to as an example with that disease is found in some blocks and not others because those blocks are really reflective of family groups. they're reflective of transmission being with in families and that in different blocks you have different families that just don't come into contact with each other and roads. interestingly enough, also sort of mark the territory for these families. this is my block. you stay in your block, and there is very little contact between the raf families. if we know that rats don't move much among city blocks, you know that your neighborhood rat really is your neighborhood rat. and you can target your management approaches to the scale of the city blocks the, the low don't. can you? we often use this method with rodents in our research of it to yeah, we attach an ear tag with a number. she don't want, y'all said don't mention,

it's like an id card. it will say because we can then find them again. i'll screw up the real how we release them. and thanks to this tag, we know exactly who is moving for where when, and how with the help of all the traps we put up golf, big football. they killed all summer they've just put on. there isn't a key to say it's a very precise technique for finding out how many animals are in a particular place. yeah. and then you more on, on the other researchers in your god trying to discover how long rats have been adapted to humans. black rats commonly known as house rats are the focus human trade, urban ization, and large and tires helped spread them around the world. but they are now considered extinct in many parts of europe to we know that the black track spread

across the run. and so by around the 1st century, dc, so essentially a to there's good reason to think it was present in the mediterranean for quite a long time before that. but right now, we really don't know when the 1st kind of concentration of evidence that, that threats turning up in archaeological human settlements comes from the end as probably civilization. and from that they may have strep beyond the reach. and so around the same time we start to see black rats arriving in mesopotamia and it's another arrangement around the same time. we're starting to see cities develop those quite a bit of trait documented between those regions. and i find this quite fascinating because wraps spread around the world by human trait connections. and they're also dependent on that kind of settlements. we have playing the opposite big city in the roman period. it became less important,

the smaller that's well connected. and then it became the biggest city again into the viking age. and you can see wraps mirror what i think is happening here with this kind of rise and full and then rise again front populations. is it that tracking nature of the human economic system in the brown room is generally thoughts is spread across here in the 18th century. although there are some suggestions that might have been present perhaps in the 15th or 16th century. but the majority view based must be on documentary records is that it's bad in the 18th century. one of the main things that people will think about if you say wraps in history or perhaps in, okay, elegy is the idea that wraps were the main need to blame for the spread of plague in the past. but particularly in the black death, this often comes across as a very polarized to date. you'll see news headlines saying it wasn't wraps up through the wraps. and there are also many historians who follow the traditional line. many epidemiologists are interested in history for that matter. who is

a push back against that and a very keen on the traditional views. so it's often seemed to be this kind of heated debate. either it was all about rach, everywhere or alternative the it shouldn't really be about, right. so it was something different. but i think the real question of away from the headlines, the real question is how much of a factor was the presence of wraps in the way that historically, kinetics developed. if you took the rats away, which we still have had upon damage on the scale. if the black death, i suspect to wouldn't destiny, but that's something which is still very much bye to when it comes to human risks associated with rats, there were a couple of really interesting things that we found. one is not all rats, terry disease. and actually the number of rats isn't proportional to the disease

risk. so we found some huge call in ease of rats that were totally clean. didn't have any of these bacteria and viruses and other smaller colonies that were just loaded. so that was really important because our public health principles are based on the assumption that then if there's more rats, there must be more disease. but that's not true at all. the association between rats and disease is much more complex than that. and then if you do come into contact with a rat, yes, i think the answer is they absolutely have the potential to pass at different bacteria and viruses that make people sick. but the risk for different people is not equal. in some parts of the world, people are more exposed to rats and more exposed to disease carrying rats. we know

that these diseases are more common in countries that are less developed, but then even with in a city. and this was really interesting, different populations or neighborhoods are more at risk. so we were really focused on the downtown east side, which is called vancouver's porous postal code. and that's because it has this confluence of factors. it has dilapidated buildings, inadequate infrastructure and sanitation, all of which can attract rats. and then you've got people that are adequately house . they're on the street. they might be using drugs, they might be doing sex work. and so they have lots of opportunity to come into contact with wraps and layer on top of that that a lot of these individuals have other infections, like h, i, v, aids, hepatitis that decrease their immune system and make them more vulnerable. so when you take all these factors together, you do certainly have certain populations in

a city that will be more vulnerable to rats than others know. see what you do, such as part of the army. get in and thanks to our partner, the pastor institute, before we do have a kind of inventory of the pathogens that paris rats can transmit. and then we know, for example, that was done preparation wraps and carried up those derosa associate. but we don't really know whether it poses any danger to humans or how high the risk of infection is going to. it's the are radically possible that rats transmit disease. although in paris, we don't yet know if that's the case, and there is no risk for the average parisian going about their everyday life. the only problem is the most of us

what else we found were that rats also carried a lot of human bacteria and viruses. so they act almost like little sponge in the when we think about the rich, the only easy switch leaving the sewage system. and if you kind of like, if there's a place you can expose this even public sense, sewage system is pretty, pretty much. so i think when we think about sort of like publishing spread, the probably medium of products and spread from rad sticky humans property, a huge amount of purpose and bread for a few minutes to read. i like the some of these come but turn around the idea of the human steve, the one who gets solved. but this is these from, of the animals. it's very most of the way around because it's the, it's a humans work. and we have friends about the tense, around the rest of this book, because i believe the off the cycle of overhead,

skeptical disease from humans on better humans continue from breath. so that's a bit of a price that the roads have to pay when they are so close to us. i am especially looking at birds feeding in helsinki safety because nowadays in present the day has sinking good feeding is really up the heart of the wrecked conflict. food feeding is really, really important in finland. it's something that has been done from the 19th century on which people it has engaged. many people want to feed that, but city officials have forbidden it in many places. this can cause a debates and heated discussions between neighbors because both feeding is seen or something that can benefit to the rent. the birds being fed is a problem everywhere. it attracts rats. and once they show up counter measures are

never far behind. but scientific research into the long term effects of rec, control has been lacking. it's unclear if it actually reduces any health risk. the no one's actually done the studies to see if trapping and killing rats reduces disease risk. so we actually, we did that experiment. so we looked again taking this bacteria left to spiral, which we already knew kind of how it worked. and we measured how many rats had left to spiral before our study. and then we went in there and we simulated a pest control intervention. we then trapped and said ok to these rats that are, are remaining, did they still have disease us and they did. but what was more amazing is they had more disease then the rats before we did the trapping. so the

pest control intervention, which was supposed to reduce our disease risk counter intuitively increased the amount of disease in this right population. so why might we see an increase that's the opposite of what we would hope to see, right? we would hope that you might remove rats and the risk would go down. but what we came to understand is that when you remove these individuals, you might change how they interact with each other. so social dynamics, if you remove some rats, maybe that changes how they fight and bite and try to get food resources. and when you spread a bacteria among routes through fighting and fighting, well, if you change those dynamics, you change how that spread that really taught us that the, the, the current war on rats to get rid of as many routes as possible may be causing the problem that it's trying to prevent,

i think the answer is changing the way we see the problem. the . i love way too much. is it the of all i'll make you don't. i admit that before working on the armageddon project, which i was one of those people who had a lot of prejudice against rad z, i would even say that i basically had a phobia who's a deep fear and dissipated for rats. but as i have learned more about their nature, i've learned whatever remarkable animal they are. it's been a journey of self discovery through my encounters with rags to a novelty because they couldn't of what was it about say no, see what i'm will assist you in to do this, this hello, this is perfect. it's

a great specimen of wrapped us and our viji because it's also called brown right. and lives in the city for to have a round is the typical color. although there are individuals with very dark or very light for you. but this one is really a classic example. this is the wrap. we all know the street rat in the city 60, this individual is an adult. at the body is another easily recognizable feature, the length of the body longer than the tail. quote, what we have here is a beautiful adult female rad as nervous because skill sets in best cement dude a to snow region. and then we don't use these to know the motion. the whole thing, even as a biologist am, i have to admit that i knew very little about this animal. and that i had many, subconscious, unfounded police about the rad. the rumors police were maybe even childhood memories. that's my mother has eroded phobia, and then i was one of those people who were afraid of raps because like, without really knowing why. so usual, to build you how me so, okay. and most of the,

of the, this old views, surprisingly wide spread in the collective consciousness of western societies. even seems to be a common denominator of western culture. regularly stirred up by the media and pass down from one generation to the next. rats are seen at harbingers, of doom and a universal symbol of danger and just toby at the job due to the 1st and the day. so if it was to jeopardy ha, the media always plays a role in shaping ideas, and it's no different with wraps on the table. it's interesting that they function both as witnesses and producers of social ideas, studies them yourself during the siege of parents who, early 1870 parents wisdom circled by the prussian army and completely cut off from the supply of good. send you to a party. janelle would you, the parisians began to eat and meek from animals. they had never eaten before moses

including route because any law offered to it's mostly precious, get all it is on post on the, on zone. this is a rep, market was even set up near la are so parisians could continue to eat, need to put could, if i end up is going to the most level. this really left its mark on the french getting started. this moment was when the right was transformed the interns to meet and on people's plate been beyond a can only the us it. 6 the information newspapers of there are mentions on that force that dates back to the late 19th century, oftentimes led by c t o facials. and there were many wrapped force of the sofa in order to get rid of wraps from here. the sink and people were encouraged to

do have a war on rats or to try to get rid of threats, for instance, even magazines, for their seas. so there were lots of these kind of almost per book on the image cheese that people could see the well no, see, this is the left the, these are, these are some of the spectacle was imported from great britain in the 18 seventy's essex, wrapped beating up were dogs and rats were placed in an arena. the rattle drove the shuffle, the st. paul, i think you know how the dogs were trained to attack and massacre the trained wrap . this will get a slice a wraps have suffered a historic tradition of cruelty to the new stuff the. 2 the

media with you as soon as a player is this via either the original motivation for our project was to learn more about the environmental risk using rodents, toys and stuff. i'm anticoagulants have generally been used. you have to kill rafa speaking. but since these are blood clotting inhibitors, which have the advantage that they have a slightly delayed effect, so they ride some just enough poison, you are 5 at the same time, the substances are persist in that one value a, cumulative and toxic. i'm which means that they accumulate in the environment on end are toxic to other living organisms in industry. and in recent years, we've been shocked to learn that the active substances from wrapped poisons with can already be found in many other wild animals. literally fish for kansas. our and what's really shocking is that 100 percent of the fish caught in rivers and the predators that eat these fish, one more also contaminated. for example,

for aquatic life, the main source of pollution is to sewage system. i find the optic waste water is not clean to remove anticoagulants from the water. but these tre, substances are so small that they can still be found in the tree. didn't wastewater offers of kids into sidney, south carolina, spanish board stuff. or there's a study where a car placed in palms where purified waste water from sewage treatment plants was discharged. and 80 percent of the liver samples contained at least one act of substance from wrapped points. and then the by pool meant to you, munitions, i'm book stuff asked him gift stuff was i've shockey and, and i'm just shocking of them. but 5, we have to ask ourselves, how can we reduce this environmental impact to convince him the how can we prevent these toxins from accumulating further than the human? some of our tests. so alarming results to other animals reacts to the poison in the same way as rats do. they die from internal bleeding. yeah,

something has to be done, but off in vancouver and in b. c as a whole, there's very much a move, a cultural move to go away from chemical means of controlling rats because of the negative impacts on other wildlife. so we certainly don't want to have, you know, beautiful apples falling from the sky, dying of rat poison. of course, i'll make you go, in fact you need keep goods cause i choose to choose one team from the armageddon project is looking into the use over dentist sites like the rep points and they found that certain wrap population have developed a tolerance to which means that the use of poisons of art might have lethal effects on others be caesar well having no effect on some rags on the footprint of these thoughts. and if you don't leave message, you are ultimately of no use in trying to not meet the threat of rat. so need me to that because of the all this culture and i call it this sort of interest b,

c's genocide, really it's, it's one species trying to wipe out another species and i think that's it's, it's not good science and i think it's not good culturally the bunk, it is not only the war against rach that runs through the history of mankind. the the rack has also been used by people and countries as a symbol of their enemies in wars. just ok, trade and energy whoever is, is the country producing public and rats often come to represent the enemy, something that people want to get rid of. for instance, in,

in soviet cartoons reps where used to represent a germany and nazi germany or nazi party. also in inductive germany, jew square represented sometimes with the images of rats. so it seems that it's, it's all over the, in the mission of, of the nation or what is perceived to be the enemy of the nation. but the wretched image is slowly improving. rats are being stuffed as part of the power as project for the permanent exhibition at the natural history museum, to return them to their place in the animal kingdom. and to bring them closer to the general public as regular animals in a few free environment. say

like c daniels on a yeah. you know the imagine them keep to, to do home in with them all. there's actually been a new image emerging of the rad, in recent years for joe and you with the well known animated film rattle. julie was very helpful. it was the 1st time a rach surfaced from the sewers. it's moving away from the image of darkness and evil. instead, we got a rat that's intelligent, funny, likable. curious right, and hard working. if you call that, you know, looking at the placing read to, to a, if a rat who becomes an excellent cold in the kitchen, really made a difference. but ultimately helps to shift public opinion more is, especially among the young. she didn't, she didn't, was in the, i think we do need a perspective change on rats. i think if we thought of them differently as sort of our urban neighbors and that we need to manage those relationships. i think that i

think that those approaches would go along way. and so i think that sort of perspective shift as routes as part of makes a big difference in how we manage them and improve the health of our cities altogether. wrap, steve, tell us quite a bit about people and they also say something about how we treat our cities, how we manage our ways. i mean, they are reflective of, in a lot of ways, our own actions or inaction, the oven, and the move in, even as the need to control rats remains. and especially in the cities, it has to eventually be done differently than by using active substances that stay in the environment from life. and if it turns out that using the dentist side and sewer is, is not effective. so then the next step should be to band poisoning minutes, but i took the

little bit to what else to use this only be do we always release the animals where we caught them or very close to the trap in which they were caught. the sounds of to oh, but this is very important. it helps to limit the behavioral stress caused by releasing the animal somewhere else. i strongly hope of tomorrow is because of the, of all the shape of son of to, of the tools it just accepted. you just have to accept that they are, they're supposed to prevent them from causing problems and limit the risk to view them and otherwise try to co exist with them. if we, for example, reduce the amount of food that is constantly thrown away in our modern cities ago, we would have far fewer rats along with the one the local yano cupid fee. there is a direct link between the presence of rabble styles and for waste management and poor city administration. who loves you politics are never far away. right, sir,

ultimately a political issue. expanding cities, waste wells and ignorance help them spread. and since they can pose a health risk, especially to the weakest members of society, or responsible approach to a healthy or co existence, with threats as needed. after all rad poison contaminates the environment, forming humans as much as anything else. but what's the solution? focused so much on the wrapped itself that we don't see all the complex interconnections it has with our daily lives. for example, the relationship between rats and garbage or do we look at the impact of rats on the urban poor? so there's no point in going in and getting rid of the rats when the whole building is falling down and filled with garbage. instead,

having by laws that hold landlords accountable for environmental sanitation is going to increase the overall living conditions in those facilities. and also as a secondary consequence, get rid of the rats. so that's a solution to a wrap problem. that is a policy solution. it should be different than what the big picture of how society also works. i know that in vancouver project, but the phone, the best, the homeless people who are the contact with rats on on, on and then kind of like it would be probably the wrong to say that the that's the restful halt that the homeless people have contact with the rest, but probably kind of like social problem if they often list people. so there's not that much homeless people in, hey listen to you, which means that that supports humble but kind of like group which would be, would be called the rats and properly get to kind of like make it the basic formats doesn't really exist pretty much the only reason why rights come

a control in housing. if you stick on the bikes that mr. infrastructure, humans need to abandon the illusion of those emanating rats completely. it hasn't worked so far, and there is no reason it will in the future. rats are part of the urban ecosystem . modern rac management needs a scientific contemporary approach. it's probably time to end the war on rach and overcome our age old fears. i wouldn't say that routes are dangerous. i think that our actions towards managing them make them more or less dangerous about, but we have no choice but to co exist with wraps and to help us to accept them and make it as easy as possible. we need to better understand their behavior. i'm optimistic that it's getting better the

. 2 the i think i got stuck on a piece of sod icicle on his eyes. just give somebody because they may be g who they are, but i would just go out of the millions of people around the world can't attend school. even though the un defines the human rights education for everyone. but how noble in 30 minutes, on the w, the

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