic vision, but there's one big problem. so far, any one has actually been bills. there reasons why it's more than what your director is not being billed, even though many people are talking about them. you have how is in the spotlight

again as well, rushes to find clean energy alternatives. as a modest could be a really useful tool for doing things that big nuclear plants come through yet. and they have a leg up from renewables because they could provide constant power everywhere. but after decades of new to the decline west, some countries are really struggling to make this technology work. and developing countries like china and russia and india seem to be pulling ahead fast. so that's a mazda is of all this type of. how can we actually make them happen? powell is a very divisive topic with a lot of strong arguments for and against the technology. it's a powerful, low carbon alternatives of fossil fuels. and unlike renewables like solar and wind, which fluctuate based on the weather, nuclear has a consistent output. the i. e, a, an international body that advises governments on the transition to clean energy. physically, it has to move in double by 2050. if we want any chance of reaching that 0. so the problem with nuclear is that it's really big and expensive. takes too long to build and could cause the civilization ending disaster in the seventy's and in leading up

to the eighty's, there was high public support. dr. could he could go up to research as public support for nuclear energy in the united states in india? that momentum really crashed us through the eighty's and ninety's with the journal about 3 mile island. incidence that happened, we made a video on the rise and fall of nuclear energy as a tool to fight climate change, which you can watch you nuclear. and as you're really struggled to bounce back from those big this, austin's, and when the focus shame a nuclear accident happened in 2011 the industries credibility took another massive hit. but things are starting to look up again. public support has maybe started trickling back to pre fukushima levels and support is even higher for small moduler other type of advanced reactor technologies. that might be because a lot of these symbols have some very fleshy advertising. westinghouse, $8300.00 small modular react and pointer as to more power plants.

while there are lots of different smiles being developed is currently full main types, each using a different coolant to manage the extreme heat of a nuclear fusion reaction. they are light water, high temperature gas, liquid metal, and molten salt. as a months. the most common type though is light water reactors. very similar to a traditional new clip help cents which are almost all water cold. that makes the much easier to design and get approved as today's nuclear galatians mostly based on what are called reactance. so for light water reactors, the idea is to take a big traditional nuclear power plant, shrinking down and mass producing. it would work very much like airliners. doctor, i don't stein is an engineering research on consulting. he focuses on nuclear energy instead of how we typically build most nuclear power plants in the past, which is completely from scratch, easily mostly at the power plant site. if you think of a large jumbo jet,

it's going to factory in a consistent manner with the same parts every time. with rigorous quality control, dr. stein says, making it in a factory means you can keep the same specialized workforce, the same supply chain, and the same standards and just ship the already made power plant to wherever it needs to go. the small plants would have a much smaller output than a full size nuclear reactor. most definitions of a, some us put them anywhere up to $300.00 megawatts. which means today's average full size nuclear reactors, output molding triple the biggest as a month. but an exchange they take up very little space. nicky already uses the least amount of land amongst low carbon energy sources by farm. and this allows could take that to the next level. you scale one of the biggest, some on developers claims that this power plant, the volume of 12 would take up 0.13 square kilometers of land, but could output the equivalent of 18.6 quick kilometers of solar panels. so that could get nuclear power online in more places much faster. what about the risk of

nuclear accidents? well, as miles have an answer for that too, and it's called passive safety. are in nearly all of today's nuclear power plants, the biggest safety task is keeping the quote of the reactor cooling off. if the plant suddenly shuts down and stops making power. if the cooling stop circulating for long enough, the fuel will get too hot and melt down. that creates the risk of leaking radioactive material into the surrounding area. if all the material doesn't stay contained in the cool, that's what happened at the foot machine. but if you plant in 2011, after it was quite triggered a safety shut down, the plant automatically switch to its backup generators to keep the coolant circulating through pumps. but an hour later, a massive tsunami treated by the os quite wiped out the plants, backup systems and 3 react is known to down. so to avoid this type of scenario menu, a generation power plants use passive and self contained safety systems that don't rely on human operators or external power is of purchasing a safer than previous models. and many small safety designs claim to be completed.

the passively cooled without the need for any external water either to do that, they would use a natural force called conviction, which is basically the same thing that happens in a kettle. when liquids and gases get hot, they rise to the top. and when they cool, they think to the bottom, creating a loop to take advantage of conviction. these eskimos have a series of chambers that can allow for passive circulation of water. the reactor cool is placed inside a lodger shell, which is submerged in water in a containment structure on the ground. in an emergency, the nuclear reaction which generates heat would shut down in the reactor would close itself off, not letting anything in or out. so to get rid of the remaining heat inside, the cool, conduction comes in as the water inside the coil hate stop. it rises to the top, turns into steam and gets pushed out into the lodge. a show which is kept cool from the water. it's of motion that steam hits the lodge of shell, condenses back into water and pulls at the bottom. ready to flow back into the reactor and continue the cycle inferior. that cycle can just keep going until the

reactor cools down enough to no longer be a threat. but while there's a lot of hype around these innovative designs, the likelihood of s, a mazda, as a see looking out, depends a lot on how you look at them. are they like any other type of entity souls standing on their own feet and making a profit in the free market? well, i think a strategic asset. the governments can use to fill the gaps while these things out of fossil fuels, even if they lose money building. let's say that 1st way is the approach in the us and a huge sofa hasn't worked out too well. it was just too expensive. that stuff to frederick a freeze physicist, a nuclear energy research a. she says that despite us, so just some of us thought up some projects in the us and europe over the past decade. small nikia has run into the same problems as big nuclear with heavier regulations, project delays and costs blow out. and because it's smaller, it also makes less money. has an os, um, it was the economy of scale in energy production. that the smaller the output,

the less revenue you can make. so you have to have really tailored applications do this really, really small market. when you enter the rising inflation and increasing costs of a central materials to make these plants like steel, you got a recipe for financial meltdown that happened last november to new scale. one of the 1st and most promising us the most ups and the only one with us regulatory approval of to decades of planning the company cancelled its 1st ever deployment over act as an idaho. you scale says the project called the cfp based, unique challenges and ended due to a lack of subscriptions. but many analysts say increasing costs played a big part. no skin was supposed to be built into the united states, which is long history and know if your problems that has the biggest. so the fleet and still did not work on tell us like um, support from the government support from the regulatory authority. still, it did not work out, it was just too expensive. the price tag plus like to kind of our thing in the end

about $4.00 times than what they usually have at convention. okay, for plans right now, a new skills president says the company is continuing with its other domestic and international customers to bring americans some off to market, including a project to replace the deacon mission to copeland intermedia with avoid some opposite. but new scale is an example of how tough it is for private companies and stocks in the west to get small money to react is going. so what about that 2nd approach? looking at decimals as a strategic national investment that might not necessarily make a lot of money. that's the approach taken by countries like china and russia. small projects almost entirely state run operated by national companies like china, c and c, and russia's rows at home in the past. countries that were able to build nuclear power successfully and have those be successful. industrial investments were ones that were able to control their costs by avoiding unnecessary regulatory burdens, and then also control revenue by allowing them to make sure they could compete

effectively on the down stream that they could sell into a market and be assured of a reasonable rate of return for selling power that save efficient in economics and policy analysts to specializes in china is introduced back to countries like tied out right now they do a great job controlling costs upstream and they do an excellent job ensuring revenue for the power sales downstream. that's because even if you have a great design for an us a month extra, it's a quite a few different steps have to come together to make it will happen. is the materials needed to build the facility? you all have to be certified as nuclear se. then there's a workforce to build the plan and the workforce to operate and then there's getting the fuel needed to run the react, serrato's. and all of these steps being done by different private companies who all need to make a profit. countries like china and russia, package up all of the steps and sell them as a bundle. it's not just the technology you're getting, it's also coming with the entire supply chain solution. it's coming with the, with the low interest loans that are provided by the export and companies banks, right. maybe the import export bank of china is getting

a big low interest. well and something like that. and for the current environment, it feels like that's just much more compact tests. and fishermen says that approach has allowed similar projects in china to keep moving even when they run into challenges. in 2019 chinese national new corporation begin to work on a 125 megawatt smile project on hang on the island cold link. little one. it's scheduled to be finished by the end of 2026, which would make it the 1st commercial land based somehow in the world. and that strategic national investment approach could also make some estimates that have really nation uses more likely to look out to like high temperature gas cold or molten salt reactors, which are currently some of the only alternatives to cold for industrial processes that need a lot of heat, like making food, simon, or chemicals. we made a video and molten salt reactors and for him you can watch him. so that's the end of the story, right? state run projects have a solution that will finally get some walls happening. and soon they'll be hundreds

of react is being built and shipped all over the world. not quite. there are still a lot of questions hanging of some of those that need to be answered before the dream of factory built nuclear can come sure. the world's energy needs are increasing rapidly and we're still a long way away from nets they're emissions. so well that's the most do have they uses some experts say countries at the site to invest more nuclear. a more lucky to me, big a lot smaller plants. china is going to do better than everybody else, and it's still only going to have this kind of impact on the d carpet. nice ation journey in on the offsetting of coal attorney and well public opinion on you can't use improving the idea of having thousands of small nuclear plants all over the world, raises concerns for some about how all that a waste is going to be managed. sama some our designs have close to fuel cycles. that could be read the key last up to 30 years. but the science is still out on that. and some studies have shown that somebody's using more not less nuclear fuel overall. still, many advocates point out that we're probably going to need nuclear for

a lot longer than 2050. or whenever we managed to reach that 0 volts population in engine needs are going to keep rising. and the strategy of using nuclear low side renewables looks like it's here to stay. so what do you think of a small nuclear reactors that are still in the comments and subscribe to our channel? we released new videos for you every friday. the cinema forever fixing extensive genre needed something completely new. 30 years ago. it's celebrated. it's premier as i can film festivals. what continues to make this movie so influential today and the next on

d. w. learn shannon with the winning offer is available language learning. german has never been sent to the 30 years ago. a film debuted but we change movies forever. it was a mash of trashy and classy cinema traditions that transformed how we make watch and talk about so a movie who's impact continues to be felt across pop culture. that movie was called fiction. the .