massive colorado boulder is pioneering research on, usually a winters is revealed. what's in store, if by them pushes the button, he's in boulder, colorado. thank you so much and promises doing very, we're coming on. so in 2023, we've seen reports of secret catastrophic accidents on u. k. nuclear submarines biden's ending new day, a capable weaponry into these mediterranean to enforce the ledge because of genocide. the end of nuclear agreements being compounded by a testing new weapons occurring. the fact it likes defacto cooling back is fine. we explain, interviewed him or on gun before he was jailed. and we've had these really ministry admit to new be a weapon, the use of or these possession by israel. just remind us in the, in the context of all of that your work reminds us about your work on nuclear threats. yes, we've been concerned for a long time about the devastating impact of having a nuclear conflict. not just between the supervisor, the russian,

united states and enterprise in china that also between newer nuclear states like india and pakistan. and at the moment there are about 9000 nuclear weapons on the planet that are either way or is some sort of storage. there's also several 1000 more that are be dismantled, and those $9000.00 weapons have about a 1000 times more energy and then all the bonds drops in the 2nd row or so there's a devastating amount of energy there that can be released in person. and usually around goes office, i bring you a piece of this on the ground because that's how this generation slide just by nuclear process is nuclear fusion. so the 1st thing to have a zip code is a bright flash of light from the bomb going off,

which can burn people in considerable distances and start fires. then there's a shockwave that comes from the explosion across the 1st radio. radioactive materials are, can be distributed over rates justices. so all those things can tell people, luckily, so we estimated and have a war between india and pakistan. safety to a $150000000.00 people would be killed out right by the explosions. and there's a range there because we don't know the oldest of the weapons in india and pakistan and india test when nearly 15 killer times 1998. but most of the weapons are probably at that time smaller, but we don't know directly whether revenues are, you know, by the united states and russia, britain and france,

what they're willing to use our interest a have treaties, at least between russian united states. i recognize that 90 something percent of the nuclear weapons on the planet. and they're only about 200 cities in russia with more than a 100000 people. there's only about 300 cities in united states and more than a 100000 people in between them, they have 9000 weapons so that every city of those 2 countries with age are more nuclear weapons and only need one nuclear weapon to destroy a city of the average g of a nuclear weapon and the russian us items about $250.00 times at the end of the erosion of bomb dropped in japan, which destroyed a large segment of the russian estate angel tons. so they're trying nuclear weapons

are much more than 10 times our eliza rush involved. well, can i just schedule up there and ask you then? and i, i want to get onto the, perhaps you have some estimates about israel. we don't have any information really about what they have, but in the context of what you just said, we saw in the u. s. press while the ukraine comes like this, going on and lists quite to cooley saying, tactical nuclear weapon use in western europe is a, is something that we should assess and things that could move on from the use of the men. talking about it in quite a matter of fact, way it seemed, what did you think of that? were you taking it back? i think that a lot of people have your think that in a world between united states and russia, the united states and russia wouldn't be the only people only countries or damage. but that's almost certainly not true. so russia sought to have a 2000 tactical nuclear weapons. and those where is

many would be used against target slave ships or as mines for some reason. there's like a lot of the probably be used against the military targets in europe. i and i found about $650.00 or so targets. i think the russians would attack i. some of them are hobbies like military base is 80 days is air force base and things like that and also attack of nuclear storage facilities. and there are several nuclear, several countries in europe store us and your weapons, and a great britain and france a substantial parcels of their own. and they're also targets of the same time using intact and ukraine and things like power plants and oil refineries. a large yeah. right. is, is a tactical nuclear weapons and i was spoken about as battle field, munitions like a tank or something in the context of the work you've done showing us the

devastating well, environmental impact, long lasting environmental impact of nuclear weapons. yeah, so i mentioned that there might be hundreds of millions of casualties in the us and russia from the border between those countries and a year of i'm so those casually, they're pretty big. but when you use a nuclear weapon, burgess, the city that he's being attacked or whatever the target is. and that's no cyrus to produce a huge amount of so which we're going to be around this year and block sunlight. who did our calculations, we find that a wholesale work for united states and russian would like so much sun. why? very little to get to the ground to be just like by the sun goes away, gets cold. just like winter, sun is diminished, it gets cold ice sheets for him. so we find a nuclear winter would occur in wishing would be daily meant home temperatures,

beloved freezing every day and it let us here for several years. and we predicted that in that case, and then the deaths in china, russia, united states, canada, most of your would be about more than 95 percent of the population at the end of the 2nd year in the conditions and even got to their worse at the end of the 2nd year to alarm for several more years. beyond that in the middle east we think uh 75 percent or more that people might die. and um, places like a rack and u e and or such countries. um, there would be some confusion overall that wouldn't be so very effective, like argentine in australia, new zealand, as others are widespread. dest title, nuclear weapons, are often confused by people. and some of them are made to be used in

battlefield conditions like attacking re um, or attacking a tank or gauge or something like that. some of her work, hillary shells are, are there have been part hillary shells tested that had deals the same as originally from here when you have a little bit and i received with one of them with one artillery show. we don't know what the deals of the russian tactical nuclear weapons are. united states in europe, and they to have only a few 100 tactical nuclear weapons made to be large and dropped by aircraft and russia. so do you have, like i said, 2000 of them is and they probably to use the wine and widespread way across your why do you think, why didn't you, joe biden sent a nuclear weapons to the submitted drain, you know, for the gaza. the electric cause of genocide,

i mean these and masses of nuclear capable equipment. they across carriers, warplanes and submarines. i believe united states has no nuclear weapons on any year. wraps carriers at this time and most of its aircraft are not nuclear cable or certainly don't have generally a weapons associated with and i used to be an inferior aircraft carriers, nuclear power. the aircraft carriers didn't have their weapons, but the engine pres, uh, there were allies inches, japan and south korea, and just really objected to having a nuclear, the arms brought into their country from the ship. so they said they were removed from all the ships. as far as i know, there are no need of your main navy ships, except for some reassuring icbm as they carry nuclear weapons befalls the old kasteel anyway. but the he also sent the submarine, and bizarrely the pentagon announced it, which is usually, you know,

people keeps submarine moving the secret in this world. why would he, why do you think you did that? i don't think the submarines are having nuclear weapons on that either. let me tell you about submarines but i mean the so little is known as you said about the yield of some tactical weapons about the movements of those. do we know anything about israel's nuclear weapons? program off to we now have is really minister who said the vision you guys a meeting and in fact, what's being widely known by the international community for years. yeah. so it was real loose and very quiet about as nuclear weapons program. and one person who was involved in a decades ago that provided some information about it is thought that they have somewhere between 80 or 90 nuclear weapons up to a few 100 nuclear weapons and knows anything about their yields. it's

possible that israel tested in nuclear weapons during the carter administration along with south africa. the summer of the ocean is controversial as to where that is usually runs explosion. now storage impact and on. so the carter administration denied that it was a nuclear test at the time, but a lot of people think it was i'm so we don't really think about much about the it's really weapons mean very bad to may have nuclear proliferation in the middle east. it's obvious that there are gun, the problems between the various factions release for the when the other different religious groups there, but i the 0 say they shouldn't me. and for the, for ation anywhere anyway, but uh, and that was a pod types of africa. you were referring to, why is it the i a, a is so carefully monitoring one iran is always said, is a civilian at nuclear program and they've said it was on his landing to have

a nuclear weapons program. well, what is the role of the i a and trying to prevent proliferation? i'm new to weapons given. i don't see anything about the i a going to tell of eve any time soon. i don't understand the interaction between them and israel, in general, they try to uh, monitor countries and have agreed to international agreements about proliferation of nuclear weapons and to monitor them to see if they are actually doing what they said they would do. but there are a number of countries that are never agreed to, to the nuclear nonproliferation trees. why you don't want to get his attention image of it, man is name somebody, but there are so what country from having to agree to that. and so they're not subject to inspection by the, by the united nations. no, i might,

of you were in a really bad situation. the world wide here, because uh, china is rapidly building up is arsenals. indian vaccine are building up, there are. so those are 3 is building a is our skills. united states is really doing, it's ours. and it was, you know, to rush into developing a bunch of new weapons that are some of which are credibly scary, like drums, some raising or does side of harvard or a few cities. i'm. so this is a very bad trend of the world and it's uh, you know, we're just lucky that we're not having accidents for her that lead to a nuclear volume. let's get onto the accents in part to professor ryan to and i don't know whether the echo we sound they are coming from colorado is because you're in a bunker, but we'll get onto the mistakes and find to thank you so much for now or from the professor atmosphere economic sciences of university of colorado boulder. after this break the,

the on the board, the, the money, the lender says that the move found the crossing was uh because of the them. yeah. right. okay. one moment and sent out for you. yes, i have a life as

a starting and i hope the keys close exist to the 5 units but on us and not or to finance time unless it took me out of business today anymore. because the the welcome back to going on the ground. i'm still here with the professor of atmospheric energetic sciences, the university of colorado boulder, professor bryan june. so we were talking about the, the chances for mistakes of i'm a get them trigger the triggering. i'm again, you know, we, we are the more on con, on this show just before he was jailed in what a municipal school, who he was very careful when i mentioned the security of nuclear weapons as a no, no, that kept very securely. what do you see?

i mean, people know anyone who has a laptop knows they make mistakes on their computer. what are we talking about in terms of the probabilities of mistake submits to have trigger operation of these nuclear devices. there are several different types of mistakes. it could be made between united states and russia, the name theories of somebody will detect a launch which isn't actually occurring and then the other side to respond to that . for example, in the united states, the american president has authority to walsh and nuclear weapons by itself. any if he says less than a diesel, go be a loss. and so is joe by the up. with the, with a 30 minute gasket. as a small gap there and so there's always events. there have been numerous instances, state and detections of launches in the past. and unfortunately, the world is developing weapons that even takes less time to arrive, for example,

or sonic missiles shorting warning times. and the russians are developing nuclear power, cruise missiles that will just fly around the amazon for all the time it can be directed to, to united states. at any moment. we're giving basically no warning. and so that makes things more dangerous. and also, mission worry, the military will turn to artificial intelligence computers to decide if there's been an attack or if there's a missile that would be durable. my computer doesn't work and you know, millions and millions of people are running these things all the time. and they're selling word, but i certainly wouldn't want to do the artificial intelligence that we're going to look at your work. other types of problems could do for the community and the ag assume a numerous serious complex when i'm side to originally blew out the parliament in

india, originally encouraging sessions or not many people were injured, but nevertheless i, india moved from sort of the border and pakistan's original country compared to india, it has a population like russians is not very de. um india is that a huge population? i 1000000 personal army. so if you're a dagger stand you, jeremy overrun very quickly by the indian army. so it made me, do you feel you had to launch your nuclear weapons quickly to protect them so that they weren't just uses pro 5 by close of have a big population to compared to say, a western european country. but going on to what you're saying there about mistakes as opposed to uh, the theater friends. so i'm saying son is the federal, one of the people that the russian do you officer who prevented armageddon on 26 september 1983. and there are other cases of these offices who don't follow it is, and that's why we're all alive now to tell the tale. but do you deal with the

nuclear? biologist will tell you that eventually to narrow, misses that even kind of add, since you mentioned you agree about that shows how successful they fail, saves the operation organizational structures to continue to really afraid nuclear weapons would presumably be the argument of all the people making billions of dollars of money out of this nuclear weapons as creation and formulation. yeah, we've been lucky so far. that doesn't mean we're going to get too much of you in the future. you know the, the other aspect of this is just a waste of money. i mean, i say spring tray in dollars or something like that into putting a bunch of metal in the ground that will never be used for anything and making a bunch of submarines or screws around the se in the oceans and do nothing. we can take that trillion dollars invested in education and educating our show rooms are providing health care for everyone. there's

a lot of the better things to be used with it. it's very clear, but countries is spend their time in spite of each other and just never profit from that, which i guess move on to the question they've given you a pioneering research and the new, the winters as the drawing to tax the effects of a nuclear weapons even in small affairs, is, what is the, what is the response from the biden blinking, lloyd austin sullivan. these characters that visit places all around the world. talking about the need to protect the united states from the perceived threats of russia, china, ron, and i don't know who else was a moment jersey, the us national academy of sciences panel studying the idea of nuclear winter and seeing whether they believe that is um i got a good sized standing behind it and i would say in the past and the military doesn't

want to talk about it. and the political establishment doesn't want to talk about it and in a or doesn't want to talk about it. how do i know roger? does i talk about it when they want to talk about it? because it gets rid of the whole idea of deterrence. you know, you can't have much deterrence if you attack somebody else and comes back to then show your population, which is what happens is the clear winter is you know, and this is why you're saying the bomber administration dismissed your research. and you need to engines or every administration uses uh okay, garbage shopping, reagan and the 1980s did not dismiss that. they took it very seriously. and because of that, they started to get a hold of nuclear weapons, has been going on ever since then. so right now and there, there's only a small fraction of the number of weapons that there was in the 19 ninety's, early 19 ninety's. and so every american president on every russian president, since reagan and gorbachev has reduced nuclear arsenals. some of them by accident,

i don't think trump to do it on purpose that you still reduce it. i know other countries have stopped feel there to clear robins. so we have a long period of time or a written in france and russia, united states who to reduce ourselves or captain caution, including china. so we're just now on the start of a new build up into your web and a actually inside of this, the trump who's leading in all the opinion, both from to become president of your country. next year, he raced over to meet kim jong and i assume because of giving the diaries and what we hear from the trump presidency, was shocked to hear that the united states con, protect itself from a single time useful war and nuclear attack from north korea, which can only take 30 minutes of i'm think they pay their le, let's say, i mean with a trump presidency. perhaps some of the, for some reasons were up to him,

isn't that he understands it better than joe biden and others because he was just so shocked if this is the stage of play as regards how close we are all to death. i think every american president at least says clinton is trying to find some way to deal with north korea, taking the time to not feel that they're threatened to agree to get rid of their nuclear weapons. yes, it is minus the nuclear waste of the 3 and agents which was always threatening north korea was also really threatened, obviously by sanctions. and they can only go off or since the britain in the united states killed 20 percent of the population in the korean war created where it was obviously a terrible thing that happened in the past. and it has has induced officially, which is very unfortunate. and my view, north korea is a good example of this tailed state, which has a single family who's trying to take all the money and just start with the

population and keep it under control of the military data. sure, well, i mean, obviously that that is the argument used to say, well, in the united states is your projected, so with other nuclear weapons divorced, the deterred but as for the rich in this world who are benefiting out of the proliferation of nuclear weapons with their defense stocks. so you see the popularity amongst the very rich of uh, building bunkers to protect themselves as someone's who may even be, be involved in lobbying for more nuclear weapons. because they realize the probability is rising of a nuclear 1st use or 2nd use. well, i don't know a lot of people because you're in colorado, that's very rich. people go to a holiday. i know that. yeah. but i don't sense any trend to the united states to be concerned about a nuclear war. i don't see people i'm building bunkers or any other thing to

protect themselves at the end of the cold war and the early 1990 in peace broke out of the world. and the nuclear weapons started to be built down. you know, i think everybody assume that we're going to start solving our problems, assuming negotiations and talking to each other instead of threatening each other. and you know, that was there any positive or negative element, it'd be better to return to that instead of going around, threatening each other with things. you know, i'm, you know, i mean, lots of people from all over the world and everybody pretty much was the same thing . they all went, their families to be saving their children to be prosperous. and, you know, they're, most people don't care to be rich and famous or something like that. they just want to have a nice life and have it for him. we'd be happy and, oh, lots of wine to be rich and famous. we have to be in a bunker. ah, give me just finally. what about the impact all of the industry, the defense secretary, which is so big, of course, in the united states on academia or in academia research. i don't know how rich

boulder, colorado, colorado university of colorado boulder is per se, but obviously mit and all the big loads of big us academic institutions have huge funding. a link to the pentagon is that of texting people's understanding of the dangers of nuclear weapons. i don't detected me american universities that there's really much military involved. that is true, that son or universities don't ask for teacher already. and i had weapons, parts of the university went um, rather trying to help the military, probably a spin off from the 2nd floor in earlier times branch. i don't see a lot of military research in universities, and uh, you know, the los alamos and the department of energy laboratories, in general have shoes, human society just or have come from university is course,

kind of working at those places and military tasks. you know, it's a natural, apparently human behavior to walk out of military to protect the country that you live in. and so like i can see that's a, that's probably not going to ever change. it's a human thing to feel like you want to protect yourself and your family. and i know there seems to be others are human conversation out that 3 and militaristic, really, you know, i realize it looks that way. a lot of the time when you're looking at the news, you see american troops go any places. but you know, the general population, i don't think is all that excited about the world. it would rather not have it even worse. they'd rather not have to go and get in the middle of everybody else's wars . and you know, it's even now you can see in the congress, there's a lot of concern about the ukraine war and continuing to support that conflict. and likewise, are not very happy about the i'm us and the middle eastern problem going on with

israel. and most americans would rather see a 2 state solution to that. and a peaceful resolution between the israelis and palestinians, and other groups in the middle east to solve their problems in some way they didn't get involved finding each other. there's nothing to be gained by these words. i mean people lose from that. i mean, is having a water exception making the money arguably progressive, trying to thank you as well. and that's it for the final show of this season. we'll be back with a brand new episode on saturday, the 20th of january, but until then we'll be broadcasting some of your favorite shows of the series. meanwhile, you can even touch right to all social media if it's still extensive in your country and then to a channel going on the ground tv on mobile don't come to it's new and old episodes of going underground. see very soon and happy new year, the

garage of business services must be why, but just keep them in the system with key at the washington state. the pros, 1st to complete the phone and send 2 professional men to prep a list of over a huge what they use for level the the

java is becoming an ottoman habitable, and that's the spot warning from the us and the war rages on and human here in age, struggles to reach those in your past to fight against the dentist. alonda conversations in the u. n. court habits embassies around the globe reported to seek the types of one of the sections into taking it. sized off of the freestanding celebrates press past with one of the most popular services hosted by russia, paycheck 0 a good toodle in central moscow. these online visuals right now, the bizarre to the national reaching you live in the ross and.