there was a new battlefield for both sides that the the learn about it در مقابل مخالفته امروز در مورد.

mohammed razza shah had tough time during the mid-1978. he was straining every nerve to keep his relations with the carter administration, but the united states didn't seem to grasp the gravity of the situation in iran. i don't know enough about jimmy carter's mindset, maybe gary sick does. i mean, i don't know if jimmy carter really said to himself, if we got rid of the shot of iran, everything would be terrific. iran cuuse we'll bring about democratic, libertarian, secular government, or whether jimmy carter didn't realize what he was saying or didn't or thought that the show was so strong and powerful a character like ferdinand marcos, that this stuff would go over big in the united states, but it wouldn't matter the shaw. the ladder is my guess is that carter had no understanding of how weak the shaw was. i was the person that was responsible for reporting to the president. the united states about what was

going on, i wasn't the only person, but i was the principle, that was my job, and i wrote memos saying, there are demonstrations, uh, there are problems, we're seeing signs that things are not going well, it doesn't seem to be getting better, but i do remember vividly in august of 1978, which was quite a long ways into it, though the biggest demonstrations hadn't happened yet. um ambassador sullivan was on vacation and came home and and i took him into the white house to see uh mr. brizinski the national security advisor and he i was in the room with brijinsky and and sullivan and sullivan said to him you know bijinski asking what what's going on in iran and and what what's the situation. "and he said, don't worry about

it, the shaw has it all under control and you have nothing to worry about. set against such backdrop, the shah appointed jafar sharif emi as his prime minister. his close connection to the clergy had made him the successful candidate in a competition with more qualified rivals.

به برنامه دولت جناب جعفر شعرامی رای اعتماد از امروز بنده شریف امامی ۲۰ روز پیش دیگر نیستم بنده نه به خودم نه به بستگانم نه به دوستانم دیگر فکر نخواهم کرد فقط به مصالح مملکت اختلافاتی که پیش آمده است به علت عدم تماس به وجود آمده. اگر ما با دست جات مختلف هر چقدر of of باشن تماس پیدا بکنیم با هم مذاکره بکنیم صحبت بکنیم تفاهم به وجود بیاریم رفع اختلاف خواهد شد اگر حرف حساب دارن باید ما بپذیریم اگه حرف ناحسابم دارن ما به اونها باید بفهمانیم که به این دلیل این کارتون یا این حرفتون یا این تقاضات اون ناحسابه و با این ترتیب بنده فکر می کنم که اون هایی که واقعاً حسن نیت دارن و

مخالف هستند. رفع اختلاف عموم میشه باهاشون. اما اگر یه گروه کوچکی باشند که قسط تخریب داشته باشن و اصلاً اهل منطق نباش. the shah had changed his tune on public demonstrations, he called for martial law in the capital city of tehran and other big cities. demonstrations were prescribed, nighttime curfew was imposed and arrest warrants were issued for opposition leaders.

با توجه به اینکه حکومت نظامی برقرار شده آیا دولت در مورد آزادی های اجتماعی سیاستشو تغییر خواهد داد یا خیر مطلقا سیاست آزادی که دولت دارد اینها تغییر نخواهد کرد به جهت وضعی که

متأسفانه عده قلیلی پیش آوردند ناچار شدیم که این تصمیمات گرفته بشه ولی ما کمال آزادی رو تأمین. خواهیم کرد و همین طور که در مجلس هم من اعلام کردم از مجلس شروع خواهد شد که نمایندگان مردم در اونجا هستند تمام مذاکرات مجلس در رسانه های گروهی منعکس خواهد شد و مردم احساس خواهند کرد به اینکه اون وضعی که سابقاً مذاکرات مجلس در خارج منعکس نمیشد دیگه وجود نخواهد. 1978. reconciliation between the protest movement and the shas regime vanished when a great number of demonstrators were slaughtered near jquare in tehran. the day was called black friday.

and let's forget he was pretty stupid during this period too, instead of going to his cherished allies for 30 years years and saying, look, i've got a problem, he was attempting to deal with them in his own way, in fact the guy he picked his deputy inspector general of imperial guard had been a homani guy for five years, you know, or maybe three years, but he was and he went straight to home, that's why the raproshma with the religious leaders that he tried for in the spring of 78, work buse the guy that was running it from his shob was running to screw it up on h's benefit. i believe that the secret of understanding the shaw is to understand that in fact the shaw was very weak personality who had very low sense of self-worth of self-esteem. he was not a

powerful character and the result of that was that he was partially for good reasons, partially for not so good reasons eternally. fearful of being overthrown. i mean, one has to remember that his father was overthrown by foreign powers, one has to remember that he was the subject of assassination attempt in which bullets actually entered his body, so that would make one pretty fearful of future assassination attempts, that was in 1949. one has to remember that in 1953 the united states overthrew mosadeck with the cooperation of the british, not quite clear what the role of the cia was, what the role the british was. but all that to the aside uh and brought the shaw back to power, so if we were able to get rid of mosadec, could probably get rid of the show, and he was always concerned about the fact that in fact he was not sufficiently important to america that he would be guaranteed to be kept in

power. the country had passed the point of no return in span of four months from october 1978 to... january 1979, momentos events happened just to accelerate the downfall of the shah. the period was marked by widespread opposition, massive strikes and demonstrations. through the whole country, during this period of time, the shah's men left the country one by one and soon the shah found himself alone, in deep depression and under the world's media spotlight. this time the united states seemed to be fair weather friend of the shah. the shah came to the united states for medical treatment in would have been i guess 19... early 198, late 1979,

early 1980, somewhere helms went to see him in the hospital in new york, and the first thing the shah said to him was, why did you americans turn against me, so certainly by the time the revolution got underway, he had his doubts about us and i think it affected his ability to manage the crisis. sharif mami began a policy of meeting the opposition's demands before being made. he did away with the unpopular astar kies party and announced all political parties in the country legal. hundreds of political prisoners were released and freedom of expression became a civil right. the prime minister also curtailed samac's powers and closed down casinos and nightclubs. the imperial calendar was also abolished.

inept, the sharif imani administration was unable to appease the angry opposition, and as for the americans, they hadn't reached a consensus on what attitude they had to take towards the revolution. the disagreement between brizinski, carter's national security advisor, and cyrus vans, the secretary of state, was just case in point. most americans couldn't find iran a map if they tried. they have absolutely no idea what's going on in europe in the last. 300 years, americans are very, very, very paroquial, i mean, their

greatest interest is who's winning the the super bowl or the in a world series right now, what's happening to their personal health insurance, uh, they just don't have any real appreciation for foreign cultures of any kind, and it's not just the the people, i mean, large numbers of people in the uh put into public office, don't get it, you had a colleague that went in to see george. bush reasonably after the election, it's been 45 minutes of his hour with bush trying to explain the difference between sunnis and shiits and came out tearing his hair, and this was fellow that got elected president, you know, there's just very, very limited understanding of foreign nations and cultures, we're super power by the fact that we're super economic power and a super military power, we're not a superpower in terms of foreign understanding, problem was you had uh regime, an administration, i should say, carter administration that had

deeply divided council about countries like iran. what they did do is bring in a guy by the name of stanascadero, who was later ambassador to, i think azerbaijan and and some other one other country in the the caucasus after the breakup of the soviet union, and and escadero was kind of a controversial figure in the sense that he had been an outspoken critic. mid-70s of our support of essentially of putting all the american national security eggs in the shaw's basket. the third problem was that the american embassy in tehran was wowfully ill informed about what was going on on the street and and escadero was critical of that uh but it it almost terminated his career because it ran counter to what uh then secretary of state kissinger was advocating the us policy and the ford and and tailwind the nixon. administration, but he was also a fluent farcy speaker, and so when the revolution happens, sulvan asked for

escadero, or somebody like cascada comes in to infiltrate them, the the the crowds, which he does, specifically to try to get a sense of what the ground truth is with the demonstrators, and escadero ends up reporting back repeatedly with sullivan on he meets religious leaders, he meets student leaders, he he gets a very good sense of the opposition to the shaw, reports back to solven and... essentially convinced with sullivan's views that the shaw is done, this is a widespread opposition movement uh, it it goes across not only religious, but all the stratus, from the bazar to the to the uh the gumm and the religious movement and even in elements within the military. by autumn, popular support for the revolution was to the maximum. those against the revolution preferred not to speak out. that's while some predicted that the victory would be achieved by mid november. on the 6th of november 1978,

general gulam riza azhari succeeded sharif emmami, a military government was the last hope. a month later, general gari had heart attack and he was in the hospital, and our ambassador sovin went to see him, and while he was there, the general waved him over to his bedside and said, and he whispered in his ear. he said, that the country is lost, for the king cannot make up his mind, and to me, didn't hear about this until later, actually, but it is the single clearest description of the problem. the shaw had lots of of assets at his command, lots of resources that he could use, and he couldn't make up his mind

how to use them or to use them effectively. 'on december 2nd, over two million people in tehran took to the streets heading for azadi square, they called for the downfall of the shah and the return of imam khumaini. the time that almost everybody realized there was a problem that maybe it had gone too far was at the time of the ashua teshua riots in early december, news came out that they were going to have a massive demonstration, they said they were going to have but the army threatened to to stop it, things were getting bad uh, and when the demonstrations took place at million 200 thousand people in the streets and i did most of the count, i was experienced at berkeley where i used to count the demonstrators for the local press, about million 200 thous, no violence, and everybody

concluded the show was gone. a few days later, on december 10th and 11th, reportedly around 9 million people throughout the country staged large demonstrations, even discounting for exaggeration. these figures may represent the largest protest event in history. the world radically changed in 1979, i mean even independent of the iranian revolution, you had the start of an islamic century, you had the soviet invasion of afghanistan, which ultimately showed that a small sort of religious power could in fact

challenge militarily a superpower and win, so the whole way the world was being perceived changed, and one key piece of it was the iranian revolution, so if nobody knew how to deal with this, we didn't, the russians didn't, so the world radically changed in this very critical year of 1979. by mid-december, the shah's position had deteriorated to point that he wanted only to be allowed to stay in iran, but he was turned down by the opposition. in late december. he agreed to leave the country temporarily and still he was turned down. احساس خستگی میکنن و احتیاج به استراحت. on january 16th 1979, the shah and his wife left iran. do you expect

the shah to return to iran? so... well, he says he's taking an extended vacation and obviously he's leaving you with lot of problems to try to solve and well of power to rule the country too. in the end it was the shaw was responsible in the sense that i think he came to believe. that the greatest obstacle to his realizing his great ambitions for his people, the country of iran also, were the iranian

people, and if it weren't for them everything would be great. well, it's pretty hard for a king to stay in power when he thinks his people are the obstacle to the realization of his dreams to make a great country. scenes of spontaneous joy followed, and within hours almost every sign of the pahlavi dynasty was erased. on february 1st, 1979, ayatollah khumeini

returned to iran in a chartered air france bowing 747. the welcoming crowd of several million iranians was so large that he was forced to take a helicopter after the car he was being transported in from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic crowd, now the undisputed... leader of the revolution, ayatalah khumaini was greeted with cries of khumeni, oh imam, we salute you, peace be upon you, and islam, islam, khumeini, we will

follow you. کرد یه ملتی که فریاد می کند که این ملت، این مملکت ما را خراب کرد قبرستان های ما را آباد دولتمون، این شاهمون، این مجلسمون، برخلاف قوانین است. و حق شرعی و حق قانونی و حق بشری

ما این است که سرنوشتمون دست خودمون باشد، آیا حق این ملت این است که یک قبرستان شهید برای ما درست بکنند؟

esperamos que la votación.

ivf is a process of fertilization. in situations where fertilization is a problem, it's possible to create womb-like environment outside the mother's womb where sperm cells and egg cells are combined in laboratory dish. between two and six days later the combination is injected into the mother's womb. in 1973 australia succeeded in completing this complex operation for the first time. in 1988 and for the first time after the islamic revolution in iran, dr. sarimi published his research on ivf. two years later, in 1990, the first ivf birth was recorded in yast and year after that, pair of ivf twins were born in tehran. by the beginning of the 1990s, iran had acquired the science for ivf, short for invitro fertilization. israel was shaped by the

flames of war, bengaran, cognisant of vulnerabilities devised a strategic doctrine, yet on october 7th, seismic tremors shook the foundation of this. facing unparalleled challenges, israel confronted economic appeaval. how did this mortal wound reverberate through the intricacies of its economy? "who could imagine

something could happen in in in iran, nobody? begin of 78, i decided to to try to go to iran, but then after my first trip i came back from iran, everybody laugh at me because i was full to imagine something would happen in. a country like iran, you know, sometimes you never know, you have something in your mind, and um, well, when really everything started, it was end at the end of august, my pictures were published everywhere, the rest of of the world started to think something is going to happen in your one. who is michelle,

it's me. you're pressing your headlines you're. leader has turned the tragedy of gaza as a tragedy of humanity, which he says shows the invitability of current world order. us-israel genocidal war on gaza is now in its fifth month with focus on enslob being rafa, which hosts more than half the gaza population. and following a drone attack in baghdad, top iraqi military official says