she doesn't have the make up your own mind. made the annoying 9 rebellious at 10 insufferable at 11 around the time that the menstrual cycle kicks in and cubic has thoughts to group cuba see is beginning earlier and earlier in kids all over the world. the average age of its onset has been dropping for decades. and during the code with 19 pandemic, the trend grew even more pronounced. that story and much more coming up on the show. welcome to tomorrow. today the for an adolescent. puberty is a phase when your parents get embarrassing and hard to deal with. it's

a stage of development when children's bodies and brains are transformed by hormones and girls, it begins on average around age 10, while boys usually enter puberty at around 11 or 12. in rare cases that begin sooner sometimes too soon. a study by bon university hospital discovered that during the cove at 19 pandemic, what's called precocious puberty grew more common in germany. in the clinic, the number of cases, almost double, the doc clinic and bone. and when we conducted a survey of centers across germany, they reported a rise of around 30 to 40 percent between 20202021. also it's about slices for the sports and cookies. the average age one cube, or do begins, has fallen over the last several decades. and international statistics have also indicated that the pandemic significantly intensified this effect. the i'm looking

so they really did point to a ryan, steve on a now post pandemic. the numbers seem to be following again. of course, we would really like to know why that happened to the source code. the 2 virus really trigger or leap puberty and some children. the question that's still being debated about it, can we use up the rise before many of the children had a corona, virus infection and also in children who had never been infected. so basically this hypothesis was drugs shut off and one is this endocrinology clinic, and berlin offers help and advice to parents and their children affected by precocious puberty as cleaners and mac model of the clinical feature you clearly see in girls is breast development, which starts 1st on tells us that puberty is beginning in boys. there's general development with the testicle emptiness, gross, and then there's the 2nd effect. the grossest cubic kathy samba, the term cube, or

d, comes from the latin word for cubic air. pull this, the hormone surge causes physical effects, but it also brings about changes in behavior. and early on said puberty is more prevalent among girls who are visiting v. we know that being over nourished or having more audit post tissue since the thought to the brain to their off button resists on sexual mature ration can begin as you by and so over nutrition leads to early activity on setting goals. at least the thought in boys of nutrition tends to inhibited hammond cause that the one reason why the pandemic calls the rise and precocious puberty kids exercise the last during locked out and send off and change their eating habits for the worse. more and more are being diagnosed as overweight. then there's the aspect of prolonged stress pandemic related restrictions. and i solution posed not only are risk to children's physical health, but also to their psychological well being. how food you live with,

that's when they stress also plays a role in regulating sexual maturity as white as you can even say that if a woman is stressed during pregnancy, for a secondary phenomenon is that later on it can have an impact on the child's sexual mature ration 5, it enough, come up and kind of the social aspect could also help explain the figures during law downs. and while home schooling, many parents were with their children practically around the clock. as a result, they might have noticed developmental issues much more frequently. so should we be concerned? and x rays can tell experts whether growth is accelerated to early august if occasion, and the fingers reveals any discrepancies between a child's real age and their biological one. if puberty begins to early, the growth phase might end too soon. and the affected per since could end up being smaller then if they had developed normally,

decisions on whether treatment with puberty blockers would be appropriate, have to be made on a case by case basis. so the most common explanation for the significant rise in precocious puberty during the pandemic is that it was linked to known triggers. and that it has nothing to do with the passage indirectly. but is that also a cause for concern? me, i'm because even we've seen, we certainly didn't do kids any favors independent bank with the measures implemented. and we're currently discussing how we see this in terms of weight gain as well as a significant increase in mental impairment. but i also find that worrying that we've even seen physical changes due to changes in hormonal activity. but i know tom and as for the waiting job, here to research is showing that pandemic related measures caused long lasting damage to many children and young people. a reason to think about how we might do

things differently next time. because it 19 pandemic officially ended in may 2023. but experts agree. it's only a matter of time until the next one strikes vaccines against the corona virus, which developed foster than ever before. but that was on the exceptional circumstances. could we still call pharmaceutical also no, to fights of all the potential pathogens, even foster and future. it took just a few weeks for them. go to sean. he met his team at biotech to develop their cobit 19 vaccines. the fact that it was approved after extensive testing date, the field of m. r n a technology, a huge boost cluster and was fortunate these docs things were effective, which couldn't be taken for granted of course doesn't essentially that he's a freshman was luck also involved. one thing is clear, m r n a technology made it possible to develop and produce the vaccine quickly. but

even more importantly, researchers already had experience with corona viruses in 222015. other viruses in the same family had caused smaller outbreaks. earlier research had shown that corona viruses use their spike proteins to don content, human cells to prevent that a vaccine would need to train the immune system to ward off those proteins. understanding that gave developers a head start in designing the vaccine. but what is the future pandemic is caused by a novel passage, and that hasn't been studied as extensively. scientists say we can expect even more pandemic in the future. my meaning to him, to general growing interactions between humans and animals. these because there are more of us and more domesticated animals as well as more contact due to increasing how much that destruction them to difficult for me and because of so globally into

connected. now viruses can spread fast once they jump from animals to human. this is so i believe we'll be seeing more fund dinings and it's important we prepare for them to have to split. the vaccine researchers idea is that team should develop vaccines in advance against the 50 to 100 most dangerous pathogens out there. the main focus he says, should be on high threat microbes that don't currently infect humans. when those pathogens crossed a species barrier to us and slightly modified forms, however, they can cause very severe disease. research teams could in series already develop specific vaccines against these potentially dangerous microbes. these vaccines could be tested on a small group of people, enabling the creation of a small stock pile. if a new pandemic then does break out, the vaccines could be rep, oddly adapted things to bad, preliminary work. look into them against the preparatory, well,

could shorten the whole process, which essentially means developing the vaccine so that we could really see one on the market within about 3 months for today more, nothing bigger than and even still some mark it up. the idea is not entirely new. following a devastating a bowl outbreak in west africa, the 2017 world economic forum solve the foundation of the coalition for epidemic preparedness, innovations, and a crisis situation. the sub e program would be able to get a vaccine approved within months. but funding proved and sufficient at the beginning of the cove at 19 pandemic. sappy was given a budget of $1400000000.00. but that was only enough to spearhead the immediate fight against the corona virus, not to prepare for a new pandemic. the organization's annual reports showed that investment in the program fell sharply again after the 1st cobit vaccines were approved. because i

missed it, it's better to be seductive and all mostly, i think the good thing about it is though is that it wouldn't have to be financed by one country. it'd be financed everywhere because it benefits of all humanity may not just people in germany or the us from deutschland, doesn't, with the vaccines would then be developed over a longer period. the hope is that this process would also increase confidence in new vaccines. but is it realistic? the solve it as such, a very ambitious around that also have to be coordinated internationally. of course i, piston offered. but take stay and shows that international research coordination doesn't look a lot. well, yet folks, and one thing is clear, according to the w, h o. cobit vaccines that prevented around 1400000 deaths in europe alone. even if they don't provide really long term protection against infection. those vaccines,

primarily trained antibodies in the immune system, t cells received less attention recovery. i'm glad we've learned that the t cell responses to vaccines are also really important to introduce even because the t cell response is less susceptible to mutations in the virus on this vehicles. antibodies, on the other hand, have problems recognising new virus variance in the future, and hailed vaccines or those administered as nasal sprays might provide even more effective protection against infection with respiratory pathogens. we're still waiting for breakthroughs. still, experts are not entirely pessimistic. it's over there and they have them in i believe we'd be in a better situation for new pandemic or to begin today. and this is like, i say, a beginning a lot will depend on how much experts know about any new pathogens. once targets for the immune system are identified, vaccines could be developed very quickly again,

perhaps even faster than during the coven 19 pandemic. and now the infectious disease has been rampaging for years in other species. a world wide avian flu pandemic that started in 2020 has killed millions of wild birds and has hit poultry farms. hod zoo animals are also in danger in switzerland, but so trying to protect like buds and sues with a new vaccine tailored to the pathogen. visa for contain gwen's at thousands who were recently given a new vaccine against the h 5 n one sub type of 8 and flu. so normally probably he said you get to me some, even though you're still molting through, there's no more for that, but you're not hungry anyway. all you all do, bed costeo and bank loves the idea of a vaccine for the endangered birds. you then have to just take your photo at the fluids break down here. i was pretty sure even in just one item to use them we

might be forced to call or all of that a to day to course. and that would of course, be devastating cost of $830.00 for he isn't. in total over $300.00 birds from $24.00 different species have been vaccinated, sues and the cities of bozza and burn. these are currently the only vaccination trials in europe involving wild bird species. shapes floating off down for giving them a boost of midway, have to catch them twice, 5 weeks upon if they posted him from the most of that. and then again, to take a blood sample 5 weeks later, i'm offering voltage factors, but i think the benefits of the vaccination outweigh the risks easy. avian flu is deadly. the virus can make wild migratory and water felt sick, as well as domesticated birds and even mammals age 5. and one is a variance of influenza, a virus that's particularly aggressive. the sub type currently threatens the very existence of some bird species. and that could have major consequences for global

biodiversity during the last 4 years, in particular age 5 and one has spread across nearly the entire planet. the virus has now effecting animals in both north and south america. the 1st cases have also appeared in the galapagos islands and even near antarctica a region home to many endangered species, the the h 5 n one reached the zoo and burned in the spring of 2022. its 1st victim was a gray hair in his veterinary and stuff on who would be remembers puts that off soon after a donation pilot can also fell ill and had to be put to sleep, lose the lose stuff, tries to protect the birds by screening. but that causes stress vaccinating would be better, except there's little experience doing it with wild bird species. and those few results are not very convincing. bad for the box,

the nation's worth of the wants inside and in 2005, we thought that we saw on the 10 it can, for example, have a very poor respond and improve. ma stefan who be has therefore now turn to the swiss institute of biology and immunology for help. get simmer and his team use page 5 and one viruses from the dead pelican to develop the vaccine currently being used in the use. it's based on the virus that's harmless to birds and doesn't reproduce an essential gene was removed from this taxi virus and replaced with an influenza virus gene. it initiates production of an avian flu protein in the muscle cells of vaccinated birds. a warning for the immune system which then responds by generating large numbers of anti bodies to

a cup of the to get into the body reaction by producing antibodies is especially neutralizing i just saw units here which can neutralize the h 5 and one virus income. so this system has another advantage to keep them inside, stimulated, simulated unity. blood samples show that all 24 of the captive bird species reacted penguins produced a particularly large number of anti bodies and initial infection trials with age 5 . then one and chickens also indicate a protective immune response. not a single chicken in the trials became mill. but what about the wild, migratory birds that spread the virus, or the endangered emperor or penguins, way down in the antarctic? in theory, the explanation could protect them to expert se, but distributing vaccines adequately and reliably to those populations remains a major hurdle. men see, at the moment i don't really see any ways of intervening on a larger scale listed in the ice and preventing the further spread of this fire

ascending variables. jesus views inside the train us. a sobering thought for veterinary include stealing thinker too. but this makes a vaccination program and his zoo and others like it all. the more important. ultimately he says, zoo is, can help preserve biodiversity by contributing to species conservation. it also saves to, especially with rasp. she's like these african penguins so where existing conservation programs are under threat to those, it's important to maintain this tool in zoos around the world and keep them healthy because of that whole. but a lot more data is needed before the switches maxine is approved for use in zoos around the world, reaching that goal is still a long way away. why are doing you have a science question then send it to us as a video text or voice message. if we on through it on the shows,

we'll send you and that will surprise as a thank you. so come on, just off today's question comes from clawson k in nigeria. the how do chameleon change colors? the it takes a trained tie to spot it. the chameleon is a master it adapting to its surroundings and circumstances. its color changes according to the animal's mood, as well as the time of day and how warm or cold it is. the camouflage is actually just a side effect. changing color is a kind of language one that's mainly used to communicate with other comedians. it's an ability built into their skin, which is made up of different types of cells,

their work together. when the reptile changes into the outermost layer, it contains pigments that have a yellowish or reddish town underneath ourselves, called in rid of floors. these reflect incoming light with the help of nano crystals. the animal can change the size of the gaps between these crystals and that changes the color of the light reflected by its skin. its a chameleon is relaxed, the crystals are packed more closely together and reflect short wave light in the blue part of the spectrum. the pigment layer on top reflects yellow together blue and yellow makes green. but it's elizabeth is excited when confronted with arrival, for example. then it flexes the cells whitening the gap between crystals, the rid of forest and reflect the longer wave red light. by the way, male, chameleon z are set to be at their most vibrant,

when they're on the lookout for a mate. like many other animal species, they tried to court females with a highly impressive display of color. how many comedians all that? well, why? no one knows not, not just because they live in such expos camouflage, accurately estimates and populations of wild animals is a very challenging task in national parks in germany, a variety of technologies at helping were such as countless species that lives in the woods wildlife ecologist miko boy, if i just from the university of 5 book is leading a project of extraordinary proportions, he and his team and set up more than 700 camera traps. here in the very in forest, contend other german national parks. their aim is to record animal populations for the 1st time and these protected woodlands and

a scientifically sound way. using gps, he's able to navigate to where existing and future camera traps are set up in germany's oldest national park. even before we shot out locations in advance, randomly distributed across the entire area to provide us with the right, the sample. what is the quality, not from the quarter and into the programs, into the gps system, which i'll use to navigate to that point. and point one very, then i select a suitable train and set up the camera move on to putting the camera traps, react to heat and movement. taking images of shy wild animals that would otherwise rarely be glimpsed by foresters or hunters. this type of monitoring also allows numbers of animals to be determined more precisely than was previously possible. if i, when i'm supposed to college setup is for a long time environmental observation of wild animals. i'm the how the console in the halls or in the 1st drawing and opposite ations was made in 2019 and 20

twenty's knocked an hour in the 2nd round, with se just and the aim is to repeat one, every 3. yet as soon as i'm inside, we want to maintain that vision to determine long term changes. inhabitants, fissions, how this climate change affect them and wild animals. that's the end of them. how does the return of the wolf change things, for example, or changes in land to use in the surrounding areas that would also end of the notes on the table? the camera traps require regular maintenance due to sensors aging, and the memory cards filling up a bit of foot work is also a part of the program. graft is. are ferns can grow and sparsely wooded areas, and when they sway in the wind can trigger the camera traps that uses up energy and fills digital storage space, which useless images and also interferes with a later evaluation of the animals the move months. the cards are swapped out every 4 months. images from them are stored on a central server. so the research team,

members from oliver germany have access to the data. the 1st campaign 3 years ago gathered an impressive 1200000 images. during their evaluation, the researchers used artificial intelligence to streamline their efforts beyond designs we trying to the ally with those images. because we know when we haven't read data or links that the i knows to because it has enough images of them to train me on the car. and the results are really amazing. by degrees and paintings. b dot. sometimes you can only see an animals box. and then the only tells us it's a wild bull, because he is on the truck, which it's time to see what's on this card. the hey, i dent advise animal species, even in the most challenging light conditions. the wildlife biologists are amazed and delighted at how on target the program is. for example, with this road year,

which it identifies with 94 percent certain to the effort was worth it. the a i will keep the projects long term costs low and precision high even when it comes to images where humans wouldn't see an animal, the computer is spot on like this might be a high, has not made a single mistake. it will make a huge difference and the number of hours mcelroy placed and his colleagues will have to spend perusing images on to date, managing wildlife populations and national parks has been a vague practice that's essentially in the hands of the hunters. however, critics believe their reports aren't based on rational technologically oriented management of wildlife populations. hunters, they say are too focused on bringing back impressive trophies. october is if it's

currently very difficult to determine the model of populations and then derive shooting quotas, couldn't be accepted without message. we can determine if, for example, exact wildlife populations of right there couldn't on the interim months and provide information on how many animals are in a certain area. and that can then be used to plan a cold. however, only time will tell whether hunters will allow scientists to interfere with hunting activities. mcelroy police and his team will certainly provide the data on animals. the automatic cameras will continue to deliver millions of images, which can be analyzed with minimal effort. thanks to a i. the scientists also set up camera trend ups in albania and romania. the goal is to have animal populations that regulate themselves without human intervention.

that so for now on dw sign shows, thanks for joining us. can see you again next time on tomorrow. today the, [000:00:00;00]

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