the, the, the eyes mouths, noses. we have so much in common, but a few things do varying like skin color. it turns out there's a simple scientific explanation for that. but it doesn't explain racism. there's never a reason to treat people on equally based on their skin color and how we evolved, whether we're alone in the universe and more welcome through tomorrow. today is kind of strange that we actually differentiate, print black and white because we have

a lot of different tones of skin color. i would think don't have this black and white. so what? so this race humans came out of africa about 40045000 years ago and then moved into europe. and they came from south south africa and they had some soccer field type that we also seen. steps are not protected date. and about 5000 years ago, the headlights or the skin color skin color has only recently changed. and we think the main reason why people get light skin has something to do with quick culture and that gets introduced. yeah, and his colleagues is the director of the max planck institute. so evolutionary m for apology, aka genetics. it's a combination of archaeology and genetics. we analyze genetic materials from the past that this associated with humans. and that can tell us something about how people in the past were genetically related to each other. but 1st, the researches analyze genetic material from the time before humans existed. of

the oldest genomes that has been analyzed so far are about 1500000 use old. they're from memphis, from diploma for us to from far up in the north language, i can big fridge where my to, with it has preserved extremely well in conditions like in central europe. so we kind of go back to the drastic, like some people might ones analyzing dinosaur dna, but we can go back 100 thousands of maybe even a 1000000 years. so what does all this have to do with race and skin color? ringback in the lab, yeah. how does causa analyze bones from out of humans? the dna you provided an explanation for why human skin color has evolved over time . you must become full purchases. they pictures mostly crops from plants like wheat or farley and they become almost completely vegetarian. so the already farmers to lift you 4 or 5000 years ago, they didn't eat a lot of meat and fish and that actually causes

a popular living in europe because europe is very dark. and if you are a vegetarian and you have dark skin, they become vitamin d deficiency in the winter. because as we know, sunlight, temperature was by to indeed in the skin. but if you have dark skin, you put, choose less white community than if you have light, skin infinity happen, power. those in several places that people became life. but it's not that those people closer related licensed agents, for example, and, and europeans. and then it's a very recent phenomenon, so it really doesn't make sense to differentiate human populations based on that skin color. ok, so a few mutations account. so the variation in human skin color. and that's why this racism scientist have long known the dna in or more than humans is 99.9 percent identical. and there were only minimal differences in the rest. so what we call race doesn't have a genetic basis. the time is often used as

a tool of power and depression. i don't think that racism exists everywhere in the world, and this is not just in europe in problem that we have an old continence that at the end. it's about the property and about power. and those and that makes exist everywhere. this is fantastic experiments and like school classes where you can pop up the people blue shirts and house of the pupils and red shirts. and then various trains group dynamics form or football fans, or you know, the neighboring village or the many and such types of where you see the neighbor who kind of seen far includes easily. i think culture overcomes that. we don't have to follow our instincts. we're not animals. our final genetic tree is based in africa to the is the, the, the, basically the trees, the front of the stick. this branch is all in african, this is tiny genetic diversity. if you find out that africa with all the major images are instead africa to actually genetics like no other discipline from my point of view, has actually disprove the concept of race. so

early humans came from africa. but how did those 1st humans live? and what did they need to find out more scientists are studying the traces left behind on prehistoric tools made of stone. this is roughly what the 1st humans looked like. 2 and a half 1000000 years ago. these earliest humans were already skilled in making stone tools. here in the e, c o, b and highlands archaeologist discovered a trove of stone tools, dating from about 1600000 years ago. for more than 2000000 years, our early ancestors use tools made of stone and their day to day life. these stones are among the few remaining artifacts that offer insight into the lives of human and early human. at the lived in the center for archaeology, and noisy germany,

joe, on the river of the studies identical copies of these tools. he wants to determine what exactly early humans did with these tools. for example, was this flint blade used to solve was this robot will help answer that question. when we were different from a to use the edges that are used to work those materials, they are correct, revised by different types of damage like the names that we have. that's it as old . and those, the image that we can always see are the microscopic level. they are diagnostic of those work materials. so if we create a, recreate this damage in the lab, then we can compare it with the damage that we see a lot effects. and that will reveal what the tools were used for the archaeologist here want to help bring a bit of order into the tool box used by early humans. stone tools,

for example, were used to break up an animal bone. bone marrow was an important source of nutrition and the prehistoric diet and this device, the stone is being smashed into an ox legged bone. the card worked which is why early hominids would have used stones that would make sharp and durable tools. even colanda is caring out what's called a use we're analysis, which will help identify what a tool like this was normally used for. i'm sure you can see these nice shell like sheets that have splintered off, which are diagnostic for her was used to talk to her. so this was used on word right on monday. so if the original prehistoric tools display the same things of where that will help from us, that we're used to solve with parts are all just

sabina godson. steven tyson has the research project, the aims to identify how such early stone tools were used. it's an ambitious undertaking to consult with use where analysis has been around since the 1980s here for she made the various laboratories were involved around the world. and each lab is used its own reference framework. so the results they came up with aren't necessarily comprehensible for the entire research community. now what we're doing here is trying to identify standards that will allow us to turn this kind of use where research into a proper archaeological subdisciplines. i'd say just to, i know i should have issues with this to the end to, to also has an electron microscope. even cassandra will use it to examine the stone sample that they use to try to break open the arc bone. the structural damage on the stone is a kind of fingerprint that can reveal what use the stone was put to targets.

there are lots of fine cracks here, which must have come from the impact from the check to another piece of information that will help create order and this donates toolbox. tools made of stone were used by early humans for more than 2000000 years. and that means experimental, archaeologists have their work cut out for them. modern technology is helping us to look out deeper and deeper into the universe. what will we find? and would we be prepared for an encounter with extra terrestrials that might sound like science fiction, but it's something scientists are thinking about. because there's a good chance that somewhere out there, there are alien forms of life. just imagine one day a us all appears overhead. for an extra terrestrial being makes contact from

a nearby planet down. it's great that would be one of the most exciting days in human history. a day we've been waiting for thousands of years and we think that it was a clock that as nasa science administrator, thomas to book and gave thought to how such a 1st contact with alien life might play out. been a famous and all not, not. so we had various scenarios, so it all depends on what we found, where we found it all depends on how intelligent the life was. when somebody got the supply base. however, that 1st contact took place, the 1st job would be to inform everyone about the discovery made of, hey, we have all sorts of communications channels to draw on that. so if we were being certain from out of space, we'd 1st that every country in the world, not at all, and especially if it affected them, like in the case of an asteroid instead of on some of the international communications channels already exist often. so that's what we do and what would

a 1st contact lead to here on earth? if we were to discover, we're not alone in the universe, we'd have to rethink our own conception of ourselves. ben roots as more of these aliens lambda to you tomorrow. most people would find that pretty unsettling for one thing we'd have to assume that the best of luck is ation is much more advanced than us because they found us, we didn't find them near hoping to see. but discovering alien life and the universe wouldn't have to be scary, establish drops dimensions of people who are religious. it might be comforting to imagine that the universe isn't just a cold, empty place, whole. there's nice thought that it may be even a kind and loving form. of life, all slap is to be seen. and what might that 1st contact look like? there are several scenarios for that to. one possibility is that we received a signal from outer space, but a cosmic dialogue is unlikely. our galaxy is about 100000 light years across,

and the nearest major galaxy is 2500000 light years away. so that's how long our reply would take. the 2nd scenario, the aliens come to us. of all the options. this would probably have the biggest impact. did they come in? peace? can we communicate with them? and who would speak in the name of humanity? the 3rd scenario we find traces of alien life ourselves, like bacteria or other organisms. that's conceivable. on jupiter's moon, your rope on it's made of ice and possibly also of liquid water which tops the list of ingredients necessary for life. in april 2023. e. so launched its juice pro toward jupiter to investigate whether it's little green man for mars. or humble bacteria for science,

the discovery of alien life. and the universe would have major implications booklets for your research. and it would be huge. it's bright. now there's one kind of life for that, or like, one of that is related. but also all the other branches of live out this by him, then that would allow him other line to exist. so i'll think that maybe we could use it for new medication in so new solutions to problems. you know, you said it would be all sorts of possibilities. we can't imagine today. i'm not mitigate back of them. but learning from alien life might not be all that easy. for all one questionnaires would we even grasp what they doing on the philosopher in mind? westcan said that we humans a so narrow minded that we always imagine aliens to be just like ourselves. we can only imagine what we know. when children control aliens, they might be green, have 3 eyes and 7 homes, but they're still creatures with a hedge and legs even though they're sending them the whole volume that i'm going

off with. we still don't have proof, but scientists believe the question is not whether we find alien life out there. but when, for now though, the circumstances surrounding our 1st contact will remain in the realm of fantasy. and imagining that 1st close encounter with alien life is something for pretty good at scientists think live here on earth began in water, but the liquid h 20, only forms under certain conditions in 2005 that was space pro did find evidence for ice on mars, an amazing discovery, and one aspect of the answer to this view or question, which comes from calisto, as in columbia. why scientists more interested in studying laws than the move. the boss is us closest tenant tree neva. it's further away from the sun than us and miles

is the only other planet, and also the system where humans could survive in syria, at least, for example, moss has a daily cycle that's very similar to us. a day on mazda is 37 minutes longer than here at home. so all by logical clock, so wouldn't have to adjust all that much the best on the news. the so today is $29.00 and a half days known on surface temperatures on the moon. very huge lee and some of the terry is compared to in the shades. that's because unlike us and most, the newton doesn't have an atmosphere. so there's nothing to help regulate the heat and cold and light conditions of miles and the rules so similar, which is why this is sunset on base planet. and the rotational tilt of us access is almost identical to the active miles. oh, and if that means that that must be a shift some, some of the features in comparative kind of treat for such the atmosphere of mazda

is like a simplified model as us atmosphere. the us, i'm a sphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. it's the only time that you know, side of the system with liquid hotel and it's surface the about 3 and a half 1000000000 years ago, there was also liquid water on mas as these river valley showed back then, the climate till miles, but as being more conducive to life and its atmosphere dense. but then moss, last most of it something to say, the strong solar wind charged particles from the sun blew away. most of mazda is a atmosphere. us protective magnetic field health shield it from the solar wind. today, the atmosphere on the surface of moss is only about one percent as dense as us and miles changed from a hospitable tenet to the dry,

cold one. it is now to day water on the surface of mazda. besides the ice of vapor, there were also 2 permanent toner, ice caps here beneath the surface. there's also plenty of this essential results which would be crucial for any mind outpaced caea. in id 2022. your it's x o must trace gas over to spotted was appears to be vast. was ups of move to rice on to the virus mounting iris. the grand canyon of moss, the simulations around the way to see whether an artificial magnetic field could make maz more hospitable to life. as we know it, atmosphere, it, pressure and temperatures would increase until the carbon dioxide and war to ice at the north pole would melt. and that would trigger a greenhouse effect that would transform the underground ice into rivers and sees the technology isn't that yet? but it might be possible, at least in series. the problem is rather you have

a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message before you answer it on the show. we'll send you a little surprise as that. thank you. so come on, just that along with more, scientists are focusing on another. so let's deal neighbor them. the most recent chinese mission to our natural satellite, the chunk, a 6 has returned to moon rocks and dust from its far side to earth, a milestone achievement. one major challenge for any mission to the moon is getting there. there are many potential problems, especially when it comes to landing. even so, more and more organizations and companies are looking to make the journey to one ignition. on february 15th, the us made a deceased pro was known to them, and it was the 1st time

a private company flew to and touch down on the noon. just see us made a lopsided landing site, but it still sent data back to us as nestor and intuitive machines. the non does own a confirmed for question a disease o d, for sure what's can is working for about a week and said it lost power when the moon's south pole, when the dog add your name to the queue and ask your question. for good nights, o d, feel free to reach me. we hope to hear from you again, the company intuitive machines pasted on x, take you to thank you. now it was most most would recorded when the movement doc, it couldn't produce solar power anymore to find out so, so they did a controlled shut down. it's hoping that after the son of a ton about 2 weeks later, of the land of might have enough power to start up again with us into monday to see we don't get all that whole fun. come alone tonight. now it's about 14 days that will be a problem for future long term missions. the one paid for you on the moon rotate is

more slowly than the rest of my month to month when you complete a rotation in 24 hours, which is why we have 12 hours of 9 and 12 hours of day on average. and the moon completes a rotation and a bit more than $28.00 days. so that's why it's 9 sundays a so long and longer than 14 days. that's, that's in the of the talking about $99.00. current missions are facing another challenge. the appalling missions of the 19 sixties and seventies old landed near the equator. but now the probes the ravings of the moon's south pole ponds cool for landing astern, notes that in 2026. the info who the most straightforward trajectory from the to the moon follows the moon on us over to popping around the sun. and we just wanted to see. and then you arrive at the equator and job to land somewhere else in the engines, have to put you on a different trajectories play. that's more complicated, more costly and takes more fuel types of those. the things you normally try to

avoid in space flight to go, as i said, was supposed to be so kind of mounting down. most you have several countries set out for the moving with varying results. india is 10, very on 3 pro made a successful landing. russia didn't succeed even today, moon landings are still feats of technology and engineering. this i've used the printing our last pro pastor coming out to precision landing this 5 seconds. there's no out must be of that to slow down the landing and keep this kind of see it when a power shoot defense here on a, it's a very gentle landing that doesn't work on the moon on the skis you need jet and also slow you down if something goes wrong, the whole thing crushes to the ground. that's happened several times already. hold on, just a 2nd, ma'am. not sure if i see it, or there's another problem, the shadows on the moon, a very dark moments we've posted on the moon, south pole. the sun life has a lot on the horizon, so you get fairly long shadow so you can the home for you. but the navigation

devices will need to be able to precisely locate the ground type that can be tricky and doc, aerials and can. plus the shadows on the moon on doc is another one, because there's no up must be a discount to light into the shadow. it was 50 displays, take me to have been talking things, those long, deep shadows on the south pole make landing difficult. i'm sweet. 1400 samples of the day is the uk nisa is also planning to fly to the main with it's all gonna land benefit and the mean. but that still a few years off which will allow the agency to learn from other successful landings and unsuccessful ones. and enabling other, oh good. now this, this to so all the know is the 1st prove that was entirely developed by e sent. it's scheduled to land on the moon in 2030 or 20. $31.00 begins from direction because that mission will be led by jim and east that use within the framework of the software from the we're going to bring freight from the to the movement of the, of course as well. i'm going to be launch amount of freight and why don't i have tons of to bone to london this aisle in 2018 nasa announced it was setting up

a sponsorship to encourage the development of commercial payload services to the main c. and it's back then the idea seemed like a stretch plane, dark c intuitive machines also wouldn't have made it to the moon without and says help the x during the landing approach. that was a problem with one of its range. following this dilemma tree, at the end of it slow nights on the moon, a deceased didn't wake up on march 20 said intuitive machines posted on x r. i am one mission ended, 7 days of demanding for and until that communication there are other ideas out there for how to make the journey into space more cost effective and accessible . what is to use candle wax is fuel instead of expensive liquid proponents. now that really is rocket science, the to light this candle. that's what

allen shepherd said, and 1961. when he was waiting impatiently for his 1st launch into space. it's also the name of the emission, the 1st test flight carried on by company from germany. they letting their candle in may 2024. they didn't make it into other space. but the stock top high impulse, the launch was a success. it was the 1st time that a rocket to be propelled by patterson or candle west indies kit. if the rocket contains solid power, if in, which is basically candle wax and vehicle liquid oxygen is injected into long channels that have been drilled into it also. and the entire thing ignites, the burning power, if in yields a very hot gas, which delivers a lot of propulsion to the rocket to attend parents and doesn't catch fire easily in regular hair. when it does, it burns very slowly. that's why there's next to new risk of explosion, and that means that rocket can be transported safely, even when it's loaded with power from fuel. after the launch,

the rocket was recovered from the test range that its post flight data could be analyzed. the s r 75 model tested in early may, wasn't powerful enough to reach orbit for the s r 75 is designed to be able to spend a short time in outer space before falling back to earth together with its cargo. those flights are mainly suited for microgravity experiments and research the to spend somebody that could be, for example, physical experiments, pharmaceutical or biological experiments, materials sciences. those kinds of flights have a range of uses on, cuz those are free, good, high impulses working on its next, some of the cell one designed to deliver payloads of up to 600 kilograms to move to orbit. it will also use a hybrid rocket motor making is affordable alternative for smaller satellite operators the on that. so we have time for now. but thanks for joining us and hope to see you again soon on

tomorrow today by the, [000:00:00;00]

the shift your guide to life and it did to, to explore the latest online trend to navigate your way through the digital jungle. get a global perspective. we'll see you guys and show you what's possible. you decide what really message to you shift coming up on

the w secrets of westlake, how big is there in seen last on the klein, the melting permafrost is releasing huge amounts of greenhouse gases. researchers are working to find out more are mores and swans 6, celebrating climate change the in 15 minutes on the double you get your update interfaces green the green revolution global. so listen to a whole lot of crime. it's probably up to speed if the carriers subscribe to the subscribe to plan, it's a get ready for an exciting auburn toyota look surprised. hi,

irish. and i am ready to dive into the hands of human to you. have you have a window to delete it from port, click on it, please go to the spot on the on expected side to side. enjoy this the shadows joe. these pop costs and video shed lights on the dog is devastating. colonial har is infected by germany across up, and he employed a score, supposed good farms and destroy lives. what is the legacy of this wide spread race as depression today? history? we need to talk about here, the stories, shadows of german colonialism, the frankfurt international gateway to the best connection, south road and radio. located in the heart of europe,

you are connected to the on world experience outstanding shopping and dining offers . and drawing alice services be our guest at frankfurt and board cd managed by front bought the this is the w news and these are our top stores. us presidential. i bought and goes all out this. why the nation that he is fit for another, for he is in office, that's off of the 81 year old, poor performance in last week's device against his rival. donald trump. democrats had begun to openly express their concerns about biden's ability to do the job that you guys need prime minister keeps tom a has announced