fleming once went on vacation, returned from vacation and found mold on the table. this mold was a rare species. penicillin. fleming later wrote: “if i had worked in a sterile laboratory, i would have achieved nothing.” but fleming continued his research in 1940; penicillin was tested on laboratory mice. the results were fantastic. and again, few people paid attention to them. but the war began. penicillin turned out to be the miracle drug that saved millions of lives. mortality of soviet soldiers from wounds and infection decreased by 80%. fleming was knighted. his team received the nobel prize. at the award ceremony it was said that fleming did to defeat fascism.

more than 25 divisions, and penicillin, at fleming’s insistence, was not patented. fleming believed that a medicine that saves people's lives should not be a source of income. he was such a good man. yes, but i have a question for you: do you often catch colds? and then you want to ask about taking antibiotics, of course, i’ll gradually lead to this.

how did you fight them? well, infectious diseases, such a term only appeared in the 19th century, although they encountered it, of course, much earlier, there were, as you know, these big pandemics, they were fought poorly, because there were no medicines, up to 70% died, in some at that moment, the population of europe decreased by almost half, and also due to infectious diseases, in my opinion, from 20 million to 5 million people.

but these were all such treatments, there was bloodletting, although it later turned out that it did not help, but the strong simply survive and so, as it were, well, bloodletting , as they say, there was such a thing, they believed in it for a long time, but of course, fleming really received the nobel prize, although in general , that green mold helps, this was also in the works of russian scientists published at the end of the 19th century, yes it was there. it is known that there was work that green mold helps to treat various bacterial infections and so on, but this is green mold, but for what purpose penicillin was actually isolated, then it was synthesized, and fleming, in general, in my opinion, in the twenty -ninth year, reported this for the first time in london society, but only 10 years later did doctors realize that this could actually help, when he reported, he knew that it would help or he did not report , that it’s just mold releasing something.

environmental drugs, penicillin , i don’t know, the famous antiviral drugs for influenza were also originally herbal, maria alexandrovna, well, indeed , fleming was mentioned and everyone knows or believes that penicillin was discovered by fleming, but how was it in fact, well, i already have some cheese with green mold, but by the way, there are no mushrooms yet, okay, green, really, but what is the difference, for example, white from green, why green mold and not white?

is it possible to isolate something from mushrooms? let 's turn to history, to the sources, and here it should be noted that in order to combat infectious diseases, in principle , methods of control have been available since antiquity, and since. even then it was noted that there are some external causes, the smallest bacteria, the smallest animals, or invisible seeds, as soon as our bacteria were not named, respectively, which are the cause of the development of infectious diseases, in addition, we understand that there are a number of scientists, such as jean paul vumin, who discovered the first term antibius against the living. yes, that is , the struggle between the living, and joseph lister is a famous english surgeon, a scientist who became the founder of surgical antisepsis, he also independently came to this conclusion, and besides this there is ernest duchesne, who defended his dissertation at the end

of the 19th century on the topic of anthroponism between bacteria and mold, that is, it is so interesting that already at the end of the 19th century they gave fleming to alexander fleming, but because he was the first to synthesize from such an interesting way, and mold from mushrooms , penicillin natate was synthesized from mushrooms from glitter, and glitter, which was called penicin , and the first one is at the expense. such an interesting case, and one might say, it revealed such a miracle drug, and besides this, yes, this is, first of all , the effectiveness and safety of the drug penicillin, this is the work of a team international, scientists, microbiologists, doctors , and pharmacologists, and thanks to whom

penicillin was, in principle, synthesized , and accordingly, they are awarded the prize and, in addition to alexander fleming, names such as flori are heard, but no less interesting is the history of the discovery of penicillin in history in period of the ussr, and microbiologists led by zinaida ermolyeva and tamara bolesina were able to isolate penicillin, which was found in the walls of bomb shelters, already in 1942, respectively, and they synthesized it, that is, simultaneously with fleming somewhere. how as if krustazin was a drug, that is, they immediately isolated it, they just called it not penicillin, krustazin, penicillin natate, and so, there was a situation when a foreign board headed by flory came to compare the soviet american strain, and moreover,

the soviet strain seemed more effective, what is most interesting, inspired by the admiring flora, after which, according to legend , it was called ermoli. chef - new season. max, we need her alive. what's wrong with rastorguev? why is he still alive? everything will be ok. tomorrow at 20:00 on ntv.

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with azonbank, a drawing of up to 100% cashback and up to 16% per annum on deposits. we need to create the future ourselves and do it together. we are very different, we speak different languages, but we have the same desire: a diverse and open world for everyone. every opinion will be heard at the global youth festival. let's start the future together. find out more at fest 2024. the program “science and we” is on air, a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. in 10 years, science will create a universal antibiotic, but this will definitely change our lives, if this happens. well, we'll see whether this happens or not, but at the end of the program our guests, optimists and skeptics, will make a prediction: with what probability is it likely that in 10 years science will actually create a universal antibiotic? antibiotics saved the world, says our expert, professor kapustin. antibiotics are substances capable of kill microorganisms or stop their reproduction. antibiotics

are antibacterial drugs. they are useless for treating diseases of a viral nature. antibiotics are great cope with such terrible diseases as plague, cholera, tetanus, maleria, sleeping sickness, and a host of other terrible diseases. in the sixties in the world there were. they work, why denis andreevich, can you explain exactly how they kill bacteria, and some antibiotics kill bacteria, indeed, some stop their growth, why division, what? division, growth, divisions, how? and they act on the internal mechanisms by

which a microorganism lives, that is, any microorganism, like any cell of our organism, this is a set of molecular transformations, that is, a chain of reactions, one substance is transformed into another, a protein is obtained, the protein performs some function, a cell wall, dna are synthesized, that is, everything is based on molecular transformations. an antibiotic, penetrating a cell, well, a microorganism, can interrupt some processes, and then the cell either dies or some internal mechanisms are activated. and its own death is also provided for in living nature, that is, if a cell cannot grow, it kills itself in order for everyone around the same cells , a microorganism like them, to survive on its, so to speak, remains, the antibiotic necessarily penetrates the cell or it envelops it or it directly penetrates through the wall, penetrates through the cell wall,

influences the internal processes inside cells, they can inhibit cell division. then the population of cells in the body, microorganisms in the human body gradually decreases, and the immune system already finishes them off and a cure occurs, or the antibiotic kills the microorganism, but in any case we cures, but this, by the way, is a good fact that in any case the disease occurs because the immune system cures it, that is , antibiotics help us get rid of... they just make the bacteria smaller, make them smaller, kill them, but in any case with the immune system copes with the disease, so it is very important to support, i have another question, we know that all these are living cells, the antibiotic itself is what, it is a molecule, it is also a molecule, that is, it is a molecule that floats up to another cell and penetrates its walls, the antibiotic molecule itself is not from

what does not die, no one kills her, her immunity does not kill her. for our body, this is a foreign substance that, when it gets into it, the body looks at it, it doesn’t need it, that is, it’s not its, poor body, it’s already sick , they also put antibiotics in it, but when prescribing treatment, the doctor always weighs pros and cons, because everyone without exception has antibiotics.

that is, you can die from bacteria, or you can actually die from antibiotic molecules, well , to die is just an overly strong allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, then yes, but this happens very rarely, usually the effects are less pronounced and there are more pros than cons, of course, just when there are more pros, then an antibiotic is prescribed. okay, oksana anatolyevna, are there antibiotics for all bacteria today, and why do different bacteria seem to need different ones... ekaterina, you know, antibiotics, like us, are very different, they have different structures, different properties , so to somehow select antibiotics for different groups of bacteria, and it was easier, scientists chose several targets, one of such targets, which is classic, is the cell wall, all bacteria, most of them, have a cell

wall, and if an antibiotic disrupts its synthesis, then this bacterium cannot... function adequately and the immune system will finish it off. another target is also very unique - protein synthesis. our protein synthesis occurs one way, but bacteria do it differently. and we don’t have those proteins that are involved in bacteria. they are different for us. and therefore those antibiotics that are aimed specifically at bacterial proteins, they will suspend protein synthesis; it will not be able to function, stop. there will still be a certain toxic effect, as we already know, on the liver on the kidney, they will, but not completely, in general, yes, but not completely, they will kill, but not completely, but not completely, here is another target - this is the synthesis of nucleic acids, bacteria also have their own specificity, and we can identify those targets that are more specific for them, then there will be less toxic effect, and of course,

the cytoplasmic membrane, transport systems, so of course we select antibiotics according to... targets and then we can eliminate them in this way, let’s say there is a group of gram-positive bacteria, these are bacteria with a large cell wall, with a powerful, thick one, for this group we can just use betalactams , penicillins and so on, they will disrupt its synthesis, we talked about this just now about them, they disrupt synthesis, all bacteria that have a strong wall can be affected to one degree or another. and it doesn’t matter whether it’s a good bacteria or a bad one, that is, the antibiotic will kill, for example, the good bacteria in me, which just have a thick wall, unfortunately, yes, that is, all the bacteria will die , just in case with a thick one.

why, after all, antibiotics only kill bacteria, and not viruses, and why can’t this molecule kill a virus? a virus seems to be a molecule too, whatever it is, rna can also damage it, for this you need to turn to the structure of the virus bacteria, let's imagine that there is a viral cell, and there is a bacterial wall, a cell, respectively, these two microorganism, the virus belongs to a completely different type, and those are the structure of the cell walls that i wrote. the structure that antibiotics act on, but is not made possible for viruses, and accordingly, antibiotics, yes, acting on

a virus, will not have such an effect, because they will not have a point of application for action, will not have such an effect, but the effect will still be there, because toxic side effects, on the contrary, will be greater, and undoubtedly the important thing is that the argument against prescribing antibacterial drugs within. for example , epidemic outbreaks, yes, seasonal influenza, covid, acute respiratory synthetial viral infection precisely because in this way we only increase the risk of developing resistance, but do not affect the virus itself, the virus itself, yes, why then it doesn’t matter, for example , if a person gets sick with a viral infection, viral, why is he still prescribed an antibiotic, but the most important thing here is to follow the recommendations of the attending physician and maintain the correct timing, that is, the first 3-5 days from the moment... the development of a viral infection does not it is recommended to prescribe antibiotics and in no case is it recommended to drink on your own, usually the virus takes over the power of the immune system, it

goes down in a person and the bacteria that are inside begin to grow, so often it is very much for a viral infection, there is a bacterial one, and some people they think, in order not to miss this moment for sure, they start taking antibiotics from the very beginning, the virus can take away the strength of the immune system, then the person still needs antibiotics. therefore, 3 5 7 days are correctly recommended if they start there obviously bronchitis, pneumonia, something else, then this is the first signal that some kind of bacteria is following the virus, oksana anatolyevna, why do doctors complain that antibiotics stop working, have they learned to destroy the walls of bacteria, really, come on maybe i’ll show you, so look, there’s a concept. resistance is immunity to antibiotics, doctors were faced with exactly this problem, if we consider bacteria, then resistance can be

congenital or acquired, in me or in bacteria, it’s all in bacteria, bacteria's insensitivity to antibiotics , innate resistance - let's say, we said that there are bacteria, yes, they have a cell wall, and there are... bacteria, for example, that are deprived, naturally deprived, for example, of mycoplasma, ureoplasma, they do not contain cell walls, they do not have one , that is, the antibiotic does not even have anything to destroy, that’s the point, we act with an antibiotic, and if there is a target, then the bacteria is destroyed, and if not, then the antibiotic simply applies its toxic effect, bacteria will exist, but there are antibiotics, which you said can not only destroy the wall, but damage the inside there. yes, well, then there are different groups of antibiotics , tens of hundreds of them, so we talk more, when we talk about doctors, this is acquired resistance, when in the course of their

life activity bacteria just acquire these new properties, get stronger, get stronger, here we have, let's say a bacterium with a strong cell wall, here we have an antibiotic that destroys the cell wall, initially everything would have happened like this, but in this case, this bacterium , it produces substances that... destroy the antibiotic, it protects itself in this way, and this is genetic, genetically this property is acquired after a few moments . i wonder, this knowledge was conveyed to it by this bacterium, where did it get this knowledge that when bacteria grow in some aggressive environment, for example due to the action of antibiotics or some other factors, they genetically begin to exchange information, they change genetically, they adapt much faster than us so if you take it.

and what are you capable of? today you know who you want to become and who to be with. what is your path and what is it for? you are among those who understand you, among those who share your values. join yours. serve under contract. mask! new season from february 18 at

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469, backpack for tiger. 1.69 kix toilet paper for 399. on air program, science and we program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, in 10 years science will create

a universal antibiotic, i hope, well, the era of antibiotics is ending, says our expert, professor kapustin. the era of antibiotics began in the middle of the last century and will soon end. will end because bacteria have learned to escape from antibiotics. in the forties there were 15% with resistance to penicillin, in the fifties - 60%. by the turn of the century, hospital strains had become resistant to penicillin, so it is no longer used for treatment. the problem became use antibiotics in agriculture . antibiotics are added to livestock feed and treated with it. vegetables and fruits, because of this, many people developed resistance, it turned out that there was simply nothing to treat them, as in the era before the invention of antibiotics. antibiotics began to be abandoned en masse. since 2000, only

five new drugs have been introduced. science has been powerless to find a substance to which bacteria have not developed resistance. and, to paraphrase the statement, we attribute. the more we use antibiotics, the stronger the bacteria, well, we’ll discuss this later, but for now i have another little question, andrei aleksandrovich, well , i have an antibiotic, and there is also a so-called probiotic, that’s why you need a probiotic at all, why do they need to be taken according to...

probiotics are also bacteria , only they are useful, there are also prebiotics, this is what stimulates probiotics, prebiotics, wait

, that is, first you need to drink a prebiotic, then an antibiotic, then a probiotic, i wouldn’t drink a probiotic at all, i would drink kefir, there are some others things are like this because probiotics - this is often marketing, so... here to add that when we take an antibiotic, it usually enters through the blood into those organs where inflammation occurs and acts on pathogenic microorganisms that we do not need, but a probiotic, it enters the intestinal tract and how since it supports it stays there, it stays there, it doesn’t get into the blood, it supports the intestinal microflora so that we just go to the toilet less, that probiotics are most likely... a marketing ploy, it’s better to just drink kefir, so these tablets, that's all, kefir - it's simple how is it natural, well , not natural, man-made, yes, but such a natural probiotic, that is, these are fermented lactic acid products that contain probiotic microorganisms, okay, denis

andreevich, i have another question, look, i’ll show you such a baby now , wonderful, good, applied question, yes good, so, you see, it’s so small, we already said today that it’s antibio. which will only kill the bad and not the good , well, in general, an absolutely safe antibiotic, yes, i’m sure not, because that any molecule, any substance entering our body, as i said at the beginning, is foreign to it, and the body will try to get rid of it, that is , utilize, decompose, unfortunately, these are the mechanisms of decomposition.

the effect of medications is very important to understand with which drugs you are prescribing an antibiotic, or to treat a doctor, because in this case we can observe various kinds of allergic reactions, severe tolerable allergic reactions, and toxicity that affects the liver, kidneys, heart, and that’s why it’s so important to pay special attention to the safety of medications, including antibiotics, but it’s better not to prescribe them to yourself, but to your doctor, definitely.

faster and we ourselves may not use unnecessary antibiotics, but we will eat, i would also like to give an example within the framework of excluding antibiotics from the arsenal that we prescribe, but the fact is that when we are doctors from our arsenal, yes this population, we exclude one antibiotic, there is already a practice of what to it sensitivity increases, this is true, that is, we will be treated with penicillin again, i can probably be an optimist here too, probably a little, but the point is not in antibiotics, that is, if. suddenly antibiotics stop working, now

this direction is beginning, phage therapy is developing more and more, that is, we have viruses that act on humans, bacteria have viruses that act on them, phages, they also infect cells and destroy them, that is, we are treated let's not be antibiotics with these molecules, but we will be treated with viruses from bacteria, we will drink viruses, by the way, before the era of antibiotics , phage therapy in... the ussr was, well, not that popular, but it was used, so there is a groundwork in this direction, and so let's develop it, we will overtake the whole world, they have anti-virus drugs will not work for everyone, but we have, no, but at the same time, oksana anatoevna, i want to ask about breakthroughs not only with phages, should we expect breakthroughs in the creation of antibiotics, or should we really move on to phages, no, there is an approach in terms of phages, i completely agree, especially since they are not are as toxic to us as the antibiotics themselves and - regarding phages, there are now developments on rhone infections, intestinal infections and

all this can be applied, there is another approach, if we are talking about universality or antibacterial substances as a wide large group, then not chemically synthesized ones , our body, the organisms of animals, including that cute creature that you had, they also have antibacterial substances in themselves, the so-called antimicrobial or antimicrobial peptides, this is a natural defense against... these are substances like these, when present in sufficient levels in our body, they protect us from antibiotics, but we don’t, oh, sorry, against bacteria they are much better than antibiotics, but at the same time we drink an antibiotic to help the body, peptides, this is one of the directions, which could potentially be

, because there are, for example, antimicrobial peptides, amphibians, reptiles, and a number of other organisms that can be used, for example, from the same monkeys we can take, synthesize, obtain them synthetically or , let’s say, naturally, there are several directions that medicines, moreover, even a vaccine has been developed, there is a vaccine that help overcome. it will take 10-20 years for a medicine to be developed, but the truth is that humanity, since the 60s of the last century , has stopped developing antibiotics because the issue has been resolved.

was not involved in the development of antibiotics at all, only maybe the last one was on vars, they already made money on the antibiotics that they developed, on the contrary , you can’t make money on them, the problem is solved , there are very few resistant patients, and to release one tablet there for one patient, but i’m exaggerating, it was , as they say, inappropriate, now it’s already 10%, approximately on average, if you take it there, it seems to show this or that resistance there to various antibiotics, now this is again becoming a problem for humanity , so now humanity is throwing its energy at this and in 10 years there will be a new one. okay, okay, then i have a question for our guests, optimists and skeptics, but initially i wanted to ask - if, but for now it all comes down to

the question of when, so when antibiotics will stop working, what awaits us all , a question for everyone, well, i can start answering that... well, humanity will definitely not die, because the human body is much more complex than we imagine, we describe some mechanisms, and well, humanity will not die, of course, but how many percent will die, this is a complex question, it all depends on how virulent and how strong the microorganism strain will be that will begin to kill us all, therefore, but humanity. will live, will live, i’m sure of that, but i am convinced that there will be no universal antibiotic, we will not be able to do this, because microorganisms are much more complex and what we know about them than the knowledge that we have, so there will be

one of them who will definitely develop immunity to the antibiotic, to the antibiotic that we will develop, then there will be one bacterium that will definitely show off. of course , we will need more and more new drugs, but if bigpharma takes care of this, then of course someone has what will happen to us, yes, if the antibiotics stop right now, so will i, i am still inclined that there will not be a universal one, but there will be a large number of antibiotics, because everyone already understands that medicine is becoming personalized, and treatment is becoming, where cancer is not one disease, there are hundreds of different ones, it is also possible that there will be hundreds of different classes of antibiotics , why can’t you make one universal one, collect it in one tablet. conditions are different, so this will not happen, but what will happen is that doctors will have enough tools to control antibiotics when the immune system is not copes, i’m sure of this, why, in principle, technologies for accelerating everything, this is not

only with growing chicken, but now, but in scientific research too, now many methods are appearing in scientific research that allow us to test... here at our enterprise , for example, tens of thousands of substances per day, previously there were tens of substances per day, now there are high-throughput screening methods and so on, they make it possible to test tens of thousands of different substances per day, and artificial intelligence, now articles have appeared that are already thanks to strong artificial intelligence , it was possible to simulate this universal or broad-spectrum, it doesn’t have to be used physically there in petri dishes, it can be used as if...

an antibiotic is produced in this honey so that it can be stored longer, so high-mountain honey is more healing, this is known than, for example , in the plains, we still have so many antibiotics in our parish, you said that the antibiotic kills, but no, if i eat honey with an antibiotic, it seems to be healing, well, you don’t eat honey all the time, that's why honey you can’t eat a lot, because it contains an antibiotic, so you can’t put it in hot tea, hot tea, yes, because the antibiotic decomposes and stops working, well, by the way, here’s an interesting fact about fleming. why did such a long period pass

? , found a way to make penicillin synthetically, they made it salt, and fleming did not patent penicillin, but in america for...

oil, it cost crazy money, you would never think that he was a fraudster, the stars aligned on sunday at 20:20 on ntv.

the program is on air, science and we, a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. in your opinion, what is the likelihood that science will create a universal antibiotic in 10 years? marya alexandrovna, let's start with you, do you have a forecast? 100%. 100%. preta, accordingly, in the future, i can’t vouch for 10 years, but we can see promising development, thanks to pharmacogenomics, and thanks to friendly

industry, again political alertness as part of the growth of antibiotic resistance, and we can see new drugs that will target natibiotics, that is, i come and say, shugaeva has brown eyes, i don’t know, she’s been there for 45 years and i’m prescribed exactly this one, i understand correctly,

it’s trained on these antigens, on these components of bacteria, when a bacterium appears, it’s already ready, in principle, no there is no need for an antibiotic, in general 20, but if such an approach is developed, i think it will be more, well, one of the areas that is worthy, 20%, of the order, yes, thank you very much. andrey aleksandrovich, do you have a forecast about the probability of science developing a universal antibiotic in 10 years, yes , because i’m an optimist, i have to say 100%,

well, as a mathematician, that is, a molecule that enters the body, is absorbed there through the blood, spreads and acts on bacteria, there will be no universal antibiotic, there will be no is impossible, and why is it universal, i agree completely, it is less effective than, accordingly, well, if we don’t want to kill ourselves, that is, we can create a molecule

that will kill bacteria, us, and this will be a universal antibiotic, a vaccine training system yes, the immune system in the form of a vaccine in different different ways, well , in 10 years i think we will get 40 percent, 40% method, a method, not an antibiotic, but an approach to treatment, 40%, thank you very much, volodya, well, with a probability of almost 64% , according to our

experts, science will still create universal antibiotic, so what was good today? that we won’t die from bacterial resistance, one problem is that the population probably won’t die, as we were told today, but , unfortunately, many will die, it’s scary, i was just surprised that i was surprised by two things today, that first, what’s wrong with bacteria - it’s not an antibiotic that fights, our own immunity still fights bacteria, yes, which actually needs to be strengthened, but it’s better to train it with vaccines, by the way, the second thing is that honey contains an antibiotic, so...

giving yourself antibiotics, it's really dangerous, thank you very much, see you in a week, bye. the upper reaches of the volga are the city of rybensk, this is where we begin.