every day we remember and honor with a moment of silence all those who died because the russian invaders came to our land, all fallen ukrainians, civilians, soldiers, and foreigners who are fighting for our independence with you. a moment of silence. we will honor the memory of the ukrainian troops with a moment of silence. and peaceful citizens of ukraine who died in the war started by russia.

hello, my name is volodymyr yatrovych and this is the 10 days of independence project, why 10, did it happen? so that during the last 100 years our road to freedom has been winding. i believe that understanding the turning points on this path is the key to a common future. and i offer you to experience these historical events with me, to see them through the eyes of the participants.

on january 21, 1919, a fresh issue of the kyiv newspaper nova rada was published. on its pages , among other things, you could familiarize yourself with a detailed plan of the solemn events that were to take place the next day in the very center of the capital of the ukrainian people's republic. it was noted here: january 22 is declared a national holiday. divine service is held in all churches of the city of kyiv at nine from all churches, processions converge on st. sophia square and take their assigned places. january 22, 1919 was a wednesday, and also the first anniversary of independence, and also the day we call today the day of separation or the day of unity, when for the first time after 7 centuries the separated parts of ukraine united into one. so it is not surprising that this wednesday was declared a day off. nowadays, the celebrations for the day of the cathedral

would definitely be called a grand show, and its director would barely have time to give an interview about what will be special in the program. by the way, he organized this event the luminary of the ukrainian theater, the actor mykola sadovsky, as a real show-stopper, appeared on the occasion in such a way as to attract everyone's attention at once. imagine, to sofia. the maidan on fondokleiska street, now it is bohdan khmelnytskyi, he was climbing up, the old hetman uniform brightly embroidered with gold, on his head a magnificent mazepinka with proud stragos feathers, a crooked saber at his side, but let me tell you, the newspapers wrote enthusiastically about him at the time, according to sadovsky, who she points directly to the crumb, galloped into a group of horsemen, the capital also looked festive, houses... were decorated with blue and yellow flags,

pens and canvases with national symbols were displayed on the balconies, christmas tree garlands were intertwined with blue and yellow ribbons, and at the entrance to sofia square from volodymyrska street, a triumphal arch was erected, it was decorated with ancient coats of arms over dnipro ukraine and halychyna . everything pointed to the fact that the day when the two parts of one ukraine will finally unite, the event is extraordinary. although until recently they were there were no separate independent state entities of the ukrainian people's republic and the zunr. the western ukrainian republic appeared literally a few months earlier. it was formed on the ruins of one of the most powerful empires - the austro-hungarian one. the composition of the newly formed republic included, in particular, the deyures of five current regions of ukraine. the rest of ukraine was in another empire, the russian one, which was overthrown by the february revolution in petrograd in 1917. then ukrainians from the south. western provinces realized that this was

their chance and formed the ukrainian people's republic. river zbruch. it flows between ternopil and khmelnytskyi regions. and it was here that the border lay. between two empires, it is as easy as it is today to get from one coast to the other, more than a century ago ukrainians could not, they had to go through passport and customs control, as we do today when we go abroad, even more so, being separated by a border and subject different monarchies, they had to... even fight against each other, because in the first world war the russian empire was against austria-hungary, but this war actually allowed ukrainians from greater ukraine and ukrainians from halychyna, bukovyna and zakarpattia

to get to know each other better. as of 1918, we had people who lived within the boundaries of ethnic ukrainian and who generally spoke one ukrainian language, the spoken language was the same, but the political and economic life in these two parts was radically different, if in russia there was a complete ban on writing the ukrainian word for dozens of years, reading, printing was forbidden, then in the part that entered austria-hungary there was generally freedom of the press, freedom of speech, if industrialization took place in russia, but it was so autocratic that the tsar ruled there and so on. then in western ukraine it was more developed economy and cooperation. during the first world war, several million ukrainians came to galicia, they came to galicia as russian soldiers and officers. according to the memories of the 14th

year, in lviv, on the first day, all ukrainian bookstores were left without ukrainian books, without kobzar, taras hryhorech, and so on. that is, all ukrainian literature is it. was washed away by ukrainian officers, and it broke bridges, that border that was across bruch, it was not just broken, that is, people got to know each other, the common and different brought ukrainians closer to meeting each other, then pushed them further away, but the desire to be together was still stronger. political awareness of the cathedral, it came to thousands. 890s, i think that for the first time it was recorded in a document of the secret organization of the tarasiv brotherhood, created on the grave of taras hryhorovych shevchenko in kaniv, and there it was stipulated, as one of the program documents, that there should be one cathedral ukrainian state

from skyan to caucasus. the first conversations about the possible unification into one state between the western ukrainian helmsmen and the leadership of the transdnieper region started more administrations. pavlo skoropatskyi. although the galicians managed to capture lviv and seize it from austro-hungarian hands in one night, and later declare the city the capital of the west ukrainian people's republic, holding it was not an easy task. the polish-ukrainian war began, and the polish forces significantly outnumbered the ukrainian ones. so i had to turn to skoropatsky for military and financial assistance. but even with this help from skoropatsky, lviv could not be recaptured. zuner was left with nothing but how to retreat to ternopil, and from there move the capital to stanislavov, this is modern ivano-frankivsk. during that time, changes took place in greater ukraine, where the anti-hetman uprising began. skoropadskyi,

feeling that he could be knocked out of the saddle, signed a charter declaring a federation with non-bolshevik russia. the people of galicia did not like this, so the issue of divorce was postponed. the day before this letter. the ukrainians essentially decided to raise an uprising against the hetman, because the situation was intolerable from the point of view of the ukrainian asset in the ukrainian state, in why was the situation intolerable when skoropadskyi came to power on april 29 , 1918, it became immediately obvious that this ukraine would not be such a ukrainian state as most ukrainian activists would like, the first formed government headed by a ukrainian, a destroyer of... a lot of the pro-russian elite who left from st. petersburg, from moscow, literally the entire ukrainian people, he rose up against not even the regime of skoropatsky, he stood against the former

tsarist order, which skoropatsky personified through the entire administration and so on, and he was, on the one hand , a ukrainian, and on the other hand, a tsarist general. and all these incidents in both parts of ukraine took place within a month. therefore, it was now necessary to negotiate with the unr directorate about conciliarity. it was impossible to get to the capital, skoropadskyi was still there and fighting was going on between the troops loyal to him and the soldiers of the directorate, so representatives of the zpr dmytro levytskyi and longen tsegelskyi met with the head of directors volodymyr vynnychenko in fastov, just in trains now there is a museum of the railway wagon of the ukrainian people's republic and

zuner, not the same one in which the events of 1918 took place, but in the similar fastovi station, the signing of the previous agreement on unification took place. the ukrainian people on both sides of the border should forever be united as one whole and fight together for their destiny, vennychenko wrote about this event. true, tsegelsky was shocked by the reception that was organized for them, firstly, the interior, because a carved wooden double-headed eagle hung on the wall, and secondly, the dishes were decorated with royal initials, and the dinner itself was royal, tsegelsky recalls. i have been to dinners in first-class restaurants in vienna or berlin, having known the restaurants of kyiv before the war, i ate at the slicers' table in the austrian burg and... of ministers and ministers, i also ate at the hetman's, but the dinner we were treated to by the socialist directorate of the workers' people's republic of ukraine, canceled

all those acceptances. after the galician miseries, where we, members of the government, ate in small taverns, it seemed to me simply debauchery. actually this, as well as the bolshevik policy of the directorate, and also anarchy and disorder in the trans-dnieper region, there were quite strong groups of otamans operating there, over which there was no control, all this was frightening. galician leaders, but there was a directory, in fact from a legal point of view, impostors, what is a directory, this is a narrow circle of people, the list of which we do not even have until now, they were in favor of the complete abolition of private ownership of land, that is, all the land was taken away from everyone, it was becoming national, with the austrian school of law on the dniesters, they could not understand how it was, without a private right to the land, the transnistrians were... they were the bearers of the marxist ideas in the ukrainian such a certain interpretation with the idea that ukraine should be

independent in principle and it came rather late. on the other hand, galicians are people who, for whom marx was not of any importance, they, the issue of ukrainian identity was at the forefront for them, the issue of independence was at the forefront, because of that, a very quick signing did not take place, because of that actually. .. took the longest possible route, which, thank god, was completed in a fairly short period, that on the one hand, they signed a preliminary agreement in fastov, then the galicians went to their place, on dnipriantsa they went to kyiv, since the meeting in fastov, a month passed until zuneriv politicians approved the preliminary agreement. the majority wanted to leave without reservation, the minority consisted mainly of older austrians... mentarists were afraid of a strong wave from the east and tried to support the border between the western and eastern

parts of the people, - recalled one of the transnistrian deputies. and even more time could have passed, if not for a common man. at the end of december 1918, here and there in galicia, residents of cities and villages gather for the night. the peasants of the nastria district issued a manifesto, in which they expressed their desire that galicia, bukovina and... the northern part of hungary, populated by ukrainian residents, belonged to and became connected with all the lands of kyiv, and we recognize the city of kyiv and its republican government in kyiv as the main capital , they insist. the military also pushed. dmytro vitovskyi, zuner state secretary of military affairs, the one whose words in one night from october 31 to november 1 decided the fate of lviv, this time, i also asked the question of ruba, or should i vote for bad luck now? or else he will turn to the army with the matter of conciliarness, and the military advocated the immediate declaration

of secession. in terms of worldview, everyone, well , 100%, wanted the soborality, that is, to find someone from among the ukrainians in galicia or dnipro oblast, who would be against the sobrodom and voiced it publicly, there is none, that is , all are for it. but the devil, as always, is in the little things. on the one hand, galicia, where there are several million people, where the organization of life. developed to the point that in every village there is education, in every village there is education, in every village what other society, in addition to education , in fact in every village there is a cooperative and a shop of folk trade, on the other hand, the so- called... greater ukraine, it was a colossal territory, almost 10 times more, than baldness, but the traditions of political work, political education of the population were, well, practically zero, that is, with high illiteracy, so these two scales are, well, it was like an elephant and to a large extent moska, but moska is very well -versed and self-organized, and a large

the elephant, which was big, but he, it was very difficult for him to behave, because he was famous... he could control the processes around him and his body as well. this is how the galician towns and villages received the news that such a union would be possible. four days before the announcement of the act of zluka under the melody , ukraine has not yet died, at the kyiv railway station , residents of transnistria met the galician delegation with performances and speeches. they were often surprised . it also showed that some signs and... advertisements in ukrainian in kyiv had errors, probably prepared with hastily. they also sketched an inscription on the monument to bohdan khmelnytskyi, yedinaya i nidilimaya, reminding that not long ago the russian empire was here. 100,000 rubles were allocated for the organization of the holiday. the amount

is not small, if you take into account that almost half a kilogram of bread was worth one and a half rubles at that time. the minister of national education of the national people's republic of ukraine, ivan ohienko, wanted the act of devotion to be read in all churches, and after the solemn prayers, the bells rang, like on easter. how volodymyr venichenko, who was a convinced atheist, heard it here threatened to resign. but no one batted an eye at his threats. everyone is already used to them. as yevhen chikalenko, a public figure, philanthropist, and philanthropist of that time, mentioned in his diary, vynnychenko was considering resigning on odd days, and on even days he already changed his mind. wednesday 22 january 1919 is very well documented. on a frosty day , you can't push your way through sofia square. soldiers, workers, officials, schoolchildren, everyone wants to witness the historic moment. in order to better see what is going on there, some people sneak up on it climbs trees. under the shouts of glory

, the heads of the unr and zuner drive to the square in cars. vennychenko - chairman of the directors of unr in capelyus. petliura is the chief ataman of the unr troops in smushova shapka. in a steel helmet, which was also called adrianka, konovalets, the commander of the most combat-capable unit of the unr forces of the sich riflemen. and somewhere behind stands vitovskyi, the state secretary of military affairs of the zunr. tsegelskyi, the head of the secretariat of foreign affairs of zunr, then drew attention to the fact that the representatives of the directors were mostly there. atheists or agnostics. he was surprised that as soon as the sermon began, vynnychenko turned around and grimaced with impatience. but suddenly the trumpet sounded, and everything and everyone fell silent. the most important moment of the celebration is coming. universal's announcement about the merger of unr and zunr.

centuries of separation from one another, the parts of united ukraine, merge into one. western ukrainian people's republic of galicia. bukovyna and hungarian ukraine and trans-dnieper great ukraine reverberates over sofia's maidan. on special tribunes at the four corners of the square there are exclamation deacons who recite these words, to be heard by all. the bell rings on mazepa's belfry, the sound of cannon shots comes from pechersk. next, the military marches in a parade. people cry from emotion. they are worried because lviv is still in the hands of the poles. romanians are advancing on bukovyna. the bolsheviks are grinding their teeth on great ukraine, but together with it they are exalted, because they finally managed to realize what they dreamed of for the last 7 centuries.

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at about 6:30 we all collected outside the government building in falling snow to hear the proclamation read there were only about this is an excerpt from a report on the events of march 14 , 1939 in khust, one of the district centers in transcarpathia. the material about the events in the provincial town, the population of which was barely 20,000, was released on the bbc. its author is british journalist michael winch. on the radio, he was responsible, in particular, for the slavic direction. that's exactly why... from january to mid-march 1939, his sent to carpathian ukraine. so vinch witnessed how from an autonomous republic

within czechoslovakia, it turned into an independent state. in fact, it happened on march 14. in the afternoon of that day, its leaders heard sensational news on the radio: the federal republic of czechs, slovaks and ukrainians had disintegrated. the slovak diet immediately declares independence. and in the evening the management. of carpathian ukraine will go to the balcony of this building. here then was the government house to announce: we, too, are now independent. this is how a journalist describes that historical moment michael winch. we arrived at the government building at approximately 1:70 p.m. heavy snow was falling. about 700 people gathered on the square. the head of the government, voloshyn, proclaimed the independence of carpathian ukraine from the balcony. however , not a single song, not a single patriotic slogan in honor of the republic was heard from the ranks of those present, people gloomily left the square. we spent the last 24 hours in three different

states, woke up in the czechoslovak republic, by evening carpathian ukraine was a free country, the next day magyar soldiers came. and the very next day proclaimed the independence of carpathian ukraine as a solemn idea. of carpathian ukraine, elected by the ukrainian people of carpathian ukraine on february 12, 1939 and the gathered gustas on march 15, 19939, fulfilling their sacred right of self-determination in the name of the carpathian ukrainian people, proclaims the full independence of carpathian ukraine. pay attention to the language in which this phrase sounds, after all, like the entire session of the diet, these are ukrainian words, the only thing is that sometimes with different accents, so the language of the carpatho-ukrainians has a slightly different melody than the one we are used to

used to ukrainian is the state, governmental and educational language of carpathian ukraine. the history of ukrainians in the most remote corner of present-day ukraine dates back to the time of volodymyr the great. however, after the death of the kiev prince, taking advantage of the feuds, the hungarian king stefan the first, the saint, received these lands, and his son received the title of prince of the rusyns. that's how it was 100 years ago... the local ukrainians called it, from the 11th century until the 20th they were hungarians and only from time to time ukrainian princes ruled there, this was changed by the first world war, it shook the power of the second world war the largest state in europe, the austro-hungarian empire. the patchwork monarchy disintegrated into different countries, and ukrainian

lands were also free. which were part of it: halychyna, bukovyna and transcarpathia. hungary actually received an equal, equal status within the austro-hungarian empire under the agreement of 1567, and they precisely used this moment to assert the hungarian identity and advance the hungarian state project within the framework of the dualist monarchy, accordingly, their non-hungarian suburbs were subjected to great assimilation pressure. and before the first one war actually hungarian ruthenians, this was the authentic name, at that time, they were on the verge of national death, and the fact that thanks to several institutions, in particular, the institutions of the church, institutions, well actually the old slavic language, they preserved their identity in fact religious level, and this made it possible to later create a certain cultural space for the formation of already political projects or plans. and already in

the interwar period. the disintegration of the habsburg empire was perceived by the ukrainians who inhabited it as an opportunity to create your own country. in lviv, they took over power in one night. and the poles didn't like it very much. they had plans for eastern galicia in general, and lviv in particular. the galicians were already creating their own independent republic in a fierce struggle with the poles, who went to war against them. the state, proclaimed on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples by the ukrainian national... council in lviv on october 16 , 1918, embracing the entire space of the former austro-hungarian monarchy and populated predominantly by ukrainians, is called the "western ukrainian people's republic". announced the temporary basic law on the state independence of the ukrainian lands of the former austro-hungarian monarchy. zuner sought to unite with the ukrainian people's republic, a republic in the transnistrian region, which put another empire on the ruins - the russian one. on the eve of the famous day of confraternity, which was supposed

to take place on sophia square. stepan plochurak, president of the republic of gosul, addressed the people of galicia with a request: "take us brothers into a single family." i applied for several reasons. first of all, because transcarpathians considered themselves ukrainians. the term tsukasa republic, he appeared a little later, at that time we can talk about the existence of the yasinya people's council, that is, in the village of yasinya, where the hundred, which became the capital of this republic, had the most nationally conscious population. however, the hungarians on this matter. had a different opinion, the hungarians set up their administration here, led their troops and on january 8, 19, the hutsuls raised an uprising with the support of the actual green people from zuner, it was such an interesting operation, because zuna officially did not want to enter into a conflict with hungary, through which important lines passed the supply of weapons and, in particular, the convoys of prisoners of war who were returning home, these were groups of volunteers who

got lost somewhere, and who arrived in... transcarpathia, who tried to help them in realizing their aspirations. and in fact, the result of this uprising was the formation of what we know as the sula republic with its authorities . despite everything, on january 22, representatives of transcarpathia did arrive at sofia square, where it was announced: "from now on , the parts of ukraine separated from each other for centuries will merge into one: galicia, bukovyna, transcarpathia and dnieper ukraine into one big ukraine. but cathedral. ukraine, which ukrainians dreamed of for seven centuries, existed for less than a year. it was attacked from all sides: from the russian side the bolsheviks and white guards, on other fronts the poles, romanians and the same hungarians. even then it was clear that the ukrainian option, the ukrainian option for transcarpathia, is not viable. transcarpathian ukrainians had to choose the most optimal path for them. at that time , the czechoslovak republic looked the most attractive, it was.