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Understanding 9/11tv Rossiiskaya diplomatiya NTV July 20, 2024 7:00am-8:01am MSK
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on february 26, 1815, the exiled emperor napoleon bonoparte sailed from the island of elba with a small army and regained power over france in just 3 weeks. meanwhile, alexander ii and other european monarchs are discussing the fate of the largest post-napoleonic world. international diplomatic congress. in the midst of the lena congress, in the middle of these events, in fact, there were a lot of difficulties, because at the beginning of january 1815, a secret agreement on a defensive alliance against russia was signed between england, austria and france. naturally, all this was deeply hidden and prepared in the installation. and
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only a small number of people knew about this, but the very fact of such a treaty directed against russia testified to a lot. french foreign minister telirand secretly agreed with the british and austrians on an anti-russian military treaty, the text of which was carefully worked out by the french minister himself. bonoparte immediately sends a copy of the secret agreement to the russian emperor. alexander ii, in rage, summons to himself meternich. the head of the austrian foreign ministry, with whom negotiations have been ongoing for six months. the emperor is angry, he asks metornichus: do you know this document? there is an awkward pause. this was the first time in the entire career of the austrian diplomat that he was unable to find an answer. right before the eyes of metornichus and the russian emperor, he throws the text of the secret agreement “into the fireplace.” this gesture means one thing: for the sake of peace in europe, alexander is ready to forget even...
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his main idea was betrayal, he sought to make as bad as possible for any country in europe, except for austria, if he agreed with russia and prussia to fight against france, then he simultaneously agreed with the french how he would change russia and prussia and vice versa, at the congress of vienna his task was.
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which led to the collapse of the coalition and the establishment of napoleon in the lands he captured in italy, in the west and south of germany, as well as in prussia. the anti-french coalition was quite fragile due to the contradictions that existed between the states, in particular.
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resolve issues related to participation states such as prussia, for example, the military defeats of 1806, which napoleon very quickly. all this happened to the prussian army and with the participation of the saxon army, which led to the fact that prussia was unable to participate in the next anti-french coalition. on june 14 , 1807, 40 km from pönecksberg, the russian army suffered a serious defeat and retreated to telsit. emperor alexander i, who was close to the army, was forced to agree to a truce in june 1807 near the city. on the neman river, at the request and decision napoleon, raft structures are being built, in particular a raft on which a special tent will be placed in which two emperors will meet: alexander i and napoleon i. the meeting of alexander ii and
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napoleon, as is known, took place on a board in the middle of the neman. the raft on which they met was built by the french. they say that napoleon, when he first saw alexander, was struck by his beauty. and exclaimed: “this is apollo, and the russian emperor for the first time called napoleon his majesty, recognizing his title of emperor. after usual greetings, napoleon invited alexander to be the first to enter the tent prepared on the raft for the meeting, but the russian emperor, considering himself the master of one of the banks of the nevan, did not want to accept this courtesy. napoleon insisted, declaring that he was the owner of the raft. to put an end to this curious mutual courtesy, alexander invited both of them to enter.
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website helpvbede.rf. alexander i was forced to agree to this peace agreement because he basically had no other choice, since the army was in terrible condition and it was impossible to resist the french military machine. the peace treaty signed between russia and france in telsit included a number of very important provisions. russia to the continental blockade of great britain, and this was probably a fundamental point, these are allied relations with napoleonic france, including during the potential the next war, when russia had to support france. these are, of course, some very important preferences for russia, because napoleon openly offered to help ensure that there was a border in the north-west of the russian empire. advanced at the expense of sweden and this will be implemented in 1808-1809, that is, it is impossible
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to say unequivocally that the telsit peace was a loss or some such ambiguous document for the russian state. in the spring of 1808, military operations against sweden begin. emperor alexander ii sent his troops to the territory of finland and quickly enough managed to reach the city of turku, or as it was then called abo. and was the capital of the finnish viceroyalty of the kingdom of sweden, and the immediate threat to stockholm led to the grand duchy of finland, as it would be called, being part of the russian empire, and its institutions would be somewhat reformed in this period after 1809, but they were nonetheless will be preserved, all possible institutional foundations of this state will be preserved... france felt that she had captured the territory further, which, to put it mildly, was not
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going to go further, this balance, the balance in europe, could have been calmly established by this moment, and a big bloody war could have been avoided, if not, if france did not begin to insist that russia join the continental blockade. that is, it stopped buying and , most importantly, selling its goods to england, but france cannot replace england as a buyer, as the one who takes the bulk of our goods, that’s the forest, that cast iron, canvas, and most importantly that same homespun canvas, we produce a lot, we may have a collapse of this overproduction, a fall in prices for... everything in the country, and the country is poor, in this regard, france trades through mediterranean,
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they carry their luxury goods, buy very little bread, angaya, by the way, bought bread in large quantities, bought coal from us, as a result of this the following happens, russia begins to overcome these prohibitions and under... actually legally england to sell their goods, this concerned not only the landowners who sold bread, but the peasants who sold their homemade canvas. the government tried to get away from this, war could not be avoided, then the story is known to everyone: 1812, the french invasion, boroden, the burned-out moscow frozen into russian soil just recently, napoleon’s great army, in 1813, after
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the expulsion of the french from russia, the sixth anti-napoleonic coalition appeared , only... in the summer of 1813 the prussian kingdom will join to russia and this will become the basis of a new sixth coalition. subsequently , naturally, great britain will join it, austria will join it, but these countries also suffered peculiar diplomatic defeats before this, very serious ones, and joined this coalition with quite a lot of difficulty. the military defeats that... would occur for the french army in 1813 also did not pass without a trace, and one of the great achievements, one might say of a diplomatic nature, that were achieved during the sixth coalition, it was a very long time, the two-month summer truce of 1813, which napoleon would later consider
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his big mistake, but if we talk about the goals pursued by the main countries participating in the sixth anti-napoleonic... coalition, then they were quite understandable; initially there was no talk of the complete defeat of france, but there was certainly talk about preventing any new attacks possible on its part, subsequently the goals changed, but the coalition also existed in the fourteenth year, in fact, its result would be the paris peace treaty of 1814, however, the fate of all post-war europe was decided not in paris, but in venena. in 1814 , army clashes ended and diplomatic wars began. alexander ii, heading to vienna, understood perfectly well what he would have to face. the most famous insidious diplomats of that time, the foreign ministers of the allied countries of defeated france, the first among equals, were already waiting for him. alexander i metornik, as the head
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of the victorious powers, could simply divide the napoleonic legacy among themselves. france, but alexander decided to play honestly, and to divide europe fairly, this is where the french diplomat talleyrand, known for his cunning, comes into play. at the vendian congress, talleyrand, on the one hand, was concerned about maintaining the borders to revolutionary france, and on the other, not allowing prussia and russia to strengthen in any way. one pocket, he framed it.
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intelligence officer, future russian foreign minister and real james bond of the 19th century, alexander ivanovich, chernyshov. one of the very noticeable roles. events between 1808 and 1812 were played by a man whose name appears quite often in historical works, but
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unfortunately, very often they remember him in passing or briefly, and this is alexander ivanovich chernishov, colonel, adjutant of the wing of emperor alexander i, who carried out a number of very extremely delicate, complex, diplomatic and intelligence missions. alexander ivanovich chernyshov was, of course, distinguished by an adventurous character; this was typical not only of him, probably, but also of many of his contemporaries, but for a person of this level, it was always a risk. he creates, in fact, in france, primarily in paris, a very complex intelligence collection system , and he managed to recruit a certain military personnel.
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diplomacy is by no means disinterested, here is the information that chernyshov supplied, it was more accurate, russian diplomacy was much more interested in it, sometimes we can read that chernyshov’s clandestine network in paris, it will be revealed, but that’s the point and the fact is that its disclosure exactly coincides with the last audience that chernyshov received from emperor napoleon twenty in. february 1812, when he hastily left paris, subsequently the fate of his agents was quite sad in france, since they were prosecuted
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strictly according to the law, but the information he received greatly helped russian diplomacy in order to prepare for the beginning wars with napoleon. 1810 alexander chernyshov distinguished himself not only as a scout, but also in paris at the meeting of the austrian envoy. a fire broke out. chernyshov, risking his life, carried napoleon's two sisters out of the fire: polina barghez and korolina murat, the wife of the famous napoleonic marshal murat. after this incident, bonoparte developed an even greater sympathy for the russian diplomat, and the emperor’s beloved sister polina, who was called the most immoral woman in europe for her extreme promiscuity, became chernyshov’s mistress. after some time , the famous pauline fouret replaced her in lavilasa’s bed. the mistress of napoleon himself during the egyptian campaign, this owner of a secular salon told chernyshov that he was being followed,
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the monarchs learned their new lessons well and understood perfectly well that the concessions they initially made in favor of france, in favor of the french kingdom led by the restored monarchy under the louisate, these concessions were not entirely justified. the results of the congress of vienna, they were, of course, full of various contradictions, because each of the states defended its own interests, quite naturally. russia, for example, raised the question of poland as a matter of principle. the polish question was one of the most pressing. as a result of negotiations, the kingdom of poland was annexed to the russian empire; at the beginning of negotiations in 1614 , the grand duchy of warsaw still existed, and its fate was completely uncertain and unclear. the new international order, the vienna system, the first ever attempt to establish peace in europe on the basis of a collective agreement, the principles of legitimacy and balance. the vienna system is also supported by the act of
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creating the holy alliance. the creation of the holy alliance is such a bloc of countries those who defeated napoleon against possible new excesses in europe. new revolution.
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france, when the occupation forces are withdrawn from it, and the problem with england. england will not gradually catch up, they will catch up and enter into a sacred union, why? moreover, they will constantly tease those countries that will join the holy alliance, insofar as the continental trinity, russia, austria, prussia will call them, why england will not join, it is beneficial for this kind of thing.
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revolution in spain and monarchical, so to speak, rule remained in immunity. in italy and spain , absolutist orders were restored and measures were strengthened against supporters of constitutional
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government. in 1820, the monarchs of russia, austria and prussia signed a joint declaration on the right of sovereigns to armed intervention in the internal affairs of other countries without the consent of their government in order to fight the revolutionary. during the entire 19th century , france was shaken by a whole chain of revolutions, and for the russian empire this is important only insofar as revolutions in france set fire to revolutions in nearby and far away located countries, but the most unpleasant thing is that an uprising began in warsaw, sweeping all of poland. the kingdom of poland is. the territory is practically semi-independent, it has its own constitution, which was granted to the polish kingdom by alexander i, it has its own army, everything ended very badly for poland, it lost its constitution, granted by alexander ii.
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the next blow to the vienna system was dealt by the so-called spring of nations, the revolutions of 1848-49 in europe. another revolution in france. forty-eighth year another the fluctuation of such a large european pan-european canvas, as a result , national liberation movements arise, one of them arises on the territory of hungary, which was part of the austrian empire. some time in 1830-31, some polish officers fled to the territory of hungary from russian troops, they were not in... naturally, russia at the request of nicholas i, now here they will take part in this big uprising, but this is not what led russia to to enter the territory of austria and
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suppress hungary, not at all, the austrian the ambassador begged the emperor to help, insofar as the russian emperor was together with the austrian and prussian ones. is in a sacred alliance to help suppress the uprising on its territory. for 40 minutes, the austrian ambassador knelt before nicholas i, after which russian... troops entered hungarian territory, again the uprising was suppressed, now russia believed, incorrectly believed, that it could rely on austria’s help if difficult situations arose, such as attack on its territory. the crimean war showed that they had hoped in vain. kiril, urgent, please no. beat me, well
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spacious and not at all a wilderness, the city is shocked by a series of brutal crimes, is this a show execution? did the killer really not leave a single piece of evidence? a women's theme has appeared in our history. what role did the combination group play in this matter? the combination recorded the first album in a local restaurant
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, centrally and in an ordinary garage, a garage for a soviet man, a kind of men's club. the investigation was conducted with leonid konetsky. who do you like best? isaura or dona malvina? zhenvari. today at 17:15 on ntv. even before the start of the crimean war, which will finally undermine the vienna system, another large-scale confrontation is planned. already in the forties of the 19th century, it became clear that now it was england, not france, and...
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and to achieve patronage over all orthodox subjects of the ottoman empire. in the forties of the 19th century, britain was looking for a reason for a big war. the reason for military intervention appeared in 1852, then napoleon ii was on the throne in paris. for napoleon ii, the restoration of the power of france was a matter of personal and state prestige. after its catastrophic defeats in the napoleonic wars. he understood perfectly well that the main country that defeated his uncle, napoleon bonaparte, was russia. of course, he hated the british, but he could not speak out against them, because it was the british who helped him take the throne in france. he
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also hated the prusakov fiercely. but so far france has managed to hold germany. in a devastated state, russia remained napoleon's main enemy. most of french society, following the new monarch, supports the ideas of revenge. the french still remember how russian hussars marched in paris, in st. petersburg , doubts about the legitimacy of the new ruler of france, who ostentatiously took the name napoleon ii, thereby declaring that he was bonaparte’s successor, began to be heard more and more loudly , the trigger to begin with.
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the french squadron approaches the dardanelles, on october 4 the turkish government declares war on russia. britain now has one main task - to arm the turkish army as much as possible.
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the french squadron blocks the russian fleet in sevastopol. at the same time, the second large joint anglo-french squadron - 52 the battleship moved to ranstatt, the third squadron with landing troops moved to arkhangelsk, the fourth - to petropavlovsk-kamchatsky. the turkish-russian war is turning into an anglo-russian and at the same time a french-russian war, almost into a world war. the courage of the attack of the anglo-french squadrons on russia. was explained by the significant technological advantage that england and france had gained by this time,
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primarily in small arms and artillery, but also in ships, which allowed the interventionists to shoot further, more accurately and move much faster. in arkhangelsk and petropavlovsk-kamchatsky, russian garrisons. repel the attack, but in the baltic near st. petersburg the situation is extremely alarming, our troops are far away in the caucasus, on the black sea coast and in poland, our fleet is helplessly hiding from defeat in the marquise puddle, as petersburgers ironically call the part of the gulf of finland between the narrow neva island of kotlin. the capital is being saved from capture by minefields, while they are being saved, there is another blow, austria too. decided to grab myself a piece of the russian pie along with her and prussia. the attack of these powers , in addition to everything that is happening, opens up
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extremely gloomy prospects for russia. plus, it is very likely that poland will explode in uprisings and join the attacking countries. so what's next? occupation, division of the country's sphere of influence, loss of sovereignty, repeating the fate of poland? and then the unexpected happens. nicholas i dies. news of the death of the emperor.
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germany will completely defeat france and not kill napoleon ii. it was alexander ii who would order gorchakov to announce that all sorts of the conventions that england concluded there on the black sea are insignificant because they contradict the dignity of the russian empire. and it is this gentlest alexander who will defeat the turks and return everything that... they conquered at one time with the help of england and france, but they still have to live to see this, it was at this time, when parisian
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journalists wrote, that the future chancellor gorchakov was already acted in paris, laying the foundation for all upcoming victories. while the political beaumont in the french second empire was building all sorts of, often fantastic, assumptions about alexander ii, the emperor of france invited him to his place on march 3rd. for a confidential conversation with the saxon envoy fonzeibach, who, by no coincidence, was the son-in-law of the russian chancellor, count nessel roda. napoleon ii asked him to urgently find a way to convey to father-in-law, and through him to emperor alexander i, his sincere condolences in connection with the death of nicholas i, to whom he, napoleon ii, allegedly always felt the most sincere sympathy and about the break with which in 1854 sincerely sorry, signal. the messenger from paris will soon reach the winter palace, where he will be received properly, as was hoped for in france. already from the end
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of 1855, hostilities subsided, and on the initiative of napoleon. on february 25, 1856 , peace negotiations begin in paris. the french monarch considers it necessary to quickly end the long-unpopular war. british prime minister palmerston was absolutely sure that the war against russia should be continued until it was completely destroyed as a great power. he was i am absolutely sure that those who fought together. with him against russia they will support his idea, to deprive russia of the black sea coast, the caucasus, and so on. it was a complete surprise for him when other european powers, and even france, britain's main ally, suddenly came out for peace with russia on soft terms. polmerston did not understand who
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threatens the interests of france and napoleon ii opposed his closest ally britain at the negotiations in paris. the french monarch is effectively forcing britain negotiate with russia. uneasy peace negotiations begin. the russian delegation is headed by general count orlov, a veteran of the napoleonic wars, a member of the austrian litsy and bordin, the chief of the gendarme corps, and an experienced diplomat. represents france.
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neutralization of the black sea deprived russia of its fleet, but perhaps at the first stage, which took place after 1956, this was beneficial for it for some time; already the revision of this provision in 1771 returned russia to its position, to completely resolve the issues that england posed in front of you, unfolding crimean company, great britain failed, russia did not abandon the middle one to the mercy of fate. in the coming years, it began to develop and strengthen its influence there, including interfering with english politics. as a result, the decision of the congress did not suit great britain, which felt deceived, since almost no results were achieved as a result of a difficult war. the paris peace treaty of 1856 completely changed the international situation in europe, destroying the european
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system, which was based on the results of the vienna congress 1815, the largely unsuccessful outcome of the crimean war will still force russia to move forward and look for new ones. paths in domestic, foreign policy and economics. the new minister of foreign affairs of russia, alexander mikhailovich gorchakov, had to restore russia’s position in europe step by step, avoiding a sharp escalation of the situation, fraught with a new war. his serene highness prince gorchakov headed russian diplomacy for more than a quarter of a century. and over the years he became the most influential diplomat and political figure in europe. on that moment, throughout his diplomatic career , he consistently pursued two main directions of russian policy: first, he sought to punish austria for the
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treacherous position it took during the crimean war, second, he set as his goal to eliminate all the consequences of the paris peace, in general to him i succeeded in both. russia, the essence of which remained in history in his next famous phrase: russia is reproached for being isolated and silent in the face of such facts that are not are in harmony with neither law nor justice, they say that russia is angry, russia is not angry, russia is concentrating, the head of the russian foreign ministry began a long,
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hello, the information service of the ntv television company welcomes you. in the studio vladislav nazarrikov. in the northern direction of the special operation near razdolovka, our attack aircraft occupied new positions. the units advanced deep into the defense of the ukrainian armed forces under the cover of tankers. t-80 crews used high-explosive shells to destroy enemy firing points that were preventing the paratroopers from approach the strongholds. with the help of combat drones, our military also destroyed enemy equipment. tula paratroopers of the southern group knocked out an american armored car, which was transporting nationalist personnel for future rotation. the artillerymen of the vostok group destroyed the hidden positions of the militants.
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