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Understanding 9/11tv Rossiiskaya diplomatiya NTV July 13, 2024 7:00am-8:01am MSK
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in the thousand-year confrontation between east and west, the border between the possessions of russia and the possessions of poland is the very line of geopolitical conflict where the interests of european powers have clashed for centuries. the polish state was born in the 20th century, when the prince of the polish tribal union, michislaw i, submitted. two other slavic tribes
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living on the vistula and odr rivers. in 1025 , poland became a kingdom; in 1569, after unification with the grand duchy of lithuania , the state of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth appeared. after unification, a single monetary system is established, the sejm, that is, the parliament also becomes common, even the king will now be elected jointly by the poles and lithuanians. the war with russia, with moscow.
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veto all royal decrees they dislike. all this affects foreign policy, trying to gather an army to defend against turak and gain support from the cossack army, the polish king wladislav iv proposes to grant the cossacks autonomy in their territories, but the polish nobles cancel this decision, fearing increased power king. the cossacks’ answer was not long in coming. in 1647, bohdan khmelnytsky led the largest uprising. a year before
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the uprising, bogdan khmelnitsky lives on a farm, he is at odds with a local elder named cheplinsky. cheplinsky planned to deprive khmelnitsky not only of his estate, but to steal matrona, the woman with whom bogdan lived as a wife, but without getting married. while khmelnitsky was away, cheplinsky and his people destroyed bogdan’s farm, beat his son, stole the collected grain, took scott away, and stole documents. to the farm.
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he managed to unite the violent cossack atamans and come to an agreement with the crimean khan, persistently seeking military assistance from russia. this was very difficult to do, given that the tsar and the boyar duma and the zemsky sobor perfectly understood the severity of the war with the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. in the end, in response to the third request , zaporizhian troops of russian citizenship are convened in moscow. zemsky sobor. making such decisions actually means war. the cossacks' violation of the oath of allegiance to the polish crown is a violation of international rules. russian diplomacy finds a way out. according to duma officials, the ukrainian people are exempt from their oath to the king, because it was
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the polish king himself who violated the oath of religious tolerance given to him by persecuting the orthodox. consequently, the tsarist government takes under its protection free people, not rebels at all. oath of criminals. having entered the war with the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, russian troops quickly took cities in the belarusian and lithuanian lands one after another during the first two years. but the main success was, of course, smolensk, which finally succeeded reconquer after a time of troubles. in parallel with the russian offensive , the swedish intervention began in july 1655, which in the history of poland is called the “flood”. already in august the swedes capture late. warsaw and krakow. the polish-lithuanian union cannot cope with two opponents. in october 1656, poland hastily concluded the vilna agreement with russia. according to the vilna agreement, the poles promised alexei
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mikhailovich the establishment of the borders of little russia according to god, and even his election to the polish throne. well, the election, it was, of course, under question, but... alexei mikhailovich himself benefited from an alliance at that time with the poles in order to stop the advance of the swedes in the baltic states. peace was signed, bogdan khmelnitsky was excluded from the negotiation process by the poles. now khmelnitsky himself wants to fight, he begins negotiations with sweden, only his death in 1657 will derail all plans. the death of bohdan khmelnytsky and the election of vygovsky as hetman became a milestone. behind which in little russia, on the right bank of the dnieper, ruin began, that is, great devastation, after which only smoking ruins, deserted areas. the fact is that vygovskaya and all the other hetmen surrendered to the poles and turks in order to
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lead the cossacks to fight russia under the slogan of independence, as a result they received no help either from the poles or from... to kill the independence of the territories under his control, he negotiates with the turks on military assistance, an attempt to drag the ottomans into the conflict forces russia and poland to conclude a peace treaty in the village of andrusovo near smolensk in 1667, and after another 20 years
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the so-called eternal peace will be concluded. find options. such a patient, some kind of patient, we are supposed to give birth on november 10, this is police day. the boys won’t understand, but communicating with patients is not your strong point. everything is simple, you cut, they are silent, you can start with all yours, you don’t need scalt, you can guess why you need me, let me go, i’m in a hurry to retreat, obstetrician, today at 20:00 on ntv. kingfisher, new season, today at 13:00! zero on ntv. the pain can vary. it doesn’t matter what caused the pain if you have pintalgin. universal remedy against different types of pain. bentalgin, we can do without pain. oh, cashback has arrived. kohl, and he falls for all purchases. dad, with the black card you get cashback for everything. peak everything. real money.
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hope and love live in the heart, so that life goes on, it is so important to help someone in trouble, join a good deed on the website help in trouble.rf, in the first half in the eighties of the 17th century, russia's external situation remained very difficult. between russia and the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, therefore russia needed to conclude an agreement with at least one of the warring parties, at this time it was most convenient. was to make peace with poland. in the winter of 1686, a diplomatic mission
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moved from warsaw to moscow. it is headed by four of the most distinguished dignitaries of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. polish diplomats are accompanied by a huge retinue: thousands of nobles, trumpeters, dragoons, and cooks and servants. in moscow you have to prepare in advance 14 stone chambers, nine buildings, three wooden mountains. embassy horses are in the stables of spas andronievsky and other monasteries. 500 rub. a huge sum for those times was allocated by moscow to feed people. and fodder for horses. on the russian side, negotiations are being conducted by prince vasily vasilyevich galitsin. the poles are ready to sell kiev for a huge sum of 2000 rubles. as a result, kiev and its surroundings will be transferred to russia for eternal possession for 146,000 rubles. this peace treaty lasted much longer than any other
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russian-polish treaty. officially russia and poland from the moment of its signing did not fight until 1812. in addition, according to the eternal peace, the russian state annulled the preliminary treaties with the ottoman empire by the crimean khanate and joined the anti-turkish holy league, and also pledged to organize a military campaign against the crimean khanate. in 1696, jan sabeski, the polish king, died, under whom eternal peace was concluded with russia. and then several candidates are announced at once for...
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france plays a key role here, french diplomats, they always try to fight with us with the wrong hands, if the buffer zone is removed, then europe will have to deal one-on-one with the russian empire, this is what the russian diplomats of that time sought, and what france really did not want, relying on turkey, 1 million livres always goes to the turkish treasury as a large militia, against the swedes, of course. the russian sovereign peter the great warns the poles: if a frenchman becomes king, this will violate the conditions of eternal peace. in the summer of 1697, the political situation in poland reached the point of absurdity. two the opposing camps of polish nobles
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organize parallel sieges. the first elects louis as king, the second - frederick. in response, peter ii sends an army to help frederick augustus. at the same time , the saxon army of frederick himself enters poland from the west. france is too far away, its troops will not have time to approach, which means that the fate of poland is sealed. the saxon elector, frederick augustus, who is named augustus ii, becomes king. polish. meanwhile, the swedish king, charles x, with the support of england and holland forces denmark to peace, and then suddenly falls on... russian troops under narba. the swedes advance in poland, in may 1702 the swedish army enters warsaw. augustus ii polish flees to krakow. the place on the polish throne is taken by charles’s protege, voivode stanislav leszczynski, in 1705 the polish-lithuanian commonwealth and sweden sign the warsaw treaty. according to it, the polish-lithuanian commonwealth actually
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loses its sovereignty. but 3 years later, in 1709 , peter the great completely defeated the swedes. poltava with the assistance of peter augustus ii polish returned to the throne. augustus ii, the strong saxon, was a traitor in life. on andre's death he recalled that my whole life had been one continuous sin. he betrayed his protestant faith to become king of catholic poland. he lured peter into a military alliance against the swedes and betrayed peter by signing a separate peace with the swedes. but. it is interesting that the poles remember the time of augustus the strong as a golden age, precisely because the king did not succeed, he wanted to strengthen his power, as a result left his son the country in a state of complete
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anarchy, he wanted to recapture livonia for poland as a result. and they placed augustus ii, the son of augustus ii, on the throne, who ruled for almost 30 years, and brought the polish state into shape. it's complete anarchy. the era that followed the eternal peace was characterized by a fundamental increase in russian influence. the reforms of peter the great renewed and strengthened
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the russian state, while the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, due to the gentry's abuse of extensive privileges known as golden liberties, became almost incapacitated and entered a phase of prolonged decline and decay. in the war of the polish succession. 1733-35 russia already acted as one of the external forces actively influencing polish domestic politics. as a result, on november 18, 1738, peace was signed with france. according to this peace, stanislav leszczynski renounced the polish throne, but retained the title of king of lataringa for life, which after his death was to go to france. as a result of the war , international ones became stronger. russian positions government increased its influence on poland. france achieved the weakening of austria. the war of the polish succession for
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russia began and ended with lightning speed. augustus ii took the throne. for russia the issue was resolved. but austria and prussia, which also participated in this war, fought with france. owl and spain right up to 1738, they stubbornly beat each other for a long time and suffered defeats more often than they won in germany, there was a war all over italy, as a result the war ended in such a difficult exchange, when stanislav leszczynski was assigned lortoringia, which belonged to the husband of the austrian empress, for... france recognized the austrian empress, and sovoe and spain recognized the vast lands of italy as belonging to austria, russia participated, so to speak, in
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diplomatic negotiations about this completely calmly and impartially, simply because we had already solved their problem, augustus 3 was sitting on the throne, whom we wanted to see for this... or what, the good thing for the poles was that at that time the polish state was not at war with anyone, this gave the poles the opportunity to freely fight with each other, dog, your dog is with us, do you want to return him, the dog urgently needs reinforcements, the legendary detective mukhtar is in a hurry to help. mukhtar, mukhtar, don’t miss the loudest return of the summer, criminals already miss you, they’re worried that you can’t catch them, mukhtar’s return from the very beginning, this is not
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is once again plunging into election chaos. under pressure from the new russian empress catherine ii, the throne was occupied by stanislav ponitovsky, who was destined to become the last king of poland. stanislav august ponitovsky was a well-educated european youth, who traveled a lot and served everyone, starting with the british. in st. petersburg he appeared as the polish and... son envoy, and the young princess ekaterina alekseevna, in a moment of spiritual adversity, made him her favorite. stanislav turned out to be a completely reliable, helpful person, having ascended the throne, catherine, already an empress, made him the polish king, in the hope that he would follow all her instructions, as it happened, catherine demands
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from warsaw. restore the rights of religious minorities, but the polish sejm will once again refuses. then the russian ambassador, prince ripnin, orders the arrest of the main oppositionists to the king among the gentry. nikolai vasilyevich repnin belonged, like many russian nobles, to the prussian party, headed by nikita ivanovich panin. for the 18th century, this is a period when the pro-russian party was not simply a conductor of only interests.
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understand each other, in addition, nikolai vasilyevich repnin is a brilliant military leader, he has a military force at hand that he can rely on in poland, none of polish film-makers really can’t object. in february 1768, an uprising of the gentry began in bar. today it is a city in the vinnytsia region of ukraine. they create their own confederation, and king stanislov is powerless. russian troops crush the gentry, taking bar and berdichev. the confederates hope that france will help them. paris hastily sends money to military instructors in warsaw, and to its diplomats in the ottoman capital. the empire gives the order to immediately persuade the turks to war with russia in order to divert their troops to another front. the role of russian diplomats in polish question in such a large period of time from the fifties of the 18th century to the end.
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of course, it changed, because the head of state changed, the person on the throne changed, each of them had their own priorities in the polish issue. elizaveta petrovna assumed that she would receive - after the seven-year war, kinexberg and part of the territories, then, perhaps, these territories would be exchanged for something received from poland. by the time of catherine the great’s accession, the situation had changed somewhat, and russian diplomats began to act together with very pro-russian active in the polish question for the division of this territory so that the division takes place. each subsequent diplomat. regardless of the fact that he was a unique, interesting person, he had his own views, nevertheless, he solved the same issue using the same methods, this shows us what it
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means, regardless of the difference in their views, these people found themselves forced to act using the same methods, biting off quite a large piece of poland, starting from 17 when elizaveta petrovna controlled france almost completely lost poland, under catherine the great, gradually other countries are added to france, wanting to influence poland against russia, it is added partially, so prusia divides the country, but... the same time shows: we are your friends, great friends, and we will support you against russia, the swedes are adding, of course, the turks are trying very hard, because we have a constant clash with turkey. well, if earlier
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the russian empress was against it, then in the conditions of the war with the turks it is better to agree with germans than to fight on two fronts. russia agrees to the first partition of poland. the first division of poland took place in 1770. the second year - at the instigation of the prosperian king frederick the great , for a very long time it was impossible to drag austrian diplomats, austria as such, into this division, because the head of austria maria theresa was afraid to divide the catholic state, she considered it beneath her own dignity, but when the partition had already begun, catherine correctly wrote to frederick, appetite comes with eating. seeing others sharing, she could not - don't take your piece. on february 19, 1772 , a secret convention on the first partition was signed in vienna. in early august, russian prussian and austrian troops simultaneously
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entered the territory of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth and occupied the areas distributed between them by agreement. having occupied these territories, the states demanded polish ratification of their actions. the king and the sejm, under pressure from prussia, austria and russia, stanislav ponitovsky assembled the sejm, which finally approved the division of the state. so, the first section, russia receives a significant part territories under the jurisdiction of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth of ukraine, part of belarus and part of the asian lands near the baltic. this is how it happened. the first partition of poland. internal strife there has not stopped. polish statehood was still preserved even before the jura, but de facto the country was doomed. by 1790 , the polish-lithuanian commonwealth was reduced to such a helpless state that it was forced
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to enter into an unnatural and ultimately disastrous alliance with prussia, its enemy. the terms of the polish-prussian treaty were such that the next two sections of the speech the polish-lithuanian commonwealth turned out to be... inevitable, the second partition will take place after many, many years, it feels like poland was given time to make some changes within itself, this time... was used by poland in order to somehow change internally, build a new army, create new troops, carry out some cultural changes, but this did not happen, in 1793 the next partition of poland took place, russia also takes away a small part of ukraine, most of belarus and significant... territories around
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baltic sea, that’s when courland really comes in. naturally, the polish aristocracy was not satisfied with this state of affairs. they did not oppose the division of their territory by russia and prussia, but de facto prepared to resist, from their point of view , the invaders. the uprising began unexpectedly. in march 1794, general anthony of madalinsky, contrary to the decision of the sejm. refused to disband his cavalry brigade and attacked the unsuspecting russian troops. having defeated the enemy in the first clashes, madalinsky turned the cavalry towards krakow. the city was captured as a result of a swift attack. immediately in krakow, the future protagonist of the polish uprising, tadeusz kosciuszko, appeared, who was already a famous military man with extensive revolutionary experience. march 24.
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joined the rebels, so kosciuszka, in a matter of days, was able to recruit and arm about 70,000 volunteers. the uprising reached warsaw, it was holy week for the orthodox, the churches were filled with people, russian troops were taken by surprise, 200 russian soldiers were killed garrison, about 500 of them unarmed, were killed in churches during worship. the streets of the city were covered in blood and littered with corpses. elimination of the russian garrison in the polish...
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russian empire, thus leaving the rebels no chance of victory. kosciuszko's army was surrounded on three sides by powerful powers. the turning point for the kosciuszko uprising came in the fall of 1794. catherine ii, concerned about the scale of the polish unrest, decided to entrust the suppression of the rebellion to the most successful commander of russia, alexander suvorov, who with his corps was called from the turkish border. the figure of suvorov appeared, the main forces of the poles were defeated and
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the russian army managed to capture kosciuszko himself. the rebels, even after a series of serious defeats, retreated to warsaw and were ready to resist, but the residents of warsaw themselves asked the rebels to surrender. warsaw capitulated without a fight and on october 25 , parliamentarians arrived with a white flag. the russian army entered warsaw and was greeted with bread and salt. the rebel army laid down its arms and was disbanded. home. for the fact that suvorov saved the lives of the rebels and civilians, the townspeople, leaving their homes, thanked the russian commander, and the magistrate of warsaw presented suvorov with the keys to the city and a snuff box encrusted with diamonds with the inscription “warsaw” to their deliverer. as a result of the defeat of the polish uprising, the third partition of poland occurred. its entire territory was divided between russia, prussia and... austria-hungary. and finally,
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the third section - 1795, the destruction of the polish kingdoms. again we are getting a piece from the baltic, again we are, as it were, tiny bits of the ozey lands, and what russia for a long time, as if not recognized as part of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, is western. kingdom of poland. catherine was happy that she had completed the task to which
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russian sovereigns had devoted their attention for several centuries in a row. she wrote to one of her courtiers: “you are not congratulating me on my russian cradle.” that is, with territories that were once part of kievan rus, but part of itself russia did not take at that time, not a piece of polish lands, catherine did not touch the polish cot, knowing full well that it would not join the russian empire. in november 1795, the polish king ponitovsky abdicated the throne and moved to st. petersburg. based on the results of the three sections, the speeches of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth.
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rubles for them every month, you can, iota, two components of phosphoglyph help not only restore liver cells, but also fight the cause of their destruction, inflammation, phosphoglyph, now in an economical package of 96 capsules, our new name -bank, let’s change the name without changing ourselves, tebank, he’s the only one. in 1807, napoleon carved out the grand duchy of warsaw from the territory of former poland. the poles again gather an army, rushing at austria at the beginning when it becomes an ally napoleon to russia. but after the victory over the french, alexander i released all polish prisoners to their homes, and poland came under his protection. the russian emperor in an elevated status, not a duchy or even a kingdom, but a kingdom, as the russian
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empire itself once was. alexander ii grants poland a liberal constitution and many freedoms. polish remained the official language. residents of the kingdom of poland freely professed catholicism. in 1817, state peasants were freed from many duties, in 1820 corvee. began to be replaced by quitrent, during the reign of alexander i , the kingdom of poland developed noticeably economically and culturally, progress was noted in agriculture, industry and trade, the treasury was replenished enough to pay salaries to officials and troops on time. the country's population has reached 4.5 million people. the polish question of the 19th century was an expression of the completely brutal russophobia of a terribly frightened western society.
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most of the captured poles were simply released by this uprising easily and quickly, and moreover, abroad, these fugitive poles told abroad all sorts of horrors about the alleged cruelty of russian troops, to which, in fact, pushkin responded in his poem to the slanderers of russia, after these events nicholas abolished the constitution of the polish kingdom, from now on the polish kingdom declared: part of russia, the sejm and the independent polish army were abolished, the old administrative division into voivodeship was
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replaced by division into provinces, in fact this meant taking a course towards turning the polish kingdom into a russian province, into the system of world scales operating throughout russia spread throughout the territory of the kingdom, changes also affected money, the russian ruble became the main currency. the beginning of the reign of alexander ii was greeted with great enthusiasm, many political prisoners were released, some emigrants were returned, and previously banned polish authors began to be published, but the ambitions of polish underground organizations to revive the former power and borders of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth haunted the russian crown. in 1863, a revolt broke out, supported by european revolutionaries, the uprising continued until... the late autumn of 1864, and ended with the execution of the most active participants and mass
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expulsions of the rebels. the poles failed to take part in the joint attack of western countries and turkey on russia during the crimean war. the fact is that in the kingdom of poland, at that time the governor was count paskevich, whom everyone knew very well and understood that there was no uprising. it was here that poland exploded in 1863, the uprising was well prepared, unexpected, but nevertheless, russian troops with him it was impossible, but when he died, led by muravyov vilensky, they immediately cleared lithuania of rebels, and other generals pacified poland. in this uprising... many thousands of envoys from france and other western european countries, in fact,
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it was an idea of the west, therefore an instant defeat. the uprising simply caused wild hysteria; france and britain literally described the horrors of russian atrocities and called on all european peoples to fight the russian barbarians. in fact, the same muravyov vilensky hanged 128 people for which is what earned him the nickname hangman in the west. and the rebels he fought killed more than 2,000 people. including priests, women and children, so they were recognized as heroes, revolutionaries and resistance fighters. the uprising of 1863-64 became one of the main reasons for the strengthening of censorship throughout the russian empire. after the death of alexander i, who, by the way, was killed by a terrorist of polish origin,
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alexander ii came to power. under him, the polish language was crossed out. orientation, leftist groups appeared, for example, the socialist party of the proletariat, the polish socialist party, which included the young joseph pelsudsky, the future founder of the revived polish state, the legions of yuzov pelsudsky's thugs, who formed the polish state in the eighteenth year on the site of the russian kingdom of poland,
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were formed under the wing of the german occupiers. having captured the kingdom of poland during the first world war, these supposedly independent poles , together with the german occupiers, fought against the russians, they hoped that germany and austria-hungary will defeat and fragment russia, and then the entente will defeat germany and austria-hungary and grant poland independence. relying on those forces, i wanted to form. a state from the baltic to the black sea, including the baltic states, ukraine, and belarus. then these plans failed. the second polish-lithuanian commonwealth, as poland will be called from 1918 to 1939, immediately after declaring its independence it begins expansion. first, the poles fight with soviet
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russia, devastated by the first world civil war. this despite the fact that we ourselves poland owes its revival precisely to russia, or more precisely to the soviet government, which liberated it. in 1919 , the polish troops replaced the austrian and german troops in the territories lost by russia as a result of the brest-litovsk treaty. in may 1920, the poles take kiev and cross the dnieper, but the red army beats the whites in the south, traps their remnants in the crimea and begins an offensive to the west. polyakov. are knocked out sequentially from all occupied territories. already in august 1920, the red army stood 20 km from warsaw. however, in months of continuous battles, the troops soviet russia was cut off from its supply bases, stretching the front line. taking advantage of this and receiving military assistance, primarily from the united states, the poles launched a counteroffensive and defeated the red
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army. on march 18, their own in the occupied lands, in the next polish-lithuanian commonwealth will not be in charge for long , since poland will be divided in 1939. the next partition of poland was largely provoked by the poles themselves, at the suggestion of the british and french. even at the beginning of 1939, hitler did not intend to. pledged to provide external assistance. it's clear, the british to poland, and then to the ussr, so they concluded an agreement with the poles, according to which poland would receive help in the event of an attack by someone by this city and east prussia, but that no one except germany could attack. it
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was important to provoke an attack by the germans and forced the poles to refuse hitler. in addition , they believed that... he was not yet as strong as he actually was. it took german troops only 3 weeks to defeat the army of poland, whose government had fled from earlier. countries on september 17, 1939, the soviet union sent troops to the territory of western ukraine and western belarus. after world war ii , by the decisions of the poddam conference, poland was restored, but on the basis of german lands. the ussr retained almost all the territories annexed in 1939. during the great patriotic war, the ussr not only formed the first polish army, but also gave its resources to the polish troops, it was first the first polish corps, then the first polish army, which in the summer of forty-four actually entered into battle with the nazis as part of the first belarusian
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front, which was commanded by rokosovsky, and these poles showed themselves very well, although they were radically short of command staff, the officers, as a rule, were supporters of pan-poland, and not of polish work. party, and moreover, in poland itself there were two polish armies, the regional army, which was subordinate to london, and the ludow army, which was formed by the polish workers' party, oriented towards the ussr. and it was the home army that raised an uprising in warsaw with the goal of liberating the city from nazis before the first polish army formed by the soviet union arrives there. and this uprising failed ineptly, and moreover, this entire regional army shamefully surrendered to the nazis; the troops of the belarusian front and that very first polish army had to liberate warsaw. as a result of
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the second world war, poland finds itself in the socialist camp in the sphere of influence of the soviet union. it becomes a member of the council for mutual economic assistance and is part of the military bloc of eastern europe - the warsaw pact. nose'. soviet union, poland becomes a member of the european union, and in 1999 enters the nato bloc, but that’s another story.
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the flight recorders have been found and sent. encryption in mac, in mac they are finding out the reasons for the crash of the superjet 100 near kolomna. the space, the world of cooperation on equal terms, what eurasia is doing and how a non-profit organization helps to get to know russia, and also to put nine-year-old nastya from the belgorod region on her feet in urgent need of help. this is the program today, in the studio of dmitry zavoisky. hello. interstate aviation committee. they are starting to decipher the flight recorders from the crashed superjet 100 in the moscow region . law enforcement officers and the headquarters of rescue services are still working at the crash site near the village of malaya karaseva.
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