you tonight on this special edition of "60 minutes presents" animal magnetism. what's it like to be in the water with them? >> magical. >> we are eye-to-eye with the whale of moby dick's whale.

but that was fiction. sperm whales are maternal. generations live together while taking care of their calves. they have the biggest brain in the animal kingdom. they sleep like this. there are roughly 1,800 monkeys on cayo santiago. they live in isolation in a natural laboratory. today, scientists are studying how the stress of a devastating hurricane affected their overall health and relationships. and what that might teach us about ourselves. since we share 94% of our dna with them. it's a cross between a wookiee and a pig. these have the beatles haircuts and mona lisa smiles. >> behind that ringer for ringo,

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good evening. i'm cecilia vega. welcome to "60 minutes presents." tonight, three stories of animal magnetism attract us. we go to the coast of puerto rico, where the inhabitants roam

free, and have much to teach the scientists who follow them. sharyn alfonsi also investigates. but we begin in the depths of t the sea. one of the animals at risk is also one of the largest in the ocean and among the least understood. sperm whales are not the predators of moby dick legend. they have brains six times larger than ours and spend most of their lives in the darkest depths of the ocean. it's difficult to describe their size without comparing them to a school bus. last spring, we traveled with nationalgeographic explorer's enric sala to dominica. >> most of enric sala's dives

don't start like a fire drill, even though he spent thousands of hours underwater as an explorer. >> look down. >> back of you. >> this way! >> we came face to face with a pod of whales but these are not the whales we traveled all this way to see. they are pygmy killer whales, known to threaten sperm whales, and because they are here, the sperm whales are not. these killer whales can grow up to 8 1/2 feet in size. sala told us seeing them up close almost never happens. you have never been able to get in the water with one of these? they are that elusive. >> they are very elusive. >> why do you not see them? >> they are very smart. they hunt like wolf. they hunt in groups. they don't care about interacting with humans. they are after prey. >> we were off the coast of dominica in the eastern caribbean. residents call it nature island.

most rainforest-covered volcanic peaks drop down to the seafloor below which is why hundreds of sperm whales live in the waters. they are one of the deepest diving mammals on the planet. they are mostly females, families made up of grandmothers, mothers and daughters who stay together for life, nursing and raising their young. when enric sala was here, his national geographic team filmed this. it's a pod of sleeping female sperm whales, vertical giants, up to 40 feet long, suspended near the surface. their nap lasts only about 15 minutes until the whales are ready to dive again in what can be an hour-long journey for squid thousands of feet down. even to researchers, why they sleep like this is one of the great mysteries. what's it like to be in the water with them? >> magical. we have in our minds the legend of moby dick. this nasty, aggressive animal.

you jump in the water and they are so docile and gentle. they never attack humans. they are curious, especially the babies. it's one of the most amazing wildlife encounters one can have on the planet. >> your official title is explorer in residence. not bad. >> it's an oxymoron. explorers are not -- >> true. you are not supposed to sit in one place. what does that mean to be an explorer in 2023? >> very different from the 19th century. i can dedicate my life and work with an amazing team of scientists, policy experts, filmmakers, storytellers to work with local communities, governments, indigenous people to assess the health of ocean places and help to protect them. >> he grew up north of barcelona, spain, near the coast. his first dive was in a marine reserve. >> it drove everything i have done afterwards. if we give the ocean space, it

can heal itself. >> sala moved to california where he was a professor of marine ecology for seven years at the scripps institute. you had a long career at a top university. and you tried that, and you decided not for me, you walked away. >> i walked away because my job was to study the impact of humans on the ocean, fishing and global warming. one day, i realized all i was doing was writing the obituary of the ocean. >> writing the obituary of the ocean? >> i felt like the doctor was telling you how you are going to die with excruciating detail but not offering a cure. >> have you found the cure? >> one solution that is proven. it's success story everywhere in the world. marine reserves or protected areas. areas where damaging activities are banned and marine life can come back. >> he founded the pristine seas project in 2008.

it combines sea exploration, scientific research and public policy and has worked with 17 countries to turn these large swaths of the ocean into marine protected areas. in scientists estimate the sperm whale population declines by 3% each year. sala says a preserve would protect them from their greatest threats, not those pygmy killer whales we saw or whaling, which has been banned for decades, but plastic trash, ocean noise pollution, and ship strikes. if they continue with the status quo here, what happens? >> if nothing is done, the population will probably continue to decline. reducing those threats, hopefully, will allow the sperm whale population to rebound. the more whales that are, the more benefits dominica and the local communities will obtain. >> hurricane maria devastated those communities in 2017. today, the island is continuing

to rebuild and prepare for the future. francine baron heads the agency in charge of that. what was it about hurricane maria that made the leaders of the country say we have to do something, we have to act? >> we suffered the equivalent of 226% loss of gdp. we could see the trend. we realized that we needed to become much more resilient. >> when enric sala came to you with this idea of creating a sanctuary for these whales, what was his pitch to you? >> we see whale watching as an important part of the tourism product. it's something that needs to be protected. the idea of creating greater protection for the whales is something that dominica is very open to. we were very pleased with the suggestion that enric made to create a recognized sanctuary for the whales. >> enric compares it to a model that worked in rwanda. protecting mountain gorillas

helped bring tourism dollars to the local economy. you will find us some whales? >> sure. >> the captain curt benoit has been in the whale tourism business for more than two decades. we set out on his 38-foot lady rose from a small fishing village on the west coast. our government permit to swim with the whales was good for six days. captain benoit uses a homemade device that picks up the clicking of sperm whales as far as 11 miles away. >> we've got whales in the south. >> every three miles, we check to see if we're getting closer. >> come to papa. daddy is here. >> tell me about this high tech device. >> the water microphone picks up sound. from 360. i take a salad bowl. it's hidden.

as it goes out, it brings a strip to wherever you hear the sound. >> this is a salad bowl from your house? >> yes. >> what do the whales sound like? >> it's like a horse galloping on a hot surface. if you hear several, there's a lot of whales. keep on going. i'm going to find these guys. >> all right. on the second day, a waterspout. it's right here. see them? look at them. my gosh. >> swimmer is in the water. >> males live with their families until their teen years. then they roam mostly alone swimming thousands of miles away. caribbean male sperm whales have been found as far away as norway. returning here only to mate. our cameraman got lucky enough or unlucky enough to have the whale poop on him. >> whales go down. they hunt squid. they come back to the surface. they breathe.

they rest. and they poop. and that pop is full of nutrients, which fertilizes the shallow waters. >> a good thing i guess. >> it's a good thing. >> our luck didn't last. we spent the next day searching for sperm whales and the next. nothing at all. >> nothing at all. >> and the next. not a single click. >> it's pretty quiet. >> then in the last hour of the last day of our trip -- >> lots of animals in the area. they are coming back. i'm getting some 360. that means the whales, we are above them. we are right there. there she blows. go, go, go. coming to you. it's coming to you.

>> we jumped in the water, and a young female swam right to us. she came within feet. at first, her size was terrifying. she made a sound like a creaking door hinge. it is one of the ways whales communicate and socialize. with eyes on the side of her head, she stared right at us. she has squid in her mouth left over from lunch thousands of feet below. she stayed and rolled around, and her jaw was wide open. she was using echolocation, bouncing those clicks off of us trying to figure out what we were. you could hear the clicking. you could hear her, once you were really close to her, you could hear that so loudly. >> i could feel it in my bones. >> you grabbed my hand. you could tell i was nervous. >> i was excited, too.

they are huge. you have to respect them. >> you have to respect them. there's a sense of awe that comes with being in there. she was looking right at us. she left us a souvenir. >> a piece of squid. >> sperm whales live -- >> shane is another explorer. he started the dominica sperm whale project, and over the past 18 years he has identified more than 35 families. did you recognize the whale that we saw? >> the animal you met belongs to the ec2 clan, the other clan we have known exists but we haven't seen that much. those groups identify themselves by making specific patterns of clicks called codas. it's a part of who they are, where their grandmother grew up. it really ties the animals and the place together. >> what does the coda of the ec2 sound like? >> they make the 5r3 coda.

and it sounds like this. five slow clicks. she came up to you and made this five r3 koda saying, i am from the ec2 clan. are you? >> she kept coming back. is that me assigning human characteristics to a whale? or is she actually a playful animal? >> these are animals that are holding the largest brain to ever exist maybe in the universe. they use that for complicated thinking and behavior. absolutely this was an animal that was playful. that curiosity of the animal coming towards you shows it's investigating something in its world. >> back on the dock -- >> there's a treasure. >> enric sala says it's the world he is trying to protect. >> being in the water with sperm whales is a magical experience. it's more than science and data.

awe and wonder that is unavoidable when you are in the water with this gentle giant. >> in november, the prime minister of dominica announced the nation will create the first sperm whale reserve in the world. the sanctuary will be 300 square miles and have a new senior whale officer assigned to ensure the whales' safety. >> cecilia describes what it's like to swim with the sperm whales. >> she is swimming right at us. >> at "60 minutes" overtime.com. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ discover the melting sensation

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with extreme weather events on the rise, like the rare category 5 hurricane that hit mexico in october, we were interested in a study that's taking place on a remote island very few people are allowed to visit, where scientists are studying how the stress of these environmental crises affect longevity and overall health. as lesley stahl first reported in november, the subjects are not what you'd expect. they're monkeys, rhesus macaque monkeys who have been studied there for over 80 years. 94% of their dna is the same as humans.

they survived with environmental stability until six years ago when the island was hit with a devastating storm. after taking tests for tuberculosis, measles and covid, lesley and her team were allowed to visit the island off the coast of puerto rico. >> there are roughly 1,800 monkeys on cayo. they live in isolation in what is a natural laboratory. halfway between captivity and the way they would live in the wild. are they fighting? >> yeah. she's looking around and screaming for help. trying to get others to come to her aid. >> biologist james higham and noah snyder-mackler are part of a team of investigators in this long-term research project. what's the lifespan usually? >> the lifespan here on the island for the females, is about 18 years.

in males, about 15 years. >> do they have -- is there a predator? >> no predators here. >> another way life here is unlike the wild is that these guys are served their meals every morning. researchers tell us, there's a hierarchy. the highest ranking monkeys get to eat first. >> i have even seen high ranking individuals go up to a lower ranking individual who is eating food in their mouth and hold their mouth open and take the food out of their mouth. >> what do they get? >> purina monkey chow. >> there's monkey chow? >> there's monkey chow? >> made by purina. >> rhesus monkeys are commonly used for medical research because they are our close relatives. genetically and physiologically similar to us. >> they have systems that are quite like ours, eyes that are like ours, lungs and hearts.

that are like ours. >> these monkeys, their ancestors, came here from india in 1938. >> the macaque is used in larger numbers for medical and zoo logical research than any other type of primate. >> american primatologist clarence carpenter took 500 on a grueling 14,000 mile sea voyage that lasted 51 days. he wanted to create a naturalistic research facility to study the monkeys' social and sexual behaviors. their early years here were tough. many died from disease. enough of them lived on so that by the 1950s, scientists began tattooing them and taking a daily census. that meticulous recordkeeping has continued with today's monkeys, all of whom descended from the original group, giving scientists rare access to more

than six decades of their biological and behavioral data. one of the things they learned is that they are highly adoptable, acclimating quickly to the island. they also learned that they can be quite aggressive, especially around food and during the mating season. are these monkeys intelligent? >> sure. they are pretty intelligent. they are socially intelligent. >> how similar to us are they in how they live? >> they form really strong social relationships with their best friends and their family members. >> they have best friends? >> some close friends, some best friends. >> rhesus monkeys live in female-led societies. mothers, daughters, aunts and grandmothers stick together in groups, while the males leave when they reach maturity and join other troops for breeding. few people know the troop tensions and allegiances better

than research assistants daniel phillips and josue negron who worked on cayo for years. they arrive every morning by boat at 7:00 a.m., and for the next seven hours they document aggression, grooming, vigilance and feeding. do you get to know individuals? in other words, that monkey versus that one? >> yeah. yeah. we need to recognize them right away. i need to know who is interacting with who, how they groom each other or attack each other. >> how can you tell the difference? what are the characteristics that you see? >> you can see the differences on even how they walk, how they move. they are even -- the faces have differences. >> in other words, their faces become as ordinary in a way to your eyes as human faces? >> yes.

>> you recognize them in families. >> exactly. >> your face is familiar. you should be the son of this female. >> everything changed for the research and the monkeys when hurricane maria slammed into puerto rico in september 2017. 155 mile-an-hour winds smashed into homes and office buildings, destroying everything in sight. including the power grid and communication systems. nearly 3,000 people died. there was no way for the team to get to monkey island. angelina ruiz-lambides, the then scientific director of cayo, seven months pregnant at the time, sheltered in her home outside of san juan with her husband and two young children. you thought the monkeys were all going to die? >> we thought the monkeys were going to die.

>> james higham and noah snyder-mackler couldn't get any news about their colleagues or the monkeys. so two days after the storm, the team came up with an idea. you hired a helicopter? >> we hired a helicopter. >> they enlisted the pilot to fly over cayo and do a survey, and they had a list of questions. >> can he see any monkeys? are they alive? what's the status of the vegetation? are there standing pools of water they might be able to drink? >> angelina who went up with the pilot was horrified. this is footage she shot from the helicopter. >> i see this destruction. 80 plus years of work completely flattened. >> this is cayo before the hurricane. a dense canopy of trees and lush foliage. this is after, a green oasis turned brown.

buried in dead branchs. the island lost two-thirds of its vegetation. heartbroken by what she was seeing from the air, angelina wanted a closer look. even on the ground, she didn't see any monkeys. >> then i get on the helicopter again. >> back up again. >> that's when i see a social group running from the helicopter. there's monkeys. there's still cayo. i think i estimated those that must be around 300, 400 monkeys or so. >> out of 1,700? >> yes. >> once the staff was able to return and do a complete census on the ground, they found to their utter astonishment that most had lived. they estimated just about 50 had died. you are thinking, how could they survive this? how could they?

>> how could they survive this? >> it's still a mystery. what did the monkeys do to ride out the storm? where did they shelter from the wind? and what did they eat? one of the big questions is, without being fed, how were they nourished? >> yes. although the hurricane did dramatically de-vegetate the island, one thing it also did was deposited a great amount of seaweed and algae on the island. one possibility is that the monkeys were eating more of this kind of vegetation. >> which they still seem to enjoy. after the hurricane, the monkeys had to adjust to a new, far more hostile environment. their innate adaptability certainly helped. >> they bob up and down to try and stop themselves from falling forward. >> six years after the storm, the adjusting continues. attempts to replant the trees

have been stymied because the monkeys, ever curious about anything new in their environment, uproot them before they have a chance to grow. so now, there's very little shade. this used to be almost forested, right? >> lots of space and shade. >> now they sit in a few shaded areas. they have been clumped by the changing distribution of shade. >> an interesting thing we saw is that individuals became more social. >> not just more social. the researchers have noticed that the monkeys are more tolerant of each other. at first seemed counterintuitive. i'm thinking of humans in a situation where there's fewer resources. i see in my mind's eye competition. i see them saying, get off my property or whatever. you are saying that it was the opposite here. >> there's examples of people pulling together.

i think it can go both ways. we are capable of great greed and competition and cruelty, which humans are capable of great kindness and compassion and friendship and generosity. that kind of duality exists in rhesus macaque monkeys. >> i think anyone you would talk to in puerto rico would bring up the fact that people in puerto rico increased their support of one another in this event. >> beyond observing their social interactions, they were able to track biological changes since they had access to blood tests done on the monkeys for 13 years. >> what we found is that individuals who had lived through the hurricane had immune systems that looked like they had aged an extra two years. >> what is that in human years? >> six to eight human years. >> they aged six to eight years? >> they aged six to eight human years.

>> my gosh. through the trauma? >> that was on average. that's the work we are trying to do right now. what makes some of the individuals more resilient to the hurricane? >> is the hypothesis that it has something to do with friendships? >> we think that those individuals who were able to have stronger bonds, stronger friendships, might have been protected from this really stressful event. >> the hurricane opened all new avenues of their research, with questions such as, what predicts who survives a catastrophe like an earthquake or hurricane and how quickly they recover. when you step back and look at your study in terms of climate related trauma or any kind of trauma, are you expecting to find answers for survivability

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the stopwatch has long been the symbol of "60 minutes." any measure of time is pointless for the subject of our next story, the slow moving sloth. you might think these distant relatives of the armadillo would make the perfect meal for just about anything faster. and yet somehow sloths have been hanging on in one form or another for 64 million years. to understand this quirky animal, "60 minutes" hung out with a quirky zoologist. lucy cooke has been documenting the lives of sloths for 15 years. she was a guide on a trip to costa rica where we reported

in september, scientists are making new discoveries about a creature that's turned survival of the fittest upside down. >> this is an area where there are lots of sloths. >> the first thing we learned is that it's hard to spot them in the wild. we were warned to keep our eyes on the ground for poisonous snakes as lucy scanned the treetops. the sloth is a master of disguise. it blends into the canopy and can easily be mistaken for a tuft of leaves. >> they tend to hunker down when it rains, making it even harder to see them. >> our luck improved on the beach. >> there's one up there. she's in the nook of the tree looking like a termite hump. she's hunched over. we are looking at her back. >> that's not the side of the sloth we went all the way to central america to see. so lucy cooke took us to an animal sanctuary to get a better view of the two species that live here, the bradypus and the two-toed.

>> the two-toed look like a cross between a wookiee and a pig. they have the beepable nose. these ones have the sort of beatles haircut and mona lisa smiles. >> behind that ringer for ringo cooke says is a secret. being nature's couch potato is the reason they survived in spite of, well, themselves. their eyesight is lousy. their hearing not much better. in a tree, they can move like a tai chi master to avoid the eyes of hungry "birds of prey". but on the ground, cooke says, gravity removes any shred of dignity. a sloth will top out at half a mile an hour. >> the first people that described the sloths, the conquistadors said it was the stupidest animal it had seen. one more defect would make its life impossible.

they just didn't understand them. >> cooke says what the early explorers didn't understand and what is hard to believe when you watch the effort it takes for a sloth to blink is that it's built to survive. why so slow? why do they move so slow? >> they are saving energy. they are vegetarians. leaves don't want to be eaten more than antelope do. they create toxins. the sloth can digest those toxins but only very, very slowly. they don't want to process them fast. so they are all about burning as little energy as possible. >> sloths spend 90% of their lives hanging upside down. typically, only climb to the ground for bathroom breaks, once a week. with habits like that and nails like this, you can understand why they are solitary creatures. and prefer to be alone until they don't. >> what they do is the females

will climb to the top of a tree when they are in heat and scream for sex. >> really low key. >> they scream in d sharp. that's the -- they make this -- i will do it. he may well on the strength of my impersonation -- see if teddy, who is a boy -- let's see if he -- [ screaming ] i have seen bradypuses having sex. it's the only thing they do quickly. i was shocked. then afterwards, both male and female retreated and had the deepest snooze. >> behind lucy cooke's cheeky sense of humor is a hefty resume. she has a master's from oxford and published four books, including two on sloths. she's also hosted wildlife programs for the bbc and national geographic.

the photos cooke takes on her expeditions have gone viral. leading to donations for conservation and crowds at lectures that mix biology with standup. >> we humans are obsessed with speed. we idolize the cheetah. capable of doing 0 to 60 in three seconds flat. so what? >> are they cute or are they so ugly they are cute? >> they are cute, surely. i think a naked mole rat is cute. so you are asking the wrong person. >> you like a b list animal? >> bats, animals that have extraordinarily strange and wonderful lives. to me just add to the richness of the universe. >> just look how one of the b list animals can lead lucy cooke starstruck.

>> you guys have got to see this. >> as we were making our way through the rainforest, cooke noticed this. what looked like fluffy golf balls, she realized was a cluster of something we had never heard of. >> have a look. >> the elusive caribbean white tent making bats. >> look. they are bats, but they are white. they live in leaves. my heart rate is up. i might start crying. it's a miracle of evolution. why? >> that sense of wonder -- >> that's as exciting as it gets. >> has made lucy cooke a compelling advocate for sloths. like them, she looks at the world from a ditfferent point o view. your book is called? >> "bitch." i apologize. >> in it, cooke challenges the narrative that in the animal kingdom, males are usually

dominant and promiscuous while females are submissive and monogamous. she traveled the world to collaborate with scientists and studied dozens of animals. reporting how killer whale pods are led by postmenopausal orcas and how matriarchs control meerkat society. her reexamination flips parts of charles darwin's theories upside down. >> charles darwin is a hero of mine. i studied evolutionary biology. but he was a victorian man. when he came to brand the female of the species, she came out in the shape of a victorian housewife. passive, coy, chaste. we were sort of a feminine footnote to the main event. >> i can hear people saying, is this biological wokeness? >> it would be if it wasn't true. you have to ask the female spotted hyena.

if she's passive and coy, and she will laugh in your face after she has bitten it off. >> challenging the reputation of sloths is what she does. there's a more solemn rehabilitation she wanted to show us. this is the toucan rescue ranch near costa rica's capital. >> sloths are incredibly strong. >> they care for sloths nearly killed by power lines. so how are they killed? >> most of the time it's through electrocution. it will look like this vine going through the forest. they will grab ahold of that and become electrocuted. >> lesley howle started the ranch 19 years ago. she has a team of six veterinarians to treat the electrical burns. millions of years of evolution could not prepare the sloths for human sprawl. the vets told us they believe the sloth's slow metabolism somehow allows them to recover

from injuries that might kill other creatures. the toucan rescue ranch takes in orphans. >> this is gio. this is marilyn. we have landon. he is a toddler. this is our tiniest, benji. >> my ovaries have cracked. it can take up to two years for the orphans to be ready to go back into the wild. we watched as a female was prepared for release. she was given a final check-up and a tracking collar before getting a lift to a promising tree. >> off she goes. >> if she falls asleep in the middle of the release, is that a bad thing? >> there she goes. >> it's a scary moment. >> mission impossible has nothing on this. >> with that high drama behind us, we headed down the caribbean

coast with lucy cooke to visit another scientist. becky cliffe is conducting the first population study of sloths ever. that might seem like low hanging fruit. it is not. why is it so hard to get scientific data on sloths? >> they have evolved over the last 64 million years to be masters of disguise. they are good at pretended to be coconuts and bird nets. they are hiding from the people who are trying to help them. >> neither of the species is officially considered endangered. cliffe says her staff is seeing fewer sloths. some are suffering from an illness she suspects may be related to climate change. >> we are getting extreme periods of hot, dry weather. prolonged cold and rain. that is not what sloths have evolved to survive in. what we are discovering is the

microbes in the stomachs that they use to digest the leaves they eat, when the sloth gets too cold, those die. even though the sloth might be eating and looking well, it is not digesting its food properly. they are losing energy. they are getting weak. >> it sounds like they are starving to death but with a full stomach. >> that's it. it's a strange phenomenon that i think only happens in sloths. it's happening here. >> for cliffe to collect data, she has to collect sloths. that's a full-time job for her colleague dayber leon. he climbed up a tree snatching the sloth and lowering it into a bag. >> hi. >> that's impressive. do you do that every time? >> this is easy. >> the stuffed sloth was used to comfort the real one as we helped replace a memory chip in a tiny backpack the sloth wears.

>> very strong. lean her back a little bit. come on. >> clip those off. >> this is like dressing a baby. >> done. one done. >> what kind of information does this give you? >> we collect a lot of manual data in terms of what type of tree she's in, how high in the tree she is. there's also a data logger inside which collects a lot of information about her behavior. even her micro body movements are recorded inside there. there we go. that's a girl. >> 32 sloths will get backpacks and be returned slowly to the wild. lucy cooke told us she hopes this study will provide a deeper understanding of the animal we can be too quick to judge. what can we learn from the sloth? >> we can learn how to be more slow and sustainable ourselves. because we need to.

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