between the millions who struggled to make ends meet and the glitter rossi, enjoying the i'm body's hospitality, couldn't be wider. and we have more. i'm not waiting on our website to ww dot com and on the instagram account to add dw, and use on jared rated building. thank you for watching the growing us interagency as the palestinians ever known, we can't expect much living with the bare minimum without civil rights and with no prospect. this is not a good environment. yeah, no. not for my children. and favorite shadow stuffs, oldest good. on the w so my days thoughts are so for in the morning we are in this house of friends near

my site and we are to to bring this home phone on 102 minutes on the safe side the, the key launch, the energy landscape is in flux worldwide, the reality is demand for energy is growing. wagner, in a cubic st date, the issue of energy has become very urgent. and in order to address the problem of this planet, we have to work for us that i think fusion would be the game changer. we urgently need safe and clean sources of energy for our planet is nuclear fusion. the answer to the energy and climate crisis will scientists and engineers be able to unleashed the potential of fusion before it's too late?

100 years. well, energy, our grandchildren going to the scripts mission. ultimately, the discoveries of our research belong to the well, the nuclear fusion is a process that occurs naturally in the sun. scientists want to mimic that process on earth. thousands have been researching just that for over 30 years. in april 2020, the 1st magnetic coil was delivered for eaters, experimental reactor we're seen today to best of the real big layers of the war. pizza cutter is the biggest and most complex project human beings has ever tackled you to, to help the horses placing the galaxy right here. and the code is placed on a, just a few minutes away down that the fuel that we need. 10 minutes of the fusion is the most natural thing. there is the process of the sun is on the

a nuclear fusion is fundamentally different from nuclear station, which is generating power by splitting, adams eaters, the biggest fusion research project in the world. here the united states, russia, china, europe, and other partners are working side by side. because all are convinced by the potential a fusion technology behind me is the construction side of the dates of project. this is we're talking like reactive would be located . this is what we're trying to do. we need to get the physics or to do it in an environment which will be utilize a point in the future as a commercial source and not something where we do an experiment. somebody gets a number of prize, and then it's over. i think that's intentionally, that is to have a future beyond researchers that the sprawling ease or complex are approaching this mammoth task. using magnetic confinement,

fusion or in c. s. at the heart of the project is the token much when it's completed, this fusion machine will weigh $23000.00 tons made up of millions of parts from around the world. the donut shaped vacuum vessel alone will wait. 8000 tons. well actually we are now in the assembly hold of each other. this is where a lot of activity is happening right now. and this is where we put together the 9 sectors of the vacuum vessel before they are being actually lifted into the target market. and fully assembled over there, the realtor is really to demonstrate both the principal and the technology and the safety aspects on the device which has the size of a react. after that, the industry will have the risk be if you wish to construct the reactor of the futures and to make that a series product. so these 18 blocks that just c surrounding the center here.

now the supports for the to royal or the shape, the vertical documents that will surround the spectrum vessel. and in the end, when this is going to be removed, there will be a massive, powerful magnet on the inside. it's the central solar noise. this will be the strongest maintenance ever built by mankind is in here and was back on behind us is a big vacuum bessie. this one for example, comes from korea. we also have bathroom vessels from europe, from italy on the brought here. then you have people and once everything is put together, we will actually have then the fusion machine in you and this is going to be where the fusion reaction takes place. where i've done that would be put back on this. oh, okay. and i've talked to the box number so you would owe 240 more to the february, only back up there. so i'm fixing the floor and roughly about $600.00 because square in there. yeah. he's thinking in the, in the, in 10 or 20 years,

we won't be able to stand here anymore because that will be far too hot is gonna be the only times we're aiming to replicate the sun. and here, right behind me is where the vacuum vessel will be signing. and these vacuum vessels are the essential component of the whole fusion process. and it can be as being about, you know, going to be new plus. so it's the order of magnitude, and it's likely to go a little bit north of that. if i may see or south of that depends on the way you see it. the cost of that loss was up in the middle east to us between a 10200000000000. so i think of this, we have 2 things with things in context here on site that we have about 5000 people . we have 7 members and of course, and you to, you know, how many you have a few on countries that but you to come this one. i think of the tier we leave the passport the, the entrance. and indeed, the, that i've, some you could answer that actually came originally to the russian for the nation.

it goes to green, you know, he's, is not that is not the per se contributing to it. it's quite remarkable. i think that you need to, there is a still a consensus and focus so we'll just members to try to get to this. uh, this yes, a project realized together. try to sort of the please contribute, let's say contribute to the solution or we're in the christ. that workshop, it shows on the web site and what's coming into site right now is actually the last piece of the christ itself that we're putting together here. basically a giant, tim is the reason for that is that it will create an environment that protects the vacuum inside and the cold temperatures. what's happening right now here, it's the cover of the price that it's being built to you, but just see up top of that. it's basically just the top lid. it's $3800.00 tons altogether, all 4 sections together. and as you can see by the size, its 13 inches across, it will be 13 meters high. you just con, transport that easily. so all the pots have actually come from india, have been,

will to 2 together into the full sections. usually system, the technology which is very, very complex and um, so how the speed to be deployed is a question mark. the principles fusion is that we want to take light particles and smash them against each other as hard as we can. and when we do that, they will fuse as the word and part of their mice will transform into energy manager your master ultimately interchangeable. you can transform mass into energy and the energy into mass. it works in both directions, either based on that as a famous formula, as equals times the squids, everyone knows that the energy we can harvest, we can pick it up, then our, our house is our industries, our, our systems and society. what we need to get this actual fusion reaction to happen is we need to initial reactance to get close enough that they will actually fuse into a final product. unfortunately, this is fairly difficult and the main reason for that is that off to initial

reactance are both positively charged. and in the same way that 2 positive ends of a magnet will repel each other. so we'll lay solution for me. it's a bit complicated process like of when you try to bring to similar people together in society, it always gets complicated. and likewise, when you have a too small, positively charged particles, when you try to bring them together it's, it's always good. so for example, when you have to hydrogen, accept those when duty and will increase your being positively charged. and you tried to bring them together that event because of the electrostatic forces being involved. but if you energize them enough that they can overcome this many years. and they come together and diffuse and diffuse a lot of fusion and it has been created. of course, during this process a high energy neutrons being ejected and add football, which is commonly known as helium is being created and this fusion and that it can then be converted to electricity is still called when there's no, there's

a dave which is sort of future then before you went into the ocean, happens in the suns cool in extreme condition with the thing, it's extremely hot and tight and very dense, which is x to that's one reason why the sun or some random stuff. home economy simply trying the prompts into the property and if it goes, it only works in space. so our approach has to be a bit different then. and then beacon to the sun is very, thanks like all the stars and try me to mix on the mass of this on stick to get it . now we can quite to make a star that bank in town and board tree. so we have to come up with something smart . so even when we say we use sort of energy, we're actually going to use the energy coming out of the fusion reaction. and to recreate this conditions or try to recreate simular conditions, then those statistics are taking place in this, i'm just trying to take a shortcut this year. one way is plasma confinement into, to come back inside the reactor,

the donut shaped vacuum best to live surrounded by electromagnet. a tiny amount of hydrogen injected into the vacuum is plenty. and then you switch on a solenoid which is in the middle of the, of the talk about and this by the magic of physics, creates kinetic trick seals in this. so not the hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium, begin to swell around in the vacuum. and initial heating system converts the gas into a plasma. the further heating processes using electromagnetic waves and neutral particle injection are required in order to heat the plasma temperatures of a 150000000 degrees celsius. and then the process of fusion starts, the particles know each other sufficiently for us. so the cube and then to produce energy venue have lips per 2nd inside your cage. neutrons

interest charge. so they turn that note on the temperature by all magazines, and they fly off and hit the wall, and the reaction. so what you would do is you'd, you'd have to put a blanket on the wall. and as the neutral slows down in the blanket, it hits the metal. so when you do that, it's possible to, through the whole pull that water tends to steam and then the tech doesn't the intense uh, bites to produce that i just need to select the box. is there any current house stations we look at, like any confinement that's the only process that hasn't really survived into our reunion evolution of fusion systems over 60 years and more efficient research. there's also another type which is called a national confinement, which requires you to just get very, very high densities in temperatures for short period of time. most commonly, this is done with lasers, but there are other approaches and using more sort of pneumatic, just straight up physical methods to compress something talking like instead of

either a single or in that them both magnetic confinement, both those to come ex has emerged as the most conventional way of trying to confine plasma, and they have reached marvelous results and comes in and of the talk is a stella rate, which actually wasn't venting before the talk much. but it was so complex in its design and its construction that it remained as a people causing something to say, the ones finished the each your token, mac fusion reactor will be the largest of its kind worldwide. meanwhile, the world's biggest skyler rater fusion device is located in northern germany. the project is called vento stine, 7 ex vendors done this, i've had back in bios, vento. stine is a mountain and hiking, trailing the very end of the pods. wind up the mountain in a way that's reminiscent of the shape of the magnets that we have in this machine. yeah. like need to do that. and so that's one reason that since i was i am going on

sick and i leave because the oldest still. all right, so is this a 1st cell right to, to actually get off and running within the mid 19 fifties of princeton as long the project direct to live in, submits a, was a famous asked or if he's a system and an added mountain climate, i to i'm in spits, so i'm going to, i still presented, he called the research web project manager, who in a bundle and had some quick quick my telephone cannot and zanna heisenberg, so word and said, then we'll name a project, dr. amounts into the field. so this project is called vento stein. this is a split scalar rates of project in germany has the name of these bavarian mounts and but it's located in com or any of that. it's not as amounts and of course, but as a machine with a vendor stein, 7 x, still a right to a knob. the thing is a major fusion research facility and located here at the max planck institute using bright spot. and i'm going to send it to you, i'm mux pundents. i'm stunned often caused by that my explain society decided to show its muscles when it had the 1st large scale class stairs and had the knowledge and the know how to then going of device. these still, all right,

the devices you helped me. yeah. i'm in central unit, so we have $450.00 employees here on the plan is to choose. so for roughly comp and technical and engineering stuff is of the of the businesses of the same computer experts present. kevin orange contradicts pattern. yeah, that's just a tool. what is the taurus whole size? windows of windows $107.00 x that you have it's yeah. yeah i'm, it is a lot more so so i tell isn't it cisco boy, this building winds up in 2000 to want to this whole was empty box and from nothing in and comprehensive of the 1st components arrived in 2005 machine and then assembly of the machine gun on the way, the total cost of everything put together was $1300000000.00 and indeed the investment costs, but the machine standing here were around 400000000. and so just add a few and i guess it's the style of actually the stellar rates around what's known

as the token model. but the other concept which uses magnets, it almost assigns somebody to ring shape. you. magnetic field box is a different issue in a to come out and walk is a very strong electrical current. and these con rentals, so it produces the costs of the required magnetic fields afford anything like need . so that's, that's not the kind of the stand, the range of who stuff, you know, the woods in as dental ratio. it is not a strong currency. and again, in the, in the plasma last month. and that makes the plasma line to across my lifestyle. as a result, it's most i believe because in truth, i really doesn't want to carry any electric current, even though it tries to ward it off with everything it has with both hands and feet . so just vaguely, tape it doesn't have hands and feet of course, but it's fine with a non stable reaction to this electrical currency. and that's why it's good to get rid of these current. it solves a whole lot of problems at all because there's no electrical current flowing in the stand already. so if the magnetic field must be configured, because a quote that's a requirement of physics, it's up to the fall. so it changes on how it's shrink 6 months,

and that's where all the research is focused. a false decades of physics research has been devoted to. the shape of these magnetic field would be found. the shape of the magnets can determine the shape of the magnetic field and like you need to look, it's the most accurate shapes of the magnetic field. just like you can imagine that this for, even if it looks very old, we essentially asked nature how the magnetic field should look nice. as the onset said, i was saying with us as the unfold. the vendor started, the scene supplied mental. the stine is found too small to produce electricity line, the scale down as much as possible, so we can still learn from it to determine what, what those things we have researching, so that we can achieve this tonight, doesn't matter if even this magnetic seals, he gets switched on, so as far as so that if we would have put fusion fuel into it, then we wouldn't get a fusion line for the road. that's what we finding out. that's the mission of spinning all this stuff system as soon as you have a cut, all have to run care to you then setting up an access points to climb into the machine and it's like work is starting again on the syria or the vessel. and then

now technicians and engineers will climb in there, the physics to operate and they'll be working inside the machine when it's done in the machine all. but i may certainly made it so difficult. it is a good machine. it's worked is working really fine. it's time to work with us, so team and so corporate to see if the car seats machine it machine has a so i must say the machine has a good so sometimes ever there was a hard day or frustrating day incentives, always curing to go here and just to and then you know what, your, what, why you're doing it and severe to his own. yeah. so people, people say that, so this is a kind of pinnacle, or at least a very nice example of german engineering look. so german, because everything is shiny and tiny it's science, cost and steel, the, the asking for us to maintain humans. the 1st fusion company emerged in the us and

britain installed, but germany has really caught up in recent years on c, r o. and it really has a terrific foundation, yvonne, how for the mind at all times, institute for plasma physics and unit operates 2 of the biggest fusion devices in the world for sealants, and that in the mainland aspects upgrade and vendor stein, 7, x sensitive and x germany has long had the scientific know how these and shocked you should know how to compare. for example, france with your money. the amount of carbon dioxide produce broke out in front is half of the one producing jury money. nope, it's sending reflected in germany that has been a tremendous amount of investment for renewable energy, steel. it's about tough. i think doing money is a prime candidate for nuclear power. i'm sorry, that doesn't make sense. we leaving there for quite some time. there is a good quality equal technology, and i think in general in nuclear power is a would be well placed in germany. and the fusion is as a,

is one of the possible sources, of course for the long term is a vice indulgent jeremiah. when you just mentioned the word nuclear, people immediately react as though they're a bit allergic to it. and that's why a great deal of educational work is needed advice so that people understand the differences the investigate wants to see this. in one case, 9 large out of a split up to that sufficient have dish or add them splitting fee. so you'll know that can 5 been okay, since the lighter items we have fused together to make comments was i mean, as often as you want this under the units and you create a technology as well. so you have to address the topic of protection from radiation mobile unit rules. you need regulations, you need the procedures to handle that stuff calendar. feel i'm done with once again, regulation kind of be, i'm over with any. it's important if regulation would not be right. we would have to design power plants for the wrong requirements. we would have to overcomplicate the system and make it even more complex than it already is. and this is not

anyone's advantage. it's a very, a challenge to develop an industry where regulation itself is being created. we have regulation related to power times of all different sorts. we have the threats in fusion to be mixed up with fission. the other kind of new which is about speaking uranium fusion has relative to, to do with the other and nuclear, but in people's minds, which will seem quite similar. so there is a real threat to social acceptance of this new technology. if we don't regulate fusion in the right way, we could make more damage from the history of humanity than we may realize in practice. ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready so in this make you very soon, all right, even generate mccune and then plus boss and then keep them up. are you bring them off to a really high temperature, all 450000000 decreases,

which is 10 times more than the core temperature of the sun. so now we have got to things like human plasma, which means high temperature. all you need to con dean, this in a dense form. this we can do. we can do very high temperatures. we can do a high densities. we can confine these hot met. there is plasma for a long time. but can we do the things and the same time at a 100000000 degrees? some marvelous things happen. you start to having particles colliding so often at such energy that you get this, that the stickle conditions where enough fusion reactions are happening to over come the level of expenses that you haven't seen to the system in the 1st base plasma is the 4th state of messa from the basic ones where you start with a solid out a little bit of energy, you get a liquid out, a bit more energy, you've got a gas, and then you've got even more energy to that. you end up with a plasma, a fun one with plasma means that your whole gas becomes charged at me is you can

hold in place with magnetic fields, but there are a number of different other approaches. most of those still rely on what we call magnetic confinement, which is keeping the plasma can find by using magnetic field. yeah, so we don't migrate doesn't work. and the central thing about magnets and magnetic fields is that we have to get this plasma hot. and under the $50000000.00 degrees for something that waits a few grams, the process is called magnetic confinement because we want to basically make sure that the plasma is to say, it's detached from the water and compressed by a mechanic feed. so there must be a current in the plasma, and the must be a magnetic field. this magnetic field is generated by the magnet itself. and which basically allows the prospect will be separated from, from the water. it's a bit like, you know, when you see more kinetic living station and you'll see that that object is being

able to float on. i'm like many feet. a pioneer among large fusion reactors is located in britain, the joint european taurus, jet for short. since it came into operation in 1983 experiments using jet have resulted in a number of fusion breakthroughs, these insights have been woven into the development of each or it's a jet, which is the biggest operating talking back in the world. currently. this is a jet investment training facility. the actual jet experiment is through a big, big old, over that jet is, is been the largest operating physics firm in the world. we does the power and the grids. it's an experiment run full run by year a fusion. you can see it's kind of got a circular safe is quite hard to see from this angle. but it's, it's, it's a, it's a doe, not safe, at least on the inside. and that's key for fusion. so if we were in the rail jet, i'm talking back what the vacuum vessel would look much as you can see. so where this robo is here, you'd have about a 150000000 degrees,

which is what you need for the fusion reaction. and then just under my feet under here, you have special pumps that are at 4 degrees above absolute 0. so you have the horses placing the galaxy right here and the coldest place on a just do you me to the way down that even though projects like jet has been around for decades and the principle of fusion was proven in the mid 20th century. the technology is still not ready for prime time, hence the old joke that fusion energy is always 30 years away. even still more and more private investors believe in the potential economic success of fusion. as you start to obtaining the sales you applied, the stones, i'm saying is really broad. i move in to see companies have been set out, will buying the items onto a spice, be trucks. and the fusion is one special example for us. and the, because the found is the status of a young people from our institutions to since the us ones i'm in central, proxima fusion is a spin out of deluxe lancaster for plasma. for 6,

we are based in munich, and we're working on quite as a nomic stella rate. there's as a way to make a fusion energy emission approximate there's an isn't nothing but putting energy undergrads. he's a pen incredibly large objective. of course, our public institutions have been doing research on the topic for decades. we've now built sectional how it's clearly time to transition the field to complemented with more and more engineering. so proxima is working to think about the main engineering systems that needed to actually convert something from a scientific project. to an energy focused project. we must be handled by the, i'm really standing on the shoulders of giants. and we need to make the most of the opportunity of translating his research into a new industry so that the introduction to approximate fusion has with the knox blank is based on collaboration agreements. doctor sheet. and this is a transfer of knowledge taking place because ultimately the discoveries of our research belong to the well, i think that we funded by tax payers. and so as

a result, we come up belongs to humanity and admin startups, as well as all set ups. we are trying to build this relationship in a complimentary way. there are things that are not within the months. blanks. mission commercialization is not one of those engineering. a large scale towards energy producing systems, not within the marketplace commission, but they're very much within what we need to do. i think it's very natural for and obviously we're next to the transition to which we need to the next step of the story. we can develop this technology with working on and make this a source advantage of the left effectively forever for your money to this power plants that we're thinking of, that can be placed anywhere in the world. the dream would be to have a stella rate, the power plant in every big city in the world. we are not trying to build the electrical connection to the grid. we need to understand it in order to be able to address what are the needs of that system. we want this out to celebrate this rather than energy itself. so as we go in, develop these designs of power plants. the question of what is the cost per

kilowatt hour megawatts that you were able to deliver? that is a key questions that'd be sitting next to our ice is the kind of device that shows the clearest and most robust way to efficient energy. the advantage though, of dealing with the complexity of us to the right to open the simplicity of talking about is that a to come back has corp on issues. so to say it's very difficult to actually run it . it's definitely an exciting time in terms of how much is happening in the private fusion industry. and i find particularly exciting the interface between the new private industry and the public institutions if that interaction. i think that can speed us up the may again team. i think the sol getting the issue of energy has become very urgent us for this because it's really starting to hurt us in terms of energy supply. and i mean impact from the environment and climate. the modeling homepage. so these initiatives that gaining the mentions pod often goes

east and order pages to name in this one goes to the european company. um the companies that founded gals fusion had been working and fusion for decades. this, yeah, of the ticket comments these to i'm in between 2022 and they have the idea to merge and set up gauss fusion in order to build a 1st of its kind fusion power plants as you own, scuffed back to boeing. you want to shine, we're different from other companies in this sector in them, but because they are largely spent offices from universities or research institute this evening or the for sealants. ms. present on fortune's andre students and gaunt is the new kid on the block. when it comes to fusion broke, some of them are trying to utilize some existing technology, maybe with very ambitious goals. some of them are trying to introduce new ideas. some of them are trying to develop some specific technologies. for example, migrant technologies. but it's a very,

very large about all of the of ideas that are broiling and st stuffed up. so around the world, both fusion each uh, each task grew step in my opinion. sister peter is the biggest and most complex project. when being said, they never tackle it to to heater is doing truly via mirroring worksheets. we wouldn't be here talking about fusion if it weren't for either see penny's cuba. yeah. hot us before radio on and we'll continue learning from either in the future any tiny on. and it's essential that we implement what science has shown shaft pc. its and this implementation can only happen through industry and said some kind of what we see now is the time where industry steps it and built on the everything we've learned from science at all of thoughts meet island bus, bus bus, the f one, w, some stuff getting on tom by did him both the ciocca mount and the stellar writer has advantages and disadvantages to see. i think the geometry of the seller writer is very complicated compared to the token, not one,

but still the raiders are better than took a box and using adams to control plasma. so by so by having pros and cons and both present their own challenges as for them and we're investigating which one we'd like to work with in the future and, and find vi and to confirm the motion. you have the noise, every new technology needs some kind of seed money to feed on. see, i don't think the solar and even energy began. so now without initial support from the state on these renewable energy use, wouldn't have been able to make the important contribution by their making today, or they think we should be in by direct and see bringing missed miss mitch license if you're looking at the future and how we're going to power our society that keeps growing in size and in consumption we will need more, more energy that is based load like goals and comprehensive renewables that we know of. i know so, so much. and the, the, when the solar we need something that is not intermittent. there are number of

technologies that are developing. we'll keep developing that great, we should keep pushing on those. now we shouldn't make ever one that would kind of have a single point of failure in the developmental society. yeah, i know about it. and again, it's and renewable energy is a truly a wonderful thing. and so that they have a problem isn't st. james and mason size, meaning they don't always available and convinced like the wind is blowing, oldest son is in shining. there's no electricity window at the store at level expense during is very, very difficult. when you're talking about these huge amounts of energy, or you feel to get out and compensate using another source, the always clashing doors on the, on the kind of look. i think i don't need to to, to expand the importance of reducing that significantly our dependency of our forcing officer fluids. as of today, our mildred standing, the, the, the targets that they've been set by many governments collectively in the world. we keep increasing carbon dioxide production and that it's still going as in

the wrong direction. and when you look even at congress in the western world, whichever you implement major as a steps to reduce still it's not going down fast enough. so we have to find a solution that's complex. so in the, when it comes to financing, then the timeframe makes things tricky. that, that, that site that i mean we're talking about projects that spend 15 to 20 years fontes yonder. so funding them become somewhat complicated to you don't, so i should put the return on investment and won't come tomorrow. complete. see $4.00 and $3.00 or 5 years time company, which is what kind of mentioned on private equity companies aren't coming to the fee. i'm in give own st infusion as a commercial net as an investment, but it's a difficult one objective. it's very difficult for an investor to understand the entire landscape and identifying those companies for an investor distinguishing between the different physics and engineering. concepts can be extremely

challenging that size of the markets that we're ingesting with fusion power plants is enormous. so we're seeing today the birth of the real big layers of to more. yeah. for the one split test, the fusion process is already a 1000000 enough time is more efficient than the process of combustion and goes for a large coal fired power plants calls. you need tens of thousands of tons of coal a day. that's to ship loads. got since my goal is actually for me and for a fusion power plants, the similar capacity was always kind of just need a key load. i think that's about a bucket. so it doesn't say hang per month. that means that in the morning a staff member can bring the fuel in a small pockets and it's an exciting kind of death. and just astounding another form filled with tears and uses as a fuel. in the way we look at it and heavy forms of hydrogen. these forms of hydrogen can be created. pardon me, widely available in see working and pardon me, we can create them in a self sufficient way, you know,

produce them within our own power plants. as the neutron slows down, if you put them in the blanket, the neutral hips, the theme and breathes trixie and creates its own fuel. and so we take the fuel that we've made and the blanket recycle out and put it back into the reactor. it just means that the fuel that we need can be in exhaustible by an exhausting, i do mean that it's easy. i mean, that we can develop this technology with working on and make this a source advantage of that last effectively forever. this is our find for loops, it's just an amazingly efficient use, okay? and it's readily available. it's not like you have to be on good terms with someone who has these fuels and then pay them loads of money to go to in principal. everyone has a need it deep feeling hot, how to feed the head i was for the fusion, comes with many challenges i was for, they don't with one hurdle it needs to overcome is a public acceptance e, c. d, or felicia to puts a new technology, puts you on these time, you know,

people don't know what fusion is least about. so there has to be a lot of educational work. died among other things, life event on the, on that and then for the one of the as being a nuclear technology issue. fusions doesn't have the major problems typically associated with it. i 2 in particular, hoping this one is the loss of control when a power plant breaks down, which we've done, the fortunately experienced a few times already come back. so say that's a that's brought on by either external, internal factors or so in principle, that's not possible with the fusion up and see. and that's because these halt be seen gas which has to be built and the gas collapses. as soon as something goes wrong, it goes out by itself. that's why to the 2nd point is the permanent storage of the highly radioactive material and that's a fusion doesn't produce material that remains radioactive for a very, very long time. the a long uh, 50002800000 years old. so we don't need final storage units ones on each end. in

the 1980s, everybody realize that the time that to get fusion, that within the day and the complexity associated with size. and this was the time when the gorbachev and reagan, they found this as a potential area of corporation. the global cooperation of ether continues. many are hopeful that unlike fission nuclear fusion could be the answer to our most appetite for energy worldwide. but critics question if the process, the fusion is really as efficient and clean as it towed in to be. well, the principle of fusion may be relatively simple. the technical challenges are so great that researchers are constantly need to solve new problems. the material is one of the biggest challenge because of high temperature because of the low temperature because of highly making it a clean because of high neutrons flux and policy together with

a couple of meters. so we have created new materials for fusion to set 3 suzan technician, aside from the technical hurdles and there are other challenges we need to address in the, in the labor for example, by speed of ice crest. we need a lot of people with specialist knowledge in the future need to build hundreds of fusion power plan software. i can. so boeing, this funeral, there are just a few steps missing and then we should be able to get it off the ground despite the major technical challenges that goes. because ultimately, all of the limitations. and technically nature is nothing in physics to speak against that. in principle, nuclear fusion is a source of energy that c o 2 emission free, but is it really achievable on a large scale? and will it be ready in time to avert the worst effects of climate change? the size of the for the oil using look is that there's no down to balance that

there's no need to further proof that it works. and people know that fuel knows that this would be a little complicated celia, but now we come. so it's fun that we can just about smell and switch off. we're getting really close isn't for me. if i'm not on one cannot overestimate the importance of some form of that, you know, up to me. so you know that the hope what we're trying to do, we saw and vicious and there will be so many challenges ahead of us. but the objective of the mission that we after is so great for those for future research is so challenging that we have to keep costs and you from one generation to the next. we're in the 3rd generation. now, you can get solution that with you not to eat. there is really the quantity is the scientific experiment. i think it's before the prototype. yeah. prototype is already something in, in general reading engineering. it's something that you know, you want to test whether, if you've just work for the intent of purpose. so a prototype for a few short act active shoot for the of spa. this is north with either will do. it

is a scientific setting that which has been sized and they mentioned in such a way that it would be successful if you're not allowed to proceed. and the idea in diffusion program is c meter type of react. that would be based on the knowledge database. and a little later, and then maybe we'll let you run truly in the, to a prototype. so we are little bit fired from a prototype. there are a number of things that need to be part of this cocktail of, of ways of addressing climate change fusion. as being a big beast in there, the can do so much. if we get fears, i'm going to manage it would be different. we enter a new era, a few minutes of efficient that's. that's an upset. we have to work more is a more expedite way in order to address the problem of this planet. we have to work for us that i think as i've seen very often the people think ok, let's wait for fusion and fusion, we so loved the problem. i think this is not responsible for my some point. this is

another message i'd like to convey to you. so we are in the process of really finding a new baseline and the new schedule, we have to get the right. yeah. how we're planning to finish a 1st fusion power plant by the early 20 forty's prep, the sustaining we do not currently have any single technology or even mix of technology is that we can say, we'll definitely provide sufficient energy for a growing population and a growing standard of living at infinity to and if we were to be able to make fusion of realities, that may well be true that we could have that security. there's and will be in a job search or whether it would be right for it. and it just transition. that's for us to answer the objective of all diffusion companies as of now must be to develop fusion energy to connect our all those our prototypes to the grids within 20 years. first, you want to ease, fusion is

a reliable you can exhaustible and clean source of energy that harms neither the environmental nor the climate p. d. p. and fusion offers benefits beyond that, don't beat about it, gives us energy independence. we want to keep the ones in the that means it makes us the kind of global international supply chains. bill biling, intern not tonight. lindsey focus now is the time when we're entering the field, translating research into an industry that can then scale to meet our climate challenges. the speed is the key aspect. a lot of this, it's not. the question is not whether we will get fusion. the question is just when at this point the s as often bit nicky. first of all, we need energy, so i think 2nd, we need more energy for the developing world into this 3rd, we need energy that cell symptom of any c o 2 into the atmosphere. kind of see what's, why in the up and therefore we need energy. but it's a safe environment under 5 hold to every one on us and see the amount of device

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