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finland is home to tens of thousands of woodlands proportional to land mass. the country has more wickland than any other on the planet. there is to marianne to have tons. it's right here in the woodlands. rich, natural beauty draws many visits, the but the wetlands aren't more so important from climate the, in numerous amounts of compton, a store to us, some is locked in time of frost. the will depend for us to mount massive amounts of comp and would likely be released into the atmosphere. it celebrating climate change. but it's not too late. the recent studies suggest

that while these goals and wetlands may pose trends fail or so, right, we don't put you in to take the, how much human kind work with the wetlands to come global climate change. the research group from the university of helsinki has arrived in killa busy all of

a lapland in the fall, know the thing, and that hoping to discover whether the permafrost is already melting the multi effects that could have blown up. be sure chime or i say subtleties. that's better exciting plans to really so on. if this is from one on a healthy just our own go focus. just dice. yeah. textbook. yes it we can use it for long drinks. no thought. i'm not what it feels like that my task is to get to complete the could i get all this long term project is concentrated on time a for us on that. so what we want to find out what process is this? that's all for that now. okay, let's see, and the 1st contains huge amounts of mercury, another talks, and this one is very useful kind of compounds and gas estate that cause. so we have

a need that we want to know what could be released to young. i'm with effect that would have on climate change, while do i mean the next? some components can cover stuff that we have to assume that it moves to the next underwrite it. see, let's say that what about those of the stuff and to stay in and the northern permafrost may contain hazards that aren't as yet unknown to us. the in the summer of 2016 alarming news came from the yamaha of peninsula in north western side bay area. a young man had died of ounce rhymes. the disease that had been eradicated from the regions 75 years. sonia the over 2000 reindeer, died from the disease. an additional 5 adults and 2 children were infected.

the answer on it was to expect it to have sprained from a contaminated randy, a congress which would lane frozen in the palm of frost, but decades. subsequent studies revealed that an exceptionally warm summer had mounted large sections of permafrost. the soul that apparently revived the i'm frank, frank, terry, which 1st infected animals, then the reindeer herders, the seems. 2016, no new answering outbreaks of being detected in yamma. the. the mounting is dependent for his task, however, tools damage to buildings it also releases carbon dioxide and missing both known accelerators of climate change.

the the arctic circle surrounds the noise power to the ground. here contains twice the amount of carbon that is found in the atmosphere in march. if it is stored in the arctic wetlands permafrost, the compound a blessing and the cost with outage that would be known as i phone us. at the same time. it's the cause of global warming to greenhouse gases, contain compound carbon dioxide. and me, st. is these 2 casters to contribute the most most ferric warming in nature comp and is in constant

circulation. the wetlands in northern europe play a key role in the coffin cycle. yes, i was gonna say my back, can you hold on not a document that he later thought that i think we want to understand how common cycles work in the science guys, i guess they all say can somebody say let's put them across what else? there was some wetlands on the launch wetlands, so a b s while away they are, we want to start the older interactions, the models that kind of get that and go from just to call them tight when it moves from one place to another. so now how does a to the, wherever the comp and store have those here and what sort of sources you got the,

how does it end up in the atmosphere? look the more in the ocean task last day that we spent about doing the dive ultimately. so i don't really know how much those planning process. no, not here in the, nor is it so, and it's also in the tropics, the vice. so for ricky, like to go, us, call them by when you have to go into effect. so climate, the small company stored in wetlands then in the anti opponents vegetation, up to the oceans. wetlands of the us launch is comp and reservoirs. so i thought he left the thought as ecosystems, the wetlands absorb carbon from the atmosphere to view it. after the ice age, it was continuously drawn from the air ethical by state. if there weren't any wetlands, the atmosphere would today be much richer and carbon. and with every wetland that's destroyed, one of them, a carbon gets released into the atmosphere across the beam. the spa

little study has been made of westland permafrost, so the possible effects of permafrost melt a laundry unknown data for most the night for his his follow up, i'm assuming there's hardly any data from northern regents like this one was in a gas measurements like these have only been undertaken in a very few places around the world to be seen less. all of our research thus far has been largely based on assumptions on the federal still up. it's got the last to exceed one hypothesis. as the climate rooms the ground becomes walter locked, you'll still, you get all the so last that's them is nothing is the permafrost inside these mountains, now it becomes a puddle like this one here. these release a lot of methane, which is the potent of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. that's one possible scenario that we wind up with these expensive, what area is all about leaking methane into the atmosphere?

is that or force at the, if on the estate of the eat shoot me an e and permafrost in siberia has apparently been coming to now some of the ancient frozen silence fine for the 1st time and 10000 years and its effects post traumatic stress for the level of warning signs at the time of frosts melting had been observable for some 20 years. now. the images are assigned various collapsing, permafrost mounds stoked fee is as early as 2014 scientists concluded that the mounds were filled with me signed, which was being released from the melting permafrost. the pressure inside them had grown so great that it 1st opened the mountains

made on a crop, said i didn't know if i had them. tell us why all these me think right to sign a mile or a bit like st. cost which can be found around the well i think the box in the permafrost platform, ice clocks the minus 6 layer of frozen. so i'll get out of when that mel on it, it's a bit like pulling the stopper out of the sink. and 1st name from the top, rushes out and just leaving a crate to hunt, viola drop out of get more of done either for the most studies have confirmed the melting at this time period time of frost. over the years. initial assumptions become increasingly concrete by going 60, not them write down in the past that boil lisa and emissions can be locally quite high times and that can increase. but the effect is apparently not terribly significant. a of them now pull up all the americans. this dining of your left or statics, stella. stuff like this. not just let me see. yeah,

nice. nice. now a macro fossil. what have you found? the seed? it looks like the bulk bean. how does it look in the middle minion? t savanna. right, so i thought, thoughts i, i'd also say it's mini into rock pump, being taken to sho, get that means that it used to be very damp here. soft ground, not much undergrowth on the bottom of the seed. the scientist just found it's several 1000 years old. it indicates that the landscape around this bulk must have once looked very different under the sun, the beam, and then the last good that we drilled was mineral matter, not bogs, settlement at all, the source at events, the so that's an older used to be some kind of a lake or a puddle then which was later filled. because then form to box it this, this is the way nature works is they will understand nothing is forever. see i like this environment look very different after the last. i say i got

a goodness about fix permafrost bulk, so long time caps hills. they help us study environmental and climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years. cigna saw how year by year sheet accumulates in the swamp courses in southern, in finland, the peat layer can be several meters, the side lobby, some. and in lapland we only have 2 meters of a feet stuff. and the layers are kind of time machine or dried them that record the whole history of the wetland. myself. scientists search through the lines of stratification for signs of temperature and humidity changes to knock out the help of the sailor mazda. so, you know, it's easy to see in the terrain. this is something happened and honestly there. and often the changes appear as differences in color to see. and then when we bring the samples to the lab, we can see in more detail how the vegetation has changed across history, documented over the course of 10000 years old. there have been at least

a couple of changes to the vegetation, which tells us about changes in the environment. that's the mainland. it's normally like a mere. we have a sample of about 50 centimeters from a blog and lapland. luckily, we can clearly see changes in the composition of the pizza. this layer is perhaps a 1000 years old. down here we have us our grasp agitation which grows in human conditions. at the same time with us, we'll have to say it's the most here we see a clear change in the 18th century say nobody has a kid with a student at that point during the little ice age called home, or for us, begin developing independence condo. so on the surface of the bog dried out or changing the vegetation completely, shrubs begin to spread out during that period. i guess it's daniela here on the far left the vegetation has changed once again. this layer reflects the situation at the x direction point, the conditions we still have today. lucas moss is growing there. an indication that

the environment has become more humid again, p a mom or stomach 6. by observing the various layers, it is possible to make a rough, initial prediction of changes i had the same i came in. and i also thought that by next i thought that that's the alignment that we can see how the layers in the blog behaved at various times. so you look at it in general, say the carbon dioxide, along with warmer temperatures, promote the growth of p and, and the accumulation of carbon will stop. but these forecasts do not take into account other aspects related to wetlands for now. so extensive changes in vegetation, things like res, talk or the off of myers bod grove, fires to nice that are considered in these models. not with on the bottom of the following. is that both much more research is needed for that one of them on, at the. ready

ready the . ready the finland is a great place to study the wetlands effects on the climates after a wetlands compress the finland. an area of the size of point you called the

functions from several ways being important to the fins. they provided food for humans and animals as well as fuel. the heating finish focus on is filled with tiles of spirits, elves and dantes living in the wetland, or it's no wonder then that finish has thousands of ones, but different kinds of westland wetlands. small ones fit, there's some predictable environments. a space between us and want to be in and beyond. in the past, people were buried in this one night to waste was dumped down the know to box around like that. sometimes store common efficiently. one offers

release it. so in a 2nd release i thought any last, so what do you, they're all over 100 different types of. what about, i'm in the long get at that, that the heat each is different in the way it's accumulates or a mix common. so what do these, with the kinds of bugs that release maintained into the atlas van, i make the drive up to mount carmel accumulates and still call them very efficient, make it to a name, visit the data data, edit devlin garcia, that are still healed. overhaul finland's wetlands hoping, drained the goal, was to dry out the wetland soil, making it most suitable for forestry and agriculture. one such wetlands is around scale on copy in southern finland. the dense

spruce forest was originally a woodland bunk. decades ago, the wetlands were drained to support tree groves. the ground water table was lowered considerably. is what i'm saying like, similar for you, those ought to be like no, we don't follow you on. we're in a well trained whitland to present which has become common for finland, decala, according to the latest findings, this type of fee to use as a major source of emissions. the sewing of a drained white gland forest produces greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and maintained at the same time the far as trees take in carbon dioxide from the yeah, that means a peter and forest serves as both a source of emissions and does a common sink drains beat forest and pete fields on the last a significant source of the world wide emissions date,

but you've still most as much greenhouse gas emissions as deforestation. dance in the asset to comp time to change. the wetlands have been matched as a point of focus. the draining of wetlands reduces bio diversity. lessons, water quality increases the risk of file, the carbon released from wetlands is bad for the climate. human intervention can however, impact just how much compound is released into the atmosphere. one go could be to strengthen the role of wetlands as comp and syncs. extract the file out at dawn, and now it's one option could be waiting on just duration. in finland, for instance, east the account, this wetlands have been trying to even trying them up, filed in 15 to 30 percent of cases. no forest has been able to grow and met so you

can stay on the draining the wetlands will just ruined that positive, natural quantities, only not with restoration below the westerns can begin to function naturally again to time. so i'd like and one's most thoughts. i'm solving colvin from the atmosphere. tom boy, you say a guy going the a c. and so a thought to say an email here that you don't like it has the restoring of westland means, returning it to a state as close as possible to its natural one. the ditches are filled, the water level rises. once the water has return to the correct level, pete begins to form again. compound is removed from the atmosphere absorbed into the soil, the

best comes and he said, the 75, i mean, you know, and then we subtract. this was a pretty deep and that's only now give out like in spring and then just to equity. if it's a dry summer will be at around $122.00 minus the bus came by. so, you know, but people suffer how you almost certainly ask me of course, when the water level so low in ron scale and copays, the effects of the various deforestation models on wetlands emissions being investigated. the aim is to raise the water level in a controlled manner. so that the forest remains viable. as a result, carbon dioxide emissions will also decrease. however, the water level must not rise to high. yes, the vision one is

a 100 percent of the water rows right to the surface of methane would be released to if i need. the goal is to maintain groundwater at a depth of about 20 to 30 centimeters where it doesn't release methane. i say i have the yeah, new ga, sufficient aerobic surface layer can prevent methane emissions limits on his last of the researchers measure the carbon dioxide into yeah, the methane present in the soil changes in vegetation, the ground water levels and the circulation of liquids in the trees, they track the liquid flowing through the trees to find out how they react to filing into fluctuations in the ground water levels. metal tests at the cox on through the end of the heel. patty, i said we have 2 sensors here in mind measuring 2 different things for the height of the fun sensory shows, the degree of, of operation and the word. yeah, the measurement isn't very accurate, but it's better than nothing said this sensor on the left gives us information

about photo synthesis. so can have sugar is transported via the flow em to the places where the tree needs it for growth, the roots and the trunk of your orders, thawing at all costs. what? tokyo so who the tonic with this one is one place to maybe even if it's better what i me on this one. yeah. yes. the plates fixed on straight. so yeah. pipes good, intrude? well thanks in photo synthesis . trees. extract carbon dioxide from the changes in the water table can disrupt the process. it's not, not so it goes, there's them, it's just one methodologies. load eco systems. i paint forests are controlled by water. so to a certain extent of it and the greenhouse gas emissions depend largely on the water table, take a look as well as on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by the trees, such as the ground water level is especially high water trees run into problems

with their water intake so lot that they can struggle when it's to, let's look at a st. mary's felt also faced the movement and circulation of greenhouse gases attract using automatically operated chambers and measuring devices attached to my god. through the load up, the box is placed slowly over the ground, then the chamber is seal. go to the law, say that it then measures whether there's a gas source in the ground. and we'll go from that. if, if there is the gas level inside, the chamber gradually increases on the same at the best that we extract the gases from the box and look for concentration increases. let me just to say one was a minute gain from that we can calculate the flow speed a that was through last as an nope out of the last 4.

we have a check research team has come to ron's can compete to investigate the impact of deforestation on westland admissions. so it's 5. we tried to study the same kinds of management though remover off all 3 or removal of selected 3. and how this affects cardboard, cycling, kind of micro ps in the soil. we have the sites in the right. there's columbia in your, my name's low by now and feeling this money welfare thing because we need some such thing with will guidelines and with a specific regulation or present thought they for large box of the morale for us. so if we just look at the threes around our, of our results and decide that the household them are thinking on how you know tomorrow less i think for all, for us it would be better to harvest. slight blue, less than because the other harvest thing in that is that these are, i don't have the 1st time. so maybe just around our side,

we go less little bit more 3. yes. and went around. you can take as much as you, as you like 90 area and funky the decompose pont and animal material affect the production of carbon dioxide and me saying in the soil when trees are caught down, it has a detrimental effect on these micro organisms and on greenhouse gas emissions. so we'll get to the microbes, hold a change during the site life cycle over to for us. and whether it's makes more sense to golf, just select its threes to maintain the microscopes at the site of the

warranty is global warming continues upon the frost mounts. what happens to the calvin stored in a natural state wetlands. up and off the balance? i asked, you said last time he said i have with the ice the trapped here. we're looking at a very special component of this, of this event. when that i smell this, well, the water flows off somewhere else that studies, i mean this carbon might end up in the arctic ocean or in some other body of water out of it. and there are many different possibilities, and they probably don't need that at a loss the advice, the same fucking yeah. so it's almost impossible to predict what will really happen, i'm guess, the, the, for the northern permafrost fox, there are 3 possible scenarios in the 1st, the wetlands good even went to and for

a time become sources of me. thing themselves as the ice within the mounts. the 2nd possibility is that the wetlands will dry out and release large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. the side option is that the bunks could become even more efficient to compound sinks the bell. i mean, even most the production of bio mass and let's see, that's just a plant growth increases in a warm climate. and that could accelerate the accumulation of people the cost with allowing plans to drive and produce even more plant through photo synthesis that pete and then binds a lot of carbon dioxide from the air, which would have a cooling effect of the regardless of scenario, regional situations very cranky isla my still in no state of move on side of

medical according to climate full costs inside of the rainfall. and the northern must tooth will increase by around 20 percent over the course of this century. this could of course have a major impact, but the regional defense has a huge dollar. where is it? some regions control house. yeah, yeah. well off as mike the come even what the, how this in town affects common levels will be really interesting to see that there was still a lot of research to be done. it doesn't mean in any case on to paint guns are incredibly important in the global calvin cycle globe, obviously, the level retreat at the university of helsinki. the soil samples from inside permafrost, mountains, uh, analyzed our base, the temperature now in,

sorry. so now it's so nice, 0 degrees c. so we saw that you guys 0 degrees is a kind of a low temperature that lots of stuff it may take from the all these organics so already even so those, it's 0 to 0. i'm always coming out. yeah. okay, and the later we will increase the temperature to 5 degrees c and. a 15 degrees c and the, at this higher temperature, you will see that those last low on phone calls will be emulated much more. that this low temperature, the power to re simulates the melting of permafrost, is isaac rooms. it's not just me saying that's released from the thousands of years

old pete solely on volatile organic compounds. i'll set free to some of the interesting things, the simple. so for all this last year, we saw a lot of new things coming out of those. okay, so that would be something that weren't here. okay. and the interesting part is that the piece to us, it looks like the meeting was old. me saying it was not, not a new me saying that's formed. so it's become active again. all right, but it looks as if the, the says nice and was frozen in the soil. how do you know, is it or why did it look like? oh, because interesting because because it came out very suddenly. so it was like a very sharp pulse. like me thing volatile organic compounds kind of boom. the time it's one way that they do this is by forming small particles and creating a cloud the general effects on the climate to volatile organic compounds. and me

saying being released from time a frost have not yet been fully researched. it's hard to say if they have well, me all for the impact because there is a balance between these 2. so we probably, we will more though these impacts and later to know if eventually they have cooling all the hacked our climates and got the most government bottom off on april high, i guess on the sunday, no one can predict whether these gases will have a cooling or a warming effect while i meet them up because the process is in the atmosphere telling are so complex. yeah, this is something of a pilot project for your plumbing time. if they hit on the

trees will come down at the ranch, can on cool p research site at the beginning of 2021. now in the summer, the aim is to measure the effect as the deforestation here affected local greenhouse gas emissions. one thing that's clear from the outset last compound accumulates and the soil of cleared areas. that's because there are no longer any trees to absolve the common through photo synthesis. so here's i understood that for photo synthesis because they're only very few plants here. neil, meaning that the sink effect diminishes considerably and then also at least at the beginning on academic logs, they're still not vegetation cost. with this, with the dilemma, how the organic method is the composed. this will very likely also change because there will be this. usually they can both have a car one and the car. one will be less and less die, just simple for the microbes. so this is will be expressed

in other words, off to complete deforestation. the soil binds less comp and then it once did. however, in the partially kid research area, virtually no changes in greenhouse gas emissions can be observed. fully understanding methane emissions will remain a challenge over the coming years. for methane, the we don't have answers from the last year sampling to because the book, the re on that's for a new sets and also the ones you meant for reside in deeper box over the profile. so now we are adding the deep of beats on plank to see where they are, how boom done they are, and to the amount of my famous flowing vault us. so however, we expect death to which the 3 is being dropped. the width of the table will arise and was rising to what the table, the, my phone organic book 30 out,

we'll get closer to the surface. so that method will have a smaller box to escape the research project and run scanned, copy will continue for several years. only later will it be possible to say with any certainty whether planting new trees do stablish in palm and in forest, or a good way to reduce emissions or so on the quantities of meat, of what i'm interested in the next 3 to 5 years and will show whether permanent forests can be the solution. here at this location, empirical evidence gathered here will then show us whether emissions are changing as their models have predicted to capacity in the for me. and while i'm going to like you in the

spring 2021. the research team from the university of helsinki is in for a surprise upon such a piedmont, typical of permafrost areas as best open in the scale, move on to bulk near c. okay. so do i use the state people? yes, good idea. are we hitting ice? no interested in here, no ice left at all. yeah. that's already a meter deep, so how's it so as it all done, the ssl say so. see a lot of lamp and image warming has occurred in the inner permafrost layer sort.

and he said, well, if we keep coming to measure it every year, we may yet see and collapse completely. it may be that the pulses life span has reached its end. and it doesn't necessarily have anything to do with global warming . it's complicated because one cracks like this appear, so everything collapses, a new one simply form again based on how long 56 years this, now i want out, that'd be yes. if we measure here again and 5 years time, we'll see completely different things. the most of the reports published in august of 2021 by the into a governmental panel on climate change provides a cautious assessment of the relationship between pete lens and global warming. according to the report and the frost mounts and emissions from pete lens are

likely to accelerate global warming, the dollars is invalid and it almost the finally to set up the side of the audience. the only pcc report concludes the release of me signed from the permafrost is a very gradual process of mine. so there were none of them. so for me, thing problems that we've been hearing about, however, the process is significant and understanding is it contributes to global warming stuff because when the time the frost mountains, methane is released to medicaid setup process itself let loose out. i make the amount 8 am i stuck on it. all that's aligning mit, dining of about 2 on this stuff is that we must, i should perhaps be aware that it can also happen quite quickly. now, if the pulses suddenly collapses ice, then a huge amount of methane can be released all at once. yep. i'll get it takes a while for levels to normalize again, but that's whether that's one or 2 percent on the stuff or however much it is,

it doesn't matter if it definitely means by an increase on the current amount. is that the, the guy give me that, that is not the 1st thing that happens will have an impact all over the well facility and quote, this isn't a remote corner in that sense and not, not change is happening here. and then what's on the effect this region here are the ones that passed on by the ever notion car. and so i'm going to have an impact on the global situation, belong this the

human kind as to accelerate it global warming. but it can also slow it down. the soil on the, on the top priority is presentation and these natural wetlands shouldn't be misused any longer. we'll dining quite the opposite of on it. won't conservation program should be set top to ensure if they remain on touched a month in for structure. so it does not place in wetland areas like the factors that allow us to utilize the potential of nature. it can come by the same climate change down the road on the home, on both and the, i can say it almost amount of sense darling's the, the message from science is clear. it's not to like

the, it is still possible to support and strength from the wetlands, nature's comp and the sinks down in the honda. it's something that have been neglected in the debate. so still, most of the concept of common things atlanta, when it comes to this topic, we tend to focus only on forest is that the wetlands are also excellent. calvin risk of loss include carbon sinks with the human intervention here. i mean, could turn wetlands into more effective comp and things for the future. calm b a here in the yellow. yeah, that's the level i sort of the

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