wow, you get to watch all your favorite stuff. it's to die for. now you won't miss a t. this is the way. xfinity internet. made for streaming. ♪ amna: good evening. i'm amna nawaz. geoff bennett is away. on the "newshour" tonight, our exclusive interview with national security advisor jake sullivan, as wars in ga and ukraine. the u.s. surgeon general calls for warning labels on social

media, amid a teen mental health crisis in america. and, a look at the different impacts costly new weight loss drugs are having on the economy. >> it's about 20% decline in monthly spend on groceries for a one person household. ♪ >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by -- the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions, and friends of the newshour. including leonard and norma and the judy and peter blinkova foundation. >> two retiring executives turn their focus to greyhounds. giving these dogs a real chance to win.

a raymond james financial advisor gets to know you, your purpose and the way you give back. life, well-planned. >> the william and flora hewlett foundation. for more than 50 years, advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world. at hewlett.org. and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. ♪ >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and contributions to your pbs station from viewers ke y thank you.

♪ stephanie: i'm stephanie sy with news hour west. israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu has dissolved his war cabinet. the council was formed a show of unity after the october 7th hamas attacks to make key decisions about the fighting in but last week, centrist member benny gantz resigned in protest of netanyahu's handling of the war. officials say the prime minister will now rely more on his security cabinet, which includes some far-right members who oppose a ceasefire deal. at the u.s. state department today, spokesman matthew miller said the shift will not affect u.s. relations with israel. >> we have made clear when they take actions that we disagree with. we've made that clear publicly. and i can tell you, we've had some very direct conversations privately, as well, with senior members of the government of israel about those policies that we think are unproductive, not only to the plight of the palestinian people, but to israel's security. stephanie: on the ground in gaza, israel engaged in its

first daily tactical pause along a seven-mile road, starting at the kerem shalom border crossing in southern gaza. the israel defense forces announced the pause on sunday. it's meant to get more humanitarian aid into gaza, where experts warn a famine looms. video today showed truckloads of supplies driving through the crossing. but israel says the u.n., responsible for distributing aid inside gaza, has yet to take full advantage of the protected road. more than 20 countries in the nato alliance will hit their defense spending targets this year, a new record. that's according to nato secretary general jens stoltenberg, who is visiting washington this week. that comes as russia's war in ukraine continues to threaten europe's security. only six nations met this same goal just three years ago, before russia invaded. meeting today with president joe biden, stoltenberg spoke of the high stakes next month, when nato leaders will gather in washington. >> i think it's important to understand that the stronger our

support for ukraine is, the sooner that this war can end, because the sooner president putin will realize that he cannot wait us out. stephanie: former president trump has repeatedly called out nato countries that have failed to meet defense spending targets, vowing not to defend them if he's re-elected. maryland governor wes moore issued more than 175,000 pardons for marijuana convictions today. it's the biggest such action ever taken at the state level. moore signed the executive order to forgive low-level charges for cannabis and paraphernalia possesion. maryland legalized recreational marijuana last year, and moore says it's a chance to right historical wrongs. >> when it comes to cannabis, rolling out one of the best and st equitable legal markets the cotry is incredibly important. but tharollout must go hand-in-hand with pardoning past conduct. and maryland is going to lead by example.

stephanie: black americans are more than three-times as likely to be arrested for marijuana possession as white americans, according to the aclu. it's going to be dangerously hot atlaic a northeast this week. already, more than 75 million people were under extreme heat alerts today. and the national weather service estimates that more than 260 million americans will experience temperatures above 90-degrees this week. some of those could be record highs, including in new york city. >> we want to be clear, this is new yorkers should not. and, underestimate the heat. with climate change leading to more frequent and intense heat, summers are different than they were before. stephanie: the heat has fueled severe midwest storms, leading to scenes like this in western michigan, where a trampoline was tossed in the air. and it's created tinderbox conditions out west. in california, firefighters are working to contain the post

fire, which has burned 24 square miles north of los angeles. firefighters are battling another blaze in northern california's sonoma wine country. it was 20% surrounded today after burning nearly two square miles. a federal judge has temporarily halted a biden administration rule expanding title ix protections for lgbtq-plus students in six additional states. the preliminary injunction applies to kentucky, indiana, ohio, tennessee, virginia, and west virginia. last week, a different judge blocked the rule in four states. at least 20 republican-led states have been fighting the measure, which is due to take effect in august. bnsf railway was ordered to pay nearly $400 million to a native american tribe in washington state today, after a federal judge found the company trespassed on reservation land. the railway ran 100-car trains carrying crude oil across sensitive marine ecosystems, violating an agreement to carry no more than 25 cars per day.

and a disclosure, bnsf is a news hour funder. and, this year's tony awards saw broadway veterans and newcomers alike taking home theatre's biggest prizes. "the outsiders," an adaptation of s.e. hinton's classic novel, won best new musical. "stereophonic," about a 1970's rock band, won best new play. longtime broadway star jonathan grofed hirst ever tony, for best actor in the musical "merrily we roll along." and 21-year-old maleah joi moon was crowned for her leading role in "hell's kitchen." still to come on the newshour, a neworm of male contraception shows promise in critil -- clinical studies. we break down the latest political headlis. and a new book examines the battle over race and identity in america's cssrooms. ♪

>> this is the pbs newshour from w eta studios in washington and in the west, from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. amna: a top aide to ukrainian president volodymyr zelenskyy today called this weekend's ukraine peace conference "a success." it was derided just as definitively by the kremlin as ineffective. russia was not invited. more than 90 nations attended the summit in the swiss alps. nick schifrin sat down yesterday with u.s. national security adviser jake sullivan, who accompanied vice president harris. last night, pbs news weekend aired part one of that conversation. tonight, part two begins on the front lines in eastern ukraine. nick: jake sullivan, thank you very much. welcome to the news hour. jake: thanks for having me. nick: does the agreement that you've made with ukraine to allow ukraine to fire american weapons just over the border into russia, at russian forces that are about to attack into ukraine, those that extend beyond the kharkiv region, including into the sumy region where russian forces have also

been targeting ukraine? jake: it extends to anywhere that russian forces are coming across the border, from the russian side to the ukrainian side to try to take additional ukrainian territory. nick: so that could include sumy. jake: that's happened in kharkiv. we've seen initial indications that, russia has made exploratory moves across in sumy, and so it would apply there as well. this is not about geography. it's about common sense. if russia is attacking or about to attack from its territory into ukraine, it only only makes sense to allow ukraine to hit back against the forces that are hitting it from across the border. nick: of course, russia is attacking ukraine from all parts of russia. why draw the line there? this week's bilateral security agreement obliges the u.s. to, quote, support ukraine's efforts to win today's war. how do you expect ukraine to win if it can't attack russian forces that use russia itself as a sanctuary? jake: well, first, we are permitting ukrainian forces to attack russian forces using russia as a sanctuary in the

areas where on the battlefield, they are attacking from inside russia with artillery, with other ground based munitions. second, we've made clear and we have seen over the course of the past two years ukraine do this, that they can use air defense systems, including those supplied by the united states, to take russian planes out of the sky, even if those russian planes are in russian airspace, if they're about to fire into ukrainian airspace. nick: ukraine has suggested publicly that the f-16s they'll begin to operate in the near future will be based outside of ukraine. is that the plan to put the f-16s in a nato country? jake: the plan is to put the f-16s in ukraine, and in the bilatal security agreement that the president and president zelensky signed, reinforce this point that we want to help ukraine have this capability. it should be a capability based in ukraine. nick: the bilateral security agreement obliges the us for ten years to share weapons, intelligence sharing, long term training, joint weapons production. you struggled to get the supplemental through congress. joe biden might not be the president next year. and former president trump has questioned whether the u.s.

should continue to support military aid and other aid to ukraine. why make a commitment that you don't know whether the u.s. can keep? jake: well, first, i do believe the u.s. will keep it. there is a strong bipartisan majority for supporting ukraine in both the house and the senate and among the american public. and that majority was actually reflected in the vote on the supplemental, more than 300 votes in the house, more than 70 votes in the senate. and i believe that that is an enduring commitment that we see from both parties, and it will ultimately shine through. nick: it's dangerou er assume what former president trump would do if he were reelected, but there's guarantee that he will respect the bilateral security agreement, right? jake: in life in general, and in democracy in particular, there are never any absolute lock stock guarantees. things can change. leaders can change. situations can change. all president biden can do is set a course and a vision for what is in the united states's national security interest, what is in the interest of the transatlantic alliance and what is in the interest of our

partnership with ukraine. and that type of approach has historically served america well. president biden is going to stick with that approach for as long as he is president of the united states, which he, of course, expects to be for another four years. nick: let me switch to israel. indirect negotiations between israel and hamas have resumed this past week after hamas formally replied to the roadmap that president biden laid out. a regional official tells me that hamas is asking for a timeline of a permanent cease fire and an israeli withdrawal from gaza. the roadmap that's been laid out only obliges israel to have a temporary cease fire that would continue so long as negotiations were continuing. is that hamas proposed change dead on arrival? jake: i don't think that the current proposal just obliges a temporary pause. it is a roadmap, as the president said in his remarks at the end of may,o an end to the war. now, it's true, the first phase is set out six weeks. and in those

six weeks, the goal is to negotiate the necessary conditions to put in place a permanent cessation of hostilities. and that formula, permanent cessation of hostilities, is in the proposal that was sent to hamas. now, if within the six weeks, all of those conditions aren't agreed indirectly between israel and hamas, then they stay at the negotiating table and the cease fire remains in place. nick: and that is what's different about this proposal, that israel is committed to continuing that temporary ceasefire, so long as negotiations continue. jake: that's right. now, hamas has come back with changes to the agreement. i wouldn't characterize it exactly as you've just put it, but it is certainly the case that they are looking for a move from phase one to phase two that gives them a sense that there will actually be a permanent end to hostilities. nick: and is that dead on arrival or is that a possibility? jake: from my perspective, this is a negotiation. israel authorized a proposal to be put forward. hamas has come back with some elements that, in our view, are understandable, not unanticipated, and other elements that are out of step

with what the u.n. security council set forward and what was president biden's speech. now, there needs to be a back and forth, and we need to bridge the remaining gaps and get to a conclusion. nick: do you believe hamas leader yahya sinwar considers the many gazans who have died, quote, necessary sacrifices that would create worldwide pressure on israel, as the wall street journal reported recently, he told mediators? jake: so i have not heard that specific phrase other than reading it in the wall street journal. but i will tell you -- nick: has he expressed something similar, even if not those words? jake: that i am concerned. i am concerned that sinwar and other hamas leaders are making a crude and cynical calculus with the lives of innocent palestinian people, and i think the best way to prove that, in fact, they do care about the lives and the well-being of palestinian civilians is to agreto a cease fire, nick: there's a lot of concern that on the israeli side, benjamin netanyahu is either unwillinornable to get this deal through, the current coalition.

are you worried both sides are more interested in blaming the other for failure rather than actually making progress? jake: look, in any negotiation, e's a risk of that kind of dynamic taking hold. but i will tell you, the raeli government has remained steadfast in standing behind the proposal that was put forward in may. it has not lked away. nick: the eli government, you mean, the prime nister jake: the prime minister has not walked away from it, has not picked up the phone and said to president biden, hey, by the way, i'm backing off this thing. he has stood by it. nick: he's stood by it, not so much publicly. but you've said repeatedly, and secretary of state said repeatedly, privately, he has reassured you guys that, yes, he is behind this proposal. jake:that is correct. and if hamas took that proposal tomorrow, i believe that proposal would go into effect. nick: are you concerned at all that netanyahu is extending the war in order to stay in power, or to wait till the november u.s. election? jake: look, i've learned long ago not to characterize the motives of leaders, to only judge them by their actions. and the action i see is an israeli prime minister who authorized a proposal to be put forward that president biden laid out for the

world that the u.n. security council endorsed, and if hamas would take it, israel would take it. nick: israel is making progress in rafah. do you believe that puts pressure on israel not only to agree to a ceasefire, but also to talk more concretely about the day after? jake: there will come a moment when the shift from major military operations to some other reality is going to have to take place, and that may be sooner rather than later. nick: finally ,bring us back to ukraine and the summit, the u.s. and you have bn speaking is in part about respecting e principles of international law. ate department recen concluded it's reasonable to assess u.s. weapons have been usy isel sin oober the 7th, inconsistenwi i international humanitarian law obligations. is there a u.s. double standard? ja: present biden has enunciated theprine whent comes to israel that he has enunciated with respect to ukraine. israel has a right to defend itself against a vicious and brutal terrorist

organization. but it has a responsibility, even despite the burden of havi to fight hamas in hospitals and schools, to do the utmost to protect civilians. and our position with respect to russia and ukraine is that russia has no right whatsoever to invade a sovereign country, cause harm, and operate in utter and complete flagrant violation of the un charter. what the president is most concerned about is the human dimension of each of these conflicts. and that sense of motivation to try to bring peace and security on the basis of a fair and just outcome in both gaza and in ukraine, that is something that motivates him every day. nick: jake sullivan, thank you very much. jake: thanks for having me. ♪ amna: surveys show the overwhelming majority of american teens use social media in some form, with roughly 90%

on youtube, over 60% on tiktok and snapchat, and nearly 60% on instagram. some studies no link more than three hours a day on social media to increase risk of teen anxiety and depression, leading the u.s. surgeon general in a new op-ed to call for a warning label on social media platforms. joining us now is the u.s. surgeon general, dr. vivek murthy. welcome back to the newshour. thanks for joining us. dr. murthy: thanks so much for having me. amna: so i need to point out this would not happen without congressional action of some kind. but let's explore this idea that you've proposed here. you're basically arguing that, like tobacco, that a warning label coupled with research and also reporting on the harms that social media can cause, that it can make people make a different choice when it comes to social media. so where have you seen that kind of self-policing work that leads you to believe a warning label would make a real difference for teens? dr. murthy: well, thanks for asking. and let me just step

back and say that the reason i'm calling for this warning label is because i want kids and public health and science, which is that social media use among adolescents is associated with mental health harms. many people don't know that out there. and it's important that we share that in terms of why this could potentially be effective. the good news is we have experience with warning labels from tobacco and alcohol. and in studying that experience, what we can see, particularly from tobacco labels, is that they are effective in increasing awareness and in changing behavior. and so what we would do in the case of a label like this is once congress authorized such a label, that would then start off a phase, a scientific phase of testing and different designs, different locations for the label to ensure that it was maximally effective in increasing awareness. and to be clear, this is a digital warning that would appear when people use social media on a regular basis. amna: so there are some who say,

, saying that social media is the thing responsib for the teenl heal crisis that we know we are in, is a lot like folks used to say, well, roc music is responsible for bad teen behavior, and video games are responsible for teen violence. the so-called moral panic argument. what do you say to that? dr. murthy: well, i can certainly understand that argument, but i think there's a fundamentally different issue. what we have not seen, whether it was in the case of rock music or television or radio or the telephone, was something that so wholly and completely pervaded the lives of our kids with an array of content that is just unparalleled. so many of our children are using social media, you know, nearly constantly. and in fact, if you look at the averages, you see that 4.8 hours per day is the average amount of social media use among adolescents. but we also see that what kids are being exposed to now is really quite disturbing, violent and sexual content. people are being

harassed and bullied, often by strangers online. 6 in 10 young girls are seeing, young adolescent girls are saying that they have been approached by strangers on social media in ways that made them feel uncomfortable. this is fundamentally different from the other factors that we've talked about. and most importantly, let's look at the data itself, which is telling us about this association between socialedia use and mental health harms. nearly half of adolescents are saying themselves they are using -- that using social media is making them feel worse about their body image. so this is not an imagined problem. this is not a moral panic. this is a scientific concern that requires a public health solution. a warning label is part of that. amna: you also wrote about the benefits of social media a little bit last year. you talked about how lgbtq youth in particular, or other kids from marginalized communities can find community and connections and fight isolation online. that social media can do that. they can find mental health support in many ways, too. are you now saying that the potential bad outweighs the

potential good? dr. murthy: well, in fact, what i was saying last year is that there is a mix of benefits and harms, but that for many of our kids, the harms outweigh the benefits. just take lgbtq youth, for example. well, yes, we have seen, thankfully, that many lgbtq youth have been able to find a sense of community online , in some cases that they may not have been able to find in person, we also know that they are much more likely to be harassed online on social media than straight kids, and so we've got to take all of this into account. and again, when you look at the population wide data, you see that the harms are quite significant when it comes -- significant. when it comes to medications, for example, another example of a product where there's a mix of some benefits, we don't say that any benefit justifies extraordinary harms. if there are, the harms outweigh the benefits. we pulled the medicine from the market. we put restrictions on it in terms of who can use it, how it should be used. amna: you talk about this in your op ed from the parents perspective in particular. you write, quote, there's no seatbelt for parents to click,

no helmet to snap in place, no assurance that trusted experts have investigated and ensured that these are platforms safe for our kids. you basically say it's parents and kids against some of the best equipped and best resourced companies in the old. and i should point out you were also a parent. your children are on the younger end, but parents who are struggling with this will wonder, how are you handling this in your own home? dr. murthy: look, this is a really hard time for parents across the country. many of us are trying to figure out how to manage these technologies that we didn't grow up with, that are having profound impacts on the health and well-being of our kids. and until now, what really pains me is that the entire burden of managing this has been placed on the shoulders of parents and their kids, and that's simply not right. what i'm planning to do with my children is to, number one, wait until at least after middle school to have them use social media, and then i'll reevaluate when they're in high school based on their maturity, the data about safety, and whether

or not there are safety standards in place for parents and for parents whose kids are already on social media. what i recommend to them is to create tech free zones in their children's life, to protect sleep, in person interaction and physical activity, which are vital for their development. that could look like making sure that meal times when you're all together are tech free experiences, or making sure that you take away devices an hour before bedtime and then you give them back in the morning so you protect the quality and quantity of sleep. but regardless of all of these measures, what we have to do as parents is have each other'back on this. we've got to work together, start talking more openly about this so we don't feel the shame that so many parents feel at not being able to manage this on their own. amna: that's the u.s. surgeon general, dr. vivek murthy joining us tonight. doctor murthy, always great to see you. dr. murthy: thanks so much. good to be with you too. ♪

: last year, americans spent over $50 billion on weight loss drugs like ozempic and wegovy. their popularity, and their price, are having effects throughout the economy. pbs newshour special correspondent and washington post columnist catherine rampell has the story. >> i would have come right here. reporter: at the grocery store, ms. mitchell always made a beeline to the cookies. evme. would have gotten me reporter: mitchell has long struggled with her weight. >> this says that a serving size is four cookies. i would not have been able to stop at four. i would have had four, and the next hour i would be hearing them call me. the noise would be so loud that i woulhave to eat all the cookies. as they just can't be there, they miss me when they are in the pantry, they nd me. >> her food noise was muted thanks to a new class of drugs

called glp1's, such as ozempic and wegovy. they were first made to treat diabetes. after being approved for weight loss, prescriptions have surged. about 1 in 8 u.s. adults has now taken these meds. the namebrand versions cost about $1000 without insurance. >> it changes the way that my brain responds to the hunger and the way that my brain tells me that i am hungry, right? so your stomach still rumbles a little bit but it is not a voracious monster in there that's like, feed me, seymour! it's not that. reporter: she tried everything. >> i have tried fasting, i have tried so many different weight loss medications. two rounds of surgery, you name it, i've tried it. reporter: mitchell started wegovy last summer. it transformed not only her shape, but her spending. how much are you saving on groceries?

>> i would probably say i'm saving about $100 a month. reporter: that's not uncommon. >> it is about a 20% decline in monthly spend on groceries for a one person household. >> we see the biggest decline -- reporter: leo feller is chief economist of the research firm, numerator. he has been following how glp-1 medications have been changing spending habits. he tracks receipts for about 18,000 households who volunteered that at least one member has taken these drugs. >> a little bit over half are using them for diabetes. that means a little bit under half are using them for weight loss. reporter: for those taking the drugs to lose weight -- >> you see bigger declines in things like chips and candy and things like ice cream. sugary sodas. as online pharmacies make versions of these drugs more widely available, snack food makers have begun worrying about their bottom lines.

walmart's u.s. ceo says shoppers on glp-1's are buying less food. hershey's told cnbc the firm is watching the situation. >> we are closely monitoring it, but we believe we can adapt. reporter: in fact, nestle just announced a new line of foods intended for glp1 users. there is evidence that these meds might decrease other addictive behaviors, like drinking from a smooth thing -- drinking, smoking and drug use. >> on spirit consumption, we saw an effect and we saw an effect on wine and beer. reporter: mitchell buys less wine and jack daniels. when was the last time you saw gentlemen jack? >> christmas. reporter: whereas in the before times? >> he and i were very well acquainted. [laughter] reporter: mitchell's obesity is now in remission. you started this journey not out of vanity, not because you were unhappy with how you looked.

you did it for health reasons. correct? >> absolutely. i don't want to be sick. both my parents had dementia and alzheimer's. i think there are seven women in my family that have been cancer. these are things that have a causal link to obesity. we don't know of course what is actually causing them. but the link is there. >> there are over 200 diseases that have been connected to obesity. reporter: jessica barfield, an obesity medicine specialist, is mitchell's doctor. >> things like type two diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, strokes, osteoarthritis. cancers. amna: mitchell says her overall health has improved. she no longer has diabetes for example. >> i'm on this medication for the rest of my life but i can show you an entire medicine cabinet full of medications i no longer have to take. reporter: he was so struck by the data he recently began using

a glp1 and has lost 25 pounds of covid weight. >> there's a long-term health benefit. my 70-year-old self will be thanking me. if people are healthier, they might live longer lives. they might have less morbidity later on. reporter: the drugs are pricey. some patients may have to take them for the rest of their lives . and we don't yet know all of the long-term effects. right now they don't pay themselves and reduced health care spending, but someday they might if insurers and payers get a discount. >> we have measured the additional costs against the savings you get from reduced cardiovascular outcomes. right now it looks like something like a 50% discount on the cost of the drugs, you would be saving the health care system money with these treatments. says that drugs might have an effect on the labor force, too. >> does not affect your productivity at work. the years in which you work. reporter: that has been true for mitchell. >> i have more energy.

i picked up a summer job at the baseball field. i'm trying new things and i am enjoying it. reporter: could you have taken e summer job before this -- before you lost all this weight? >> no. i would be too tired to be quite honest. reporter: all of this affects governmependin too. on things like social security and medicare. but it can cut both ways. >> you might have additional years working. that is something picked compute. you also have additional retire which means the pensions will have to pay off for a longer period. >> the drugs alone could lead medicare spending to skyrocket especially as they get approved for more health issues. >> the drug is under investigation for sleep apnea. wegovy is in investigation for alzheimer's disease. at the point at which that gets approved, assuming it does, that will be another fraction of the population within medicare that would be eligible. >> so you're talking billions of dollars more in spending per

year just on medicare. >> that's right. >> given the high upfront costs, u.s. states and private insurers are struggling whether to cover them. x individual switch employers often. sometimes that means you switch your insurance provider. it doesn't always make sense for them to pay for this treatment today because the cost savings might go to a different insurer or the medicare program. >> barfield sees it here in north carolina. the state employee health plan recently stopped covering the drugs for weight loss due to cost. >> this can be a barrier and it can be frustrating particularly when you think that is the best treatment for a patient. reporter: another barrier? overflowing demand for the drugs has meant that patients like mitchell have faced shortages. >> i didn't start the medication when it was first prescribed because i could not find it at any pharmacy. we did horseback riding on the beach. reporter: even if mitchell's cutting back on groceries, she has found herself spending money on other activities, like horseback riding with her daughters. >> it was amazing, to be quite honest.

i would've never thought to go horseback riding on the beach. reporter: because? >> if you are over 200 pounds, you n't want to hurt the horse. that doesn't sound logical but these are the things that you would think. i would take the girls horseback writing and i would watch them. i wanted my children to have these experiences, but i never thought i would be part of the experience. this is the coolest. reporter: something you can't put a price on. for the pbs newshour, i'm catherine rehm health in greensboro, north carolina. ♪ amna: more than sixty years after a birth control pill was developed for women, there is still no similar, federally approved drug for men. but promising results using a new gel for men might finally change that. william brangham has the details. william: amna, while this drug

is still being tested, it has already generated a lot of interest. it's a clear gel that you rub on your shoulder once a day, and early results show that it blocks sperm production after 2 to 3 months of daily use. dr. brian nguyen is an associate professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at the usc keck school of medicine. and he was involved in this current study. dr. nguyen, thank you so much for being here. so how does this gel work? what's the mechanism of action here? dr. nguyen: well, first of all, thank you so much for having me. i'm so glad to hear there is more interest in male contraception, in terms of the way that this works, it is a hormonal method. and so, to understand the hormonal system here requires you to understand that it works kind of like a thermostat that is always measuring how hot or cold your room or your house is, and in this case your thermostat is measuring how much testosterone is in your body and so if you do have testosterone the thermostat will sense that there's too much

in the same way that if it's too hot, it'll sense that it's too much and therefore it'll turn off the heater. so, in this case, in this case, you are turning off the testes. you're turning off. um the production of testosterone in the body, which willlso turn off thproduction of sperm. what's nice about that is that we know that this factory is intact. all you're doing is you're flipping some switches, so that when you flip the switch back on, then you're gonna have reversal of the sperm production and you'll have full production once again. william: so the the the hormones that are applied bring sperm production down to a low enough level so that a man couldn't impregnate his partner. dr. nguyen: that's correct. you know, the the majority of men actually get down to zero sperm. but we actually know that you don't need zero sperm to prevent pregnancy. actually, our threshold is about 1 million per milliliter. william: you can still have a million sperm per milliliter and not get someone pregnant? dr. nguyen: it sounds a little bit crazy to say, but, you know,

our threshold for a low sperm count is about 20 million. so, when you consider that fact, right, dropping down by an order of magnitude really does reduce your risk of pregnancy. william: ok, so i know you haven't published your full results yet, but how promising does this look for being a legit male contraceptive? dr. nguyen: oh, i think it's extremely promising. and i'm so glad you brought that up because we actually do have trials in the past that have shown us that hormonal methods are capable of preventing pregnancy. and so we feel very confident about that. and so as long as we can drop the sperm counts down to where we want them, then we've got a method that should be able to prevent pregnancy. william: and i know you spoke with some of the participants in this trial. did they describe any side effects that you've been documenting? dr. nguyen: well, certainly it's a hormonal method. and so, we definitely talk about potential side effects that can be involved. mood changes, weight changes changes in libido that can be up or down acne as well our participants do mention

that they do experience these changes. however, the question is, how bothersome are the side effects to them? and for these men or these couples to stay in the trial for, you know, more than a year. using exclusively this method on a daily sis really is proof of the pudding that you know, we we got something here. william: dr. nguyen, why has it taken so long to get to this point? i mean, i understand that studies were done initially on this back in the 1970s, but for all of those decades, this burden has largely fallen on women. why has it taken so long for a male contraceptive? dr. nguyen: you know so many reasons, from an industry standpoint, also from a social biases, but, you know, my take of it is that, there's also been this thought that men don't want to be involved or don't have enough knowledge about reproductive systems and the responsibility to really engage in this responsibility. i think that is changing. i would say that in this last

year, we've received such a huge uptick in media interest in male contraception that it seems like there is kind of a shift in what i would consider expectations for gender equity. m: let us say all of this goes smoothly and the tests work out as you hope they do. when might we see a product on the market? dr. nguyen: you know, it's commly saithat anywhere between 5 to 10 years is about an appropriate timeline. i would say that, you know, thanks to folks like yourself who are giving us a little bit more time in the spotlight, that might increase the demand and i think that increased demand and that public awareness is what is going to drive the speed of how things go for us. william: all right, dr. brian nguyen at the usc keck school of medicine. thank you so much for talking with us. dr. nguyen: thank you so much. take care. ♪ amna: from an a-list fundraiser in hollywood to a roundtable at a black church in michigan, the two leading presidential candidates were in search of campaign cash and votes this

weekend. it is a perfect time for politics monday. that's amy walter of the cook political report with amy walter, and sophia cai of axios. tamara keith is away. great to see you both. president biden was in california at this fundraiser. notched the single biggest democratic fundraising hall with a $30 million event with some hollywood celebrities. former president trump was in michigan trying to appeal to black voters. we have seen the recent polling that he has made some inroads. usa today numbers from june show in michigan and pennsylvania, mr. biden has seen some slip of that support fair, down to now 54% of black voters in michigan and 56% in pennsylvania. for mr. trump that is up to 15% and 11% respectively. the numbers for biden in 2020 were over 90% among black voters. how do you look at those now? >> for trump, as you say, 11%,

15% doesn't seem significant but that is double the support he got in a state like pennsylvania where he got 7% of the black vote. this is something the biden campaign is seeing, too. this isn't just public. there's a reason the vice president has been spending as much time as she has been at historically black colleges. the president himself has been out speaking to black voters in key swing states for months. the slippage is as much about enthusiasm as anything else. as you are seeing, while trump has picked up support, some are sitting on the sidelines. who are saying, maybe i'm going to vote for a third party candidate or stay home. when you talk to democratic strategists, they will tell you the real gap, those voters that are really deciding whether they are going to vote or not, third-party, may be trump

-- overwhelmingly they are younger voters. that is the biggest, the generation gap, as strategist one said, the real significant driver right now of black votes, different from say 2020 or 2016. and this upcoming election. and getting those younger voters engaged is really challenging, not just because these voters may not be impressed with biden, they don't like trump necessarily either but they are also feeling the institution itself, the political institutions have really failed them or they don't see any reason to be involved there. so that big worry, if you're the democrats, you have to count on those voters showing up. to win those key swing states. >> to that point, it's not like they are going to mr. trump. right? so his likt going that ve with these kinds of numbers. 15%, 11% in michigan and pennsylvania.

but for him, what is the strategy here? >> it's a good question. i think it is twofold. on the one hand, the trump campaign knows they are not going to win 20% to 30% as they are saying publicly. it's just nonsense. even if they are able to get 1% to 2% more than the 9% they got last time specifically in those swing state citiesike detroit and atlanta, that's within a margin that that could move enough voters. it could change the result of the election in those states. that's their objective, to get the marginal votes and also to make the biden campaign sweat, to force them to spend more resources, shoring up biden's coalition of minority voters. >> and spend more money in places that are more expensive to pan -- the campaign and. there are some key primaries in virginia tomorrow that i want to ask you both about.

there is the retirement of two key democrats. there will be two open seats. but there's a lot of focus on this one race of the republican house freedom caucus chair who was facing a tough challenge. a trump backed candidate there, a state representative, john maguire. tell us more about the gop endorsement strategy. why is this a race you are watching? >> it's not a race about ideology or policy but about revenge. the revenge is on the part of donald trump as well as kevin mccarthy who was the former speaker of course. bob good the incumbent has crossed them both and they both want to exact the price for that. donald trump, the way bob goode crossed donald trump, he endorsed ron desantis in the presidential race. when desantis dropped out, he went and endorsed donald trump. doesn't matter. you have crossed him, and you will pay a price.

now, look. there are members of the right to are coming to bob good's defense. it is not that clean of a separation. that bob good is on an island by himself. but it tells you a lot about fealty to donald trump and what donald trump's decision to go in after this one house member. it is not going to make any difference in terms of the makeup of congress. the person who would replace him is equally conservative. it is just sending a message to other republicans that there is a price to pay for being disloyal. >> i know you have been looking closely at who mr. trump chooses to endorse and when, so what should we understand about the strategy? >> this cycle more so than 2022, the trump campaign itself has been more cautious in terms of who they endorse and when. we know trump has been waiting a

lot longer to endorse in competitive republican primaries. for instance, in montana he wait to endorse tim she over a more conservative, more maga candidate, rosendale and nevada, waited to endorse sam brown over jeffrey gunter, his own ambassador to iceland, these are some examples of trump picking better candidates who ve military backgrounds and a better chance of winning. for trump, he likes to win. that's ultimately what it comes down to. even down ballot we see him endorsing the day before some of these primaries. that doesn't really give these candidates a lot of room to really flaunt that endorsement. >> i don't know if you can do it in less than amended but -- less than a minute but how does governor hogan fit into all of this? trump campaign manager says the campaign is over one former marilyn governor hogan said -- marilyn governor hogan said

respect the ruling in new york. but now mr. trump has come forward and endorsed him on his senate run, how does that make sense? >> because he wants to be a team player. i think a lot of folks saw the backhanded situation and thought, he wants to be a team player. larry hogan wants to be the kind trump all in, i will support him but i don' think that is going to be a reality. at the end of the day, the party is in trump's image and that is to rein.onald trump would like amna: and control of the senate is at stake. amy walter and sophia, great to see you both. thank you so much. ♪ amna: in 2021, an affluent suburban school district in texas gained national attention when parents and local

conservative activists accused the district of indoctrinating students with critical race theory. that drew the interest of republican figures across the country and sparked a christian movement beyond the district's borders to restrict what children are taught in schools. laura barron-lopez has the story for our bookshelf. laura: mike hixenbaugh has been at the forefront of covering the events in southlake, texas. what started as an earnest effort by the carroll independent school district to confront racist rhetoric and bullying devolved into a battle about much more conservative pareand activists turned a district cultural competence land into a fight over protecting their, quote, traditional way of life. the result, books and classroom discussion about race slavery , and sexual orientation were effectively banned. in his book, "they came for the schools" released in may, hixenbaugh details how this school district became a blueprint for republicans across the country anexses their ambitions, which go well beyond

controlling what version of american history makes it into high school textbooks. i'm joined now by the author and senior investigative reporter for nbc news. mike, thank you so much for joining us. when you started investigating, you discovered that there were a number of racist incidents at the schools in southlake some that go back decades, but in particular in 2018 when a video of white students saying the n word went viral, and the district promised action, what exactly was their plan in response to at? >> after the video came out, dozens of parents came forward and said, it's not just a video. my black child has experienced these kind of racist slurs and jokes in the school for decades. and so the district put together a committee, and they put together a plan called the cultural competence action plan. they worked for two years on this, from 2018 to 2020. the plan essentially called for diversity training for students and teachers, initiatives to try

to try to hire more diverse teaching staff. a plan to go through the curriculum to make sure that kids were learning and honest and full picture of america's history. but the plan was released, as i said, in 2020, in the midst of the backlash against the black lives matter movement, and so when it was released into the community, some conservatives, who i guess hadn't been paying attention to the two years of of work on the plan, they saw it as this plan that was being shepherded in by the radical left, to try to ruin this affluent, successful school district. laura: in response, local conservative group the southlake families pac said that they rallied what they called an army to their cause. how did they convince the community essentially to turn on school district leaders? school board leaders, teachers that many of these people had known for years? mike: it was remarkable to watch, because the people who were advancing this cultural competence action plan, many of them were themselves conservatives, republicans, but the southlake family pac painted

anyone who was pushing this plan as a radical leftist, as a marxist. and it was around the same time that critical race theory was entering the national conversation. this phrase that chris ruffo used to try to describe any attempt to address discrimination in schools and in other places. it became a battle between adults over who was welcome in southlake, whose ideas were welcome there and that fight ended up spreading all over the country. laura: chris ruffo, the national conservative activist figure, what role did he play in taking sohlake and spreading it elsewhere and making it a naonal cause? mike: after southlake family pac got organized, they put together a slate of conservative school board candidates whose mission was to destroy, defeat that diversity plan. the southlake family pac ndat wonn landide election in may of 21, and chris ruafter was one of ma consertiveoices who then held up thec uthlakas a model to be

con scols all over the country. laura: you say that the end goals we bigge ejust teachings out story, stretching all the way to making schools more explicitly christian. what is the end goal here? a where are we seeing it in other places? mike: there are elements of the christian right in america that have long arguhat th separation of church a sta is a myth that our country began to decline in the 1960's, when prayer and mandatory bible readings were removed from schools, and they have seized on this moment to say parents are upset about schools. this is our chance to try to chip away at those foundational principles. and so you're seeing, in texas and all over the country, moves to, in this moment, not just remove lgbtq content from schools, or to ban or restrict how teachers talk about race and racism, but to replace those things with christian symbols.

there's bills to mandate the 10 commandments be hung in every classroom, to put christian chaplains in schools to replace counselors and therapists, and to bring the bible back into school and and have kids read from that as part of their social studies curricula. and so they are counting on lawsuits. some activists have said explicitly that, you know, told school districts or school board members, hey, you if you bring prayer back to school, hopefully someone will sue you. we can take that to the supreme court, and we can win this for america. laura: more than three years into this, what does the resistance movement look like? outside of southlake and the other communities that are facing book bans and, uh and having difficulty when it comes to being able to teach history ? mike: we've seen now, all over the country, in kind of purple or left leaning suburbs, coalitions of progressive and moderate conservative parents bandg together forming their own political action committees, running eiof caidates.

we are seeing that in different places across e country where moms for liberty isn't winning in a lot of places. theis are not broad laven amg a lot of conservatives. so we are seeing kindf a wave of victories for the other side. laura: based on all of your reporting in southlake, and the larger movement to revise american his, what do you think is at ake this election cycle? : i think about stories like acher highlight in the book named christina mcgurk, a fourth grade teacher who got into education because she wanted to live out her own chriian faith by showing kindness to kids and and teaching them a real accounting of america and how to be kind to each other. but as a result of her speaking forced out of heb and 're seeing that repeated all over the country. teachers are weighing whether or not they're and at the same time familroom, ppening anndering. do i want to keepinm

i wanna still live in this and as a rt, people's lives are litebeg upended. laura: mike hixenbaugh of nbc ws. thank you. mike: thank you. ♪ amna: and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm amna nawaz. on bf of the entire newshour team, thank you for joining us. ♪ x major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by. ♪ of pubtelevion. on a voyage with cunard, the d awas. a world of flavor, and diverse ences.ations, and a world of leisure and british

style. all with cunard's white star service. ♪ >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to and peaceful world.t, verdant moremation atacfoun .org. and with the ongoing support of these institutions. ♪ this program was made possible stio like you.sndy forublic thank you. ♪ eta sts in washington, and from our bureau at the walter cronkite of journalism at arizona state university.

♪

wow, you get to watch all your favorite stuff. it's to die for. now you won't miss a thing. this is the way. xfinity internet. made for streaming. ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪