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Understanding 9/11tv Rossiiskaya diplomatiya NTV July 27, 2024 7:00am-8:01am MSK
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there have, of course, been different moments in the history of russia, but perhaps the country has never yet experienced such large-scale diplomatic isolation as after october 1917. within several months, all countries of the world broke off diplomatic relations with russia and refused to recognize the new soviet government. russia has declared a large-scale international boycott. the october revolution was the first step towards world revolution for the bolsheviks. and the moment was right: world war i: in all the warring states , the people, tired of the fighting, demanded change. the theory of world revolution implied that having seized power, the bolsheviks would interfere in the affairs of all surrounding states, supporting communist movements, supplying them with resources, money, conducting propaganda and pursuing a fairly aggressive foreign policy. however, it soon became obvious that the times of world... revolutions were moving
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far beyond the horizon, and the new russia needed to determine its place in the international arena. the new government began its activities with the liquidation of the old ministries of creation new bodies of state power, people's commissariats, the first of which was the creation of a diplomatic department, the people's commissariat of foreign affairs. it was established on october 26, 1917 and leon trotsky became the first people's commissar. the first thing trotsky had to face in his new position was a massive boycott of civil servants who simply stopped working. after trotsky appeared at the old ministry of foreign affairs, his employees went home. 600 ministry employees threw trotsky a letter of resignation. a number of officials locked themselves in their offices, refusing to provide trotsky with the texts of the secret treaties of the tsarist government. trotsky orders the offices to be broken into after the employees refused to hand over the keys to the archive. the bolsheviks
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break into the archive and trotsky immediately begins to publish secret agreements. only the porters and lower technical employees remained in mead. in principle, all russian diplomacy simply abandoned the bolsheviks and refused to cooperate. foreign institutions simply ceased to obey petrograd. the bolshevik party sent to people's commissariat of its most educated people. cases were taken not only by the bolsheviks, but by educated revolutionaries of other parties who consciously went over to the side of the new government. in addition to internal sabotage, trotsky had to face the problem of non-recognition abroad. almost all countries and russian ambassadors abroad declared a boycott of the new government. the reaction to october was at first embarrassing, but then it was the diplomats, laris melikov, and nabokov, maklakov, many others, they, and... began to
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communicate in a certain way between each other in order to form a unified position, what was the unified position? to generalize, then any violent seizure of power is a quote, yes, but it was not welcomed, and accordingly, there could be no recognition of the october revolution, and accordingly the bolshevik government too, so they began to form such a kind of unified council, advisory a body centered in paris to... lead the discussion for further action, what should they do? questions were raised about russia’s property abroad, what happened to it what to do next, how to manage it, whether to transfer this, let’s say, to the bolsheviks, that is, a whole mass of questions arose, from what these questions followed, this position is also very important, because when the provisional government was formed , certain diplomats were sent to the entente countries including, this diplomatic corps was formed mainly from party representatives.
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steps: new soviet diplomatic department. initially, the diplomats' offices were located in the moscow metropolis. soon trotsky receives a new appointment to the post people's commissar for foreign affairs takes over. georgy checherin, it is he who will have to build a new system of diplomatic relations with soviet russia. georgy vasilyevich checherin was a black sheep among the bolsheviks, which is why he most likely was appointed people's commissar of foreign affairs. on the one hand, he was the only one of those who became bolsheviks in 1917; before that, he was still close to the mensheviks who had at least some work experience.
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border. vaslav varovsky became the representative of denmark, sweden, and norway. his task was the establishment of relations with neutral or at least openly hostile countries. maxim litvinov became the authorized representative in england; the most important political trade negotiations were conducted in the people's commissariat by krasin, who later became the people's commissar of foreign trade of the ussr. in 1918, having emerged from the world war, russia immediately plunged into civil war. former allies of the entente country, under the pretext of violating russia’s obligations and concluding a separate peace with germany, began an armed invasion of its territory, intervening in the civil war on the side of the white movement. in total , 14 states took part in the intervention. in the north, all
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intervention forces were under british command. on the northern front, battles took place for murmansk and arkhangelsk. added to this was the uprising of the czechoslovak corps in the territory. volga region and siberia. in the west and south, during 1918, in total , the troops of germany, austria-hungary and the ottoman empire occupied finland, the baltic states, belarus, ukraine, part of the adjacent russian territories, crimea, georgia and armenia. at the cost of enormous efforts , the soviet government was able to drive out the interventionists and defeat the white guards in 4 years. in such conditions, when russia was not just isolated, but at war with the whole world, checherin’s personality turned out to be one of the decisive ones. lenin highly appreciated checherin's talent. checherin step by step established informal, and gradually official relations with different countries. in 1920, checherin concluded a peace treaty with
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estonia, in the twenty-first year with iran, turkey, afghanistan, which made it possible to open economic paths to bypass the complete blockade. in 1920, at the cost of great effort. the us embargo on trade with russia is being lifted. in the twenty-first year, russia also signed a peace treaty with poland, ending the war between them. in poland , vast territories of western ukraine and belarus were ceded, but the development of trade relations was also envisaged. we are talking about the nutty treaty of march 18 , 2021, which put an end to the soviet-polish war, which began in 2020 . the agreement was concluded between the russian soviet federal the republic of ukraine and belarus, the polish republic. poland retreated to a number of regions far beyond the kirzon line. galicia, there is western ukraine, western belarus, part of the province of the russian empire. russia paid
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serious reparations, poland was freed from all debt obligations of the russian empire. former nobleman checherin begins to lead soviet russia out of international isolation. the first step was the famous genoa conference of 1922. preparing for the conference in genoa, checherin included in the composition delegations of the best economists who drew up russia's counterclaims to the west, and also developed projects for economic cooperation. the need for the genoa conference for european countries became ripe in the sense that it became clear that foreign intervention against soviet russia had completely failed. and it is no longer possible to establish power over these territories with the help of armed force, and the resources that soviet russia possesses should have been used by european countries, primarily to restore the economies
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of these countries after the first world war. to achieve this, the uk first came up with the idea of a conference where 29 european countries proposed. russia will recognize all the debts of the tsarist government of the provisional government, return property in general and move to the position, relatively speaking, of china's times. smart wars. the russian federation, in response, proposed to waive all debts of the tsarist provisional government, all military debts, and establish mutually beneficial relations. in general, the conference was nothing didn't end. but not for two countries rejected by the world community: soviet russia in the person of checherin and the lost germany in the person of the head of the foreign ministry, walter rathenau. april 15 , 1922 in rapalla, a suburb of genoa. negotiations between soviet representatives and the heads of state of the former entente took place, the germans did not
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participate in them, deciding that the russians had agreed on their own, and now germany remains on the sidelines. in a gloomy mood, the german delegation went to bed. at 2:00 am the hotel where they were staying rang a bell. the footman woke up he led the secretary of the german delegation, adolf malzen. maltsin went down into the hall in his dressing gown and talked with checherin for 15 minutes. the russian diplomat suggested. in the morning to meet and discuss the possibility of concluding an agreement between the two countries. within half an hour , the secretary was at the head of mid-germany, rathenau, and the entire german delegation was raised to its feet. the meeting began, which went down in history as a meeting in pajamas. all night the germans decided whether to accept the russian conditions. in the morning , the german and russian delegations held secret negotiations in rapala, not immediately, but managed to come to an agreement. the treaty of rapala provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations. relations between the two countries and the renunciation of mutual claims. this agreement was
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a breakthrough. firstly, it brought soviet russia out of foreign policy isolation, on the other hand, it was the first treaty of the weimar republic, where it acted as an equal partner, and not as a country that lost the war. it was definitely an international sensation. france, uk, usa, we didn't expect this a step away from two world outcasts. germany, the loser of the first world war, became the first to cooperate with soviet russia. the first step towards breaking the international blockade has been taken. after the formation of the ussr, in 1923 checherin became the people's commissar for foreign affairs of the soviet union. and he set a record: he headed the department of foreign affairs for 12 years, although in those days other people's commissars used to change several times a year. under checherin , a provision on diplomatic ones appeared. service regulations on diplomatic rank. checherin i also sent out
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instructions to everyone receiving a grant from the representative office on how the wives of plenipotentiary representatives should dress. checherin and his, let’s say, apparatus were often charged with the fact that employees of the people’s commissariat, plenipotentiary representatives, permanent representatives began to behave in a bourgeois manner, dress, and so on, and then certain rules were approved for the wives of diplomats, yes, they were supposed... not to wear any - expensive jewelry, fur coats, but, as the diplomats themselves noted, it was more difficult with the employees themselves, not with their wives, with their husbands, that is, with permanent representatives and semi-representatives who they also loved to eat well, have fun, go for a walk sometimes, they also had to be brought to their senses, purges began inside the people's commissariats, there was a big problem in the hierarchy, in the subordination of plenipotentiary representatives, permanent representatives through the people's commissars of indel, and or other departments, that is... a vertical was created, in fact, the people's commissariat itself was ultimately tailored
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to the party. another sensation in the world was the news of the appointment of the first soviet woman as the plenipotentiary ambassador of the ussr. the fight for equal rights for women in western countries was just beginning. diplomacy was considered absolutely a man's business. and here, for the first time in soviet russia, a woman was appointed ambassador, alexandra kolantay. many argue that... this is the first woman diplomat, there are other sources that the first woman diplomat was in one of the western countries, back in the 8th century they sent the first woman diplomat, but in such popular memory it is kalanta who is considered the first woman diplomat, what is important to note in her work, she was in the diplomatic service in sweden, is that kalantay had the task of her department to resist as much as possible the attempts of the fascist expansion into sweden and... sweden and finland during the soviet-finnish war, what did it succeed in?
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sweden, instead of providing colossal support to the finns, who are very close in spirit and along the border, sweden actually sent several military units there, but this was not the mass that sweden could have sent if there had not been, as many believe, such influence kalantay, therefore kalantay carried out certain work, which was also important. for a further war with germany, a war with finland, and her department had an impact on this is also an influence. special edition of a cool mask for the anniversary of igor krutoy, it’s hard to believe it, but what can you do, 70 and 70. special edition of the mask show. old friends congratulate the maestro. without your music, we were different.
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this music will touch for thousands of years to come. brand new masks, we will see masks that were specially created for this evening. how does the jury guess this? i will prove to fate to spite, from heart to heart, from talent to talent, am i married? marriage swindler, brazenly move away, my joy, this is great happiness. tomorrow evening we will celebrate igor krutoy’s anniversary together. mask at 20:00 on ntv. nevsky. from monday at 16:45 on ntv. the two components of phosphagliv help not only restore
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goes on. everyone has their own mission, ours is to help. we are where people need care, so that they don’t feel so scared, so that hope and love live in their hearts, so that life goes on. it is so important to help someone in... join a good deed on the website pomoćvbede.rf. since 1918, the people's commissariat for foreign affairs was located in the metropol hotel, from the end of the twenty-first located in a six-story building of a former russian insurance company at the intersection of kuznetsky most and lubenka. the diplomatic service operated here for more than 30 years, until 1952, when meath moved to the heights. celebrate the day of remembrance of diplomatic couriers,
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a real photo was taken of these people who transported secret hypmail across the borders of states that were often not friendly to the soviet union. on february 5, 1926, a train travels from moscow to riga, carrying two diplomatic couriers, nette and oagan mahmestal. they deliver diplomatic mail to riga and berlin. early in the morning on the territory of latvia , a noise was heard in their carriage. two unknown men in masks with revolvers in their hands immediately appeared. terrorists broke into the compartment of soviet deep couriers. the conductor was backing away in front of them with his hands raised. the shooting started. theodor netta was killed, and yaagan mahmestel, despite being wounded in the arm and stomach, continued to shoot and forced the bandits to retreat, preventing them from reaching him.
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courts of european countries often justified the murder, the murder of varovsky was acquitted, in there was a murder of soviet diplomats in china, it was an unsuccessful communist uprising in china, which was suppressed by the kuomendang, the guomendangites believed that the soviet union was behind the uprising, they gave the command to attack our consulate and shot five diplomats, we then broke off diplomatic relations with china. why did this happen? in the early twenties , a series of recognitions of the soviet republic began. it was necessary to somehow counteract this process, because the leading western countries are not ready were willing to cooperate directly with
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a country that is the bearer of a generally alternative development project; they did not want to have anything to do with a country that they could not control. by the end of the twenties, the situation was deteriorating, it was not possible to conclude a series of agreements and attacks with western neighbors, preparations for... the simplest interstate agreement encountered insurmountable obstacles. at this moment , checherin was replaced as people's commissar for foreign affairs by the more assertive litvinov. checherin, being in that including a germanophile, had a very weak position in the bolshevik elite. he was not the same political figure, a member of the highest circles of the central committee, as litvinov, who was checherin’s deputy, was. and litvinov used his... checherin, paradoxically, the people's commissar
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for foreign affairs, had less influence on politics, the foreign policy of the soviet union, than his deputy, because the deputy, in addition to being a diplomat, was also a major party member activist litvinov was people's commissar from 1928 to 1939. security, relying on england and france, in order to prevent the expansion of german influence, this is exactly what litvinov began
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to do. in germany, with the support of big capital, adolf hitler came to power, who did not hide the fact that he was going to arrange a new redistribution of the world. the leader of the communist movement, the soviet union was declared an enemy of nazi germany, fascist italy and militaristic japan. litvinov decided to try to improve relations with england and france. usa, britain and france, other countries to which soviet diplomats pointed out the dangers of the new redivision of the world, they refused to believe that the nazi-fascist bloc considered not only the soviet union its enemy. litvinov developed a plan for creating a system of collective security in europe and adhered to it until 1939. collective
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security system developed by the people's commissar. foreign affairs litvinov assumed equal participation of all countries in this system, no country could be opposed to another and could not improve its position at the expense of another country, everything seemed to be normal, but the leading european countries, england, first of all, france, germany, by that time, had a different opinion on this matter, well, let's start from afar, in the twenty- fifth year they were concluded ...
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to influence the french government, to conclude an agreement to force the british government with germany on the basis of the german rearmament german rearmament was completed by the munich agreement, she received the second. after that, that is, the soviet government did not have a single chance to promote the idea of collective security, because the world was preparing for war with the soviet union. in 1933, the soviet union managed to establish diplomatic relations with the united states of america, which was struck by a protracted economic crisis. crowds of farmers who had lost their land
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and workers thrown out of closed factories roamed the roads of america. the people's commissariat of foreign affairs attracted large american corporations, thousands of engineers and workers to work in the ussr; with their help, new soviet industry, tractor, automobile, aviation, metallurgical plants, power plants, textile factories were designed and built americans helped build it. success followed. kvinova, in another important undertaking, in the thirty-fourth year of the ussr was admitted to the league of nations, and was accepted on its own terms, which meant that the country returned to the world community as a great power. for a long time, the ussr submitted applications, initiated its entry into that same league of nations, despite the fact that in parallel in internal politics, internal propaganda of the soviet union, the league of nations appeared to the population as such a conglomerate of imperialist states
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that were plotting all sorts of intrigues for... an alliance, well, partly this was even true, because the forwards of the league of nations were, as you know, the united states of america, great britain, france, the entente, which won the first world war, and of course, they tried in every possible way to undermine and limit the influence of the soviet union at the international level. however, by the first half of the thirties it was simply impossible not to recognize and deny the soviet union. because the situation in the country has stabilized, during the nepa era, the economy of the soviet union has increased greatly, further industrialization, the rapid pace of industrialization spoke about the prospects of the soviet union and the impossibility of not cooperating with it, of course, an important aspect was that the ussr again had the opportunity to sell grain, export grain, and this was also an important component, many were interested in this, but these are
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economic prerequisites and... this was an achievement of the people's commissariat of foreign affairs already under the leadership of litviny, checherin's former deputy, and this was global recognition of the socialist state, this was ideological victory. listen, idiot, get away from the cars, hey, the first season, like first love, never rusts. i have questions, a lot, comrade colonel, nevsky, and if i don’t want it, everything from the very beginning, i demand a warrant and a lawyer, you see, another fan of the series, from monday at 16:45 on
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is free. we open the way to business. sberbusiness. what are the names of everyday products at low prices? goods for sale. buy on ozone. seeds 200 g for 39. nevsky from monday at 16:45 on ntv. forest fires are a dangerous and formidable element. stop defeat the fire. calling the strong. pilots. observers, parachutists, firefighters, paratroopers, firefighters, forest protection aircraft of rosleskhoz, a reliable shield of the russian forest. however, the world was already moving towards a new war. in 1936, spanish fascists, called falangists, organized a military campaign against the legally elected republican government of spain. the western powers sided with the puchis. the soviet union sided with the republic. soviet equipment went to spain, two of them went. thousands of advisers and many volunteers, people
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from all countries of the world joined the international brigades that fought against the flankers. on december 13, 1936, the fascist spanish cruiser canarias was shot in the mediterranean sea soviet motor ship komsomol, sailing with a cargo of ore to belgium. the naval war against the ussr has begun. we are talking about a civil conflict in the spanish republic. which began in the year thirty-six with the uprising of the army under the leadership of general frank. most of the army supported the uprising. republican spain was supported, now we would say, by volunteers. a lot of people went to fight for spain, but the great powers, england and france, took a strange position, to put it mildly, by declaring neutrality, that is, a ban on supplies. warring sides, but on
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germany and italy openly sided with general franco and supplied everything they needed with weapons, but republican spain received nothing. the soviet union was forced to join the treaty as a member of the league of nations, but by order of stalin, it delayed in every possible way, finding fault with various legal formulations, as a result of which military aid went to spain. planes, tanks, weapons and specialists. well, besides, it was necessary to let as many people through as possible in order to get real combat experience. we we understood perfectly well that we were not fighting with general franco, with fascist germany and italy, which we might have to face, we just had to look at what we were dealing with. well, ultimately, england and france are breaking off diplomatic relations with republican spain, admits the government of general franco. the death of the spanish republic in 1900.37 brought an end to the relatively peaceful
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period of diplomacy after the first world war. in 1938, it became clear that the soviet proposal for collective security fails , new conditions are created for the redivision of the world. this began with the so-called munich agreement. on september 29, 1938 , the heads of four european states gathered at an international conference in munich. british prime minister chamberlain, french prime minister daladier, german reich chancellor hitler , italian prime minister mussolini. under the chairmanship of the fascist chief mussolini, britain and france agreed to transfer the independent state of czechoslovakia to the rule of the nazi bloc. germany, hungary and poland divided czechoslovakia among themselves. a significant part of czechoslovakia, the sudetenland, passed to germany and became. german territory. poland laid claim to the cieszyn region, and
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hungary grabbed a hefty piece of the czech pie. in the spring of 1939, adolf hitler, without any negotiations, annexed the remnants of czechoslovakia, the lands of bohemia and moravia. now, after the anschluss of austria and with part of czechoslovakia, germany has become the largest european country in population, surpassed and france, and great britain. made a bet on appeasing hitler in the hope that he would calm down by absorbing the sudetenland; even the actions of western countries during the munich crisis showed that, in general, as litvinov said, england and france took on the role of nanny under czechoslovakia and in general.
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attacks on the ussr through poland, hungary and the anti-soviet bloc was formed, the path to the former czechoslovakia was open. during negotiations in munich. stalin and suggested to him that stalin declare a general mobilization and launched a propaganda campaign to convince hitler and beck that... the intentions of the soviet union in supporting czechoslovakia are extremely serious. however, stalin refused to do this, remembering that during the first world war , the mobilization carried out by russia became a pretext for declaring war on it. stalin did not want an armed conflict in this situation and refused litvinov’s proposal, although
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at the same time he announced a hidden mobilization. it became obvious that the policy of the people's commissar for foreign affairs of litvinov. by the collective security organization was unable to prevent the impending war. by the thirty-ninth year, litviny’s position had seriously weakened and he was dismissed and ceased active political activity. on may 3, 1939, litvinov was replaced at his post by the head of the soviet government, chairman of the council of people's commissars, vyacheslav molotov. he led foreign policy. first as people's commissar, when ministries appeared, he became minister of foreign affairs from 1939 to 1949, 10 years in a row, and then after a break for another 3 of the year. molotov, as people's commissar for foreign affairs, tried not to act as
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a locomotive, as a separate figure; he was completely an executor of stalin's will, that is, of the party. leadership, for this, by the way, he had previously criticized litvinov, stating that litvinov did not accept the leading role of the party, was trying to play his diplomatic game, and molotov, not being a good speaker, relied on following the general line of the party, in general he negotiated quite harshly, so at that time he was called just... mr. no, as later, then they called the player. on may 31, 1939, 4 weeks after assuming the post of people's commissar for foreign affairs, molotov clearly outlined the international situation. in the report, molotov pointed out a crack in the system of security pacts between western countries and hitler. they all had
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such pacts with germany and were confident that germany, italy, hungary and japan could only attack... the ussr. the soviet union , on the contrary, did not have agreements with hitler, but molotov correctly determined that the aggression of the european countries defeated in the world war much broader than their declared official struggle against bolshevism. this aggression already directly affected the interests of the former entente powers. germany broke the naval agreement with great britain and the non- attack pact with poland. at the same time, she despised objections from the united states. this. the crack is developing into a split in the western anti-soviet bloc, allowing us to hope for reaching an agreement on the security of the ussr with great britain and france. those, having guaranteed themselves from direct attack by aggressors with mutual assistance pacts, evaded guarantees security for the ussr. molotov proposed to give
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them one last chance, to agree on joint defense on the terms of reciprocity. the choice was up to the western countries and they made it, disrupting negotiations with the soviet union on security guarantees in the summer of 1939. the soviet union, acting in this situation as a third force, one force is the bourgeois democracies of the west, capitalist, the second force is nazi germany, which were on a collision course with each other. stalin, being the soviet union, represents the third force, tried to use the situation that existed in... europe in order not only to protect the soviet union from a possible conflict, but also in order to obtain a number of different, including territorial, political, and geopolitical benefits. however, western countries, england and france, initially took the view of not concluding an agreement with
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stalin. the western plan that molotov spoke about in his report was the molotov- ribbentrop pact. simply blown up, soon britain and france, subsequently the usa, themselves will find themselves in war with germany and its allies. the moltovo-ribentrop pact was signed by the soviet union and germany in conditions when england and france actually abandoned the soviet union's proposal to establish some kind of european security system. in this situation, stalin. proposed to receive all the same preferences that he received from germany, from england and france, and it was much more profitable for stalin to receive it from them, the same baltic states, the same finland. the same bessarabia, but in a situation where hitler was actually not hiding informed stalin that
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the campaign against poland would begin any day now, and the soviet union did not have any agreement in hand, stalin went to the extent of getting in this situation all the preferences that he wanted to get from great britain, but at the expense of exposing a certain soviet armed force... in this situation, he decided to receive them from germany without actually spending any serious forces. taking advantage of the silence on the western front, hitler defeated poland, then attacked in the west. the german britz-krieg literally crushed denmark, norway, holland, belgium, france, and essentially destroyed the british army. after germany attacked poland, the red army entered western belarus across
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the border at the end of 1939 and declared war on finland. the war turned out to be very difficult, but after 3 and a half months peace was concluded. the border was moved away from leningrad, which did not allow the germans and finns to blockade the city from wiping the city off the face of the earth. in 1940 , estonia, latvia and lithuania became part of the ussr. the fate of the baltics was decided. molotov recalled. foreign secretary. came to us, i told them: you won’t come back until you sign an accession to us. the molotov-ribbentrop pact became a serious
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and truly major diplomatic victory for soviet diplomacy in general and stalin in particular. this pact made it possible to strengthen the defense capability of the soviet union, made it possible to expand the territorial borders of the soviet union, as well. he helped bring entire regions into the soviet union's orbit that had previously belonged to the russian empire. the soviet union included territories with a population of 14 million people. in june of forty-one, politburo member zhdanov, speaking at a meeting of the main military council , said: “we have become stronger, we can set more active tasks. the war with poland and finland were not defensive warriors. we have already embarked on the path of an offensive policy.” the fact that both stalin and molotov expressed confidence in the nazi government of germany was not an entirely serious mistake.
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another thing is that stalin’s miscalculation was that that he did not believe intelligence reports that nazi germany was preparing an attack on the soviet union. he did not expect that this attack would take place in 1941. this was a miscalculation. as for diplomatic ones. actions of soviet diplomacy, then, in my opinion, there were no miscalculations. soviet diplomacy acted within the framework that was given to it, and it acted quite successfully. on june 22, 1941, the entire soviet foreign policy again turned 180°. yesterday's friends, allies and partners have become enemies. yesterday's enemies should have been made allies. molotov's new task was to organize an anti-hitler coalition. in this situation , the soviet government turned its policy 180°, taking the path of closest
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cooperation with great britain, therefore with the united states and, consequently, with all the governments that were already in london at that time. at that time, it was not yet the anti-hitler coalition, but those countries that were blockading around great britain. and thus this very one arose. who included the soviet union in the lend-lease company, the anti-hiller coalition had already begun to cross itself, after some very short time the united states, the anti-hitler coalition, actually joined this coalition, and we must pay tribute to both stalin and soviet diplomacy, they immediately stopped what whatever critical rhetoric towards great britain and the united states, and in a number of cases. allies economic
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assistance, arms supplies. three conferences of the big three leaders tehran at forty the third, yalta, podzdamskoe in 1945 made a redistribution of the post-war world. at the tehran conference the issue of opening a second front was resolved. at the yalta conference, the post-war structure of europe was determined, almost 50 years into the future. at the podsdam conference the fate of germany was decided. churchel, for example, insisted on... under the control of great britain, france, the ussr and the usa. later, a west german state was created, but in response to this violation of the sub-dama agreement by the west in the east zone of germany, with the help of the ussr, a new german state, the german
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democratic republic, was formed. you are already at that age, you have to go up at some point, or forget about it forever. oh, the new manager has arrived, you want to fire him, how? share power, the carpet will be in charge, and you, kirill, this is your last chance, again a week earlier, family tradition, it’s done, well then let’s begin. obstetrician, excuse me, we need the final episodes, today at 20:00 on ntv. kingfisher - new season, today in 13:00 on ntv. poisoning, intestinal infections. this is where affordable, powerful filters can come to the rescue. the fairy chicken is for
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after the end of the war, the soviet union shared the united states' place as one of the leaders of the world community and sought to expand its spheres of influence. all eastern europe. seemed under the complete control of moscow, ideological considerations were mixed with political considerations, the confrontation between the two blocs was constantly intensifying. in 1949, the former allies created the military-political nato bloc aimed against the ussr. a new war begins, a cold one. the very definition of the cold war quite convincingly reflected its main feature. no war, no peace. the berlin wall, erected in 1961. became a symbol of the cold war, the confrontation between east and west, the struggle between capitalism and soviet-style socialism and the personification of the iron curtain, which seemed to forever divide the world into two parts.
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still, russia has traveled an amazing path only in the first half of the 20th century, from the fire of revolution to the cold war, from complete blockade to a bipolar world, the soviet union in this world begins to play one of...
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in russia, they remember the children of the victims of the war in donbass. over the past 10 years , hundreds of children and teenagers have died from attacks by ukrainian nationalists. commemorative events are taking place across the country today. three settlements in the chelyabinsk region were evacuated due to the erosion of platinum at the reservoir. and in japan , 200,000 were evacuated due to river floods residents of the northeast of the country. natural disasters are also expected in southeast china. a typhoon is approaching from taiwan. and also for each garden bed in kazan, you can now plant your own garden right in the city park, how the new project works, this is the program today in the studio!
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