[000:00:00;00] the, the, the, we are in contract, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and they define our lives much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand out,

the is unlikely. any one knows more about volcanoes here than alexi, or is that he's the chief logan all just didn't come chuck the collection. thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here in come check out there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here? in contrast to that, you see that kind of jim categories,

one of the most effective places in the world is to media and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, the 2 roughly ups of 300 of them, a big cones, and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around all have a ruptured long ago. that's a come. jessica also has 4 super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year. i called them super volcanoes, they all and 6. if you look at the book on the clips of going volcano, months to store business money over the country and ski by the contracts, there is a cross section of power, fully volcanic activity. which way to produce that because a 150 kilometers east of here in the ocean near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking onto the you're raising the tectonic plates. we have john's gap. what you want to use that plate is about a 100 meters thick. more as it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hotter liquid because of the water roll around it. got to it, but that's what fluid melts. the rocks cutting them into magma by the magnet,

which is the surface and come check the pacific plate on the concept, co rethinking 10 centimeters. every. yeah, but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed of the mole magnet was produced, and ultimately released to 2. and so we have multiple k knows that a reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract, the peninsula projects out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that range? if those who kind of show up with us, that's a very good question. it's a very important question. so the pacific ring, a file to humanity, is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got to it accounts that 80 percent of the active volcanoes on the voice and this 80 percent of us quakes on us that and 89 percent of tanami is i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet for more than a 30 c, so even from these broken calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity. doria. so yes, it is

a ring of fire and come shatka is one of the most active segments within that ring . you're down scolding that card. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us? when we take that look the whole time. ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look at it, the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the us. it, 1st of all, tell me the melted wrong window, standing on this solidified mega comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's produced when, who you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being wherever it came from. you see how it goes here, so it probably devolved and walks inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok noticed that he's the overlying rod, scroll down, those are the overlying rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream

fields can form that. so we'll kind of these geothermal stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every year. and of course you more necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of a planetary numbers, right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess you're like, i'm sure gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live feeling the one of the most distinguished scientists of his time. you worked at the institute of elk analogy and size apology and come jessica was doctor you have given him up, came in, his google for the series of life on us evolve thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear, there's, you mean? yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on the view is frequent, some very specific conditions. some of that combination of variety, temperature, gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on. as it might be, at some point to something close to life,

began to evolve at them as and relate to the process continued on its own, some of which he did. now i've heard you mentioned a couple of times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say that volcanoes are like people. uh, they're all different. uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes, of course that's sketchy. well got it. ok and it was even sleep in different way, but it has never a good argument to that is and the way they are wrapped is also a completely different salem. on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's gonna take people use by site, and we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material. i noticed when it comes up to the surface, switched to, it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful lama streams. this is always visible and one that media always shows us. because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others. the media if the magma is held on the ground, it's composition changes. crystals form and dizzy the room and it turns into and

the citric magma, media group, i tend to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow a tool, did you do? it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable. and this year and, and just to take them back. well, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magma volcanoes is mounts and highlands and busy me in russia. it's the best me on the whole country of yellow. and so don't you currently need those of these volcanoes have a different competitions. we're not even when they arrived, photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them. oh, here's this, you'll see the sheet then the other time. so they thought it was done, right? like volcanoes got off the phone, the big caldera by then. so one day, they said, these are depending on the condition of the material. and depending on whether it's muscle and the side we're right, life moves again based on the magnetic system, involves us annual kind of corruptions, can be completely different, send the neighborhood, and the issue of war then take into account the volcanoes, a huge height,

the amount of times and its loss direction. so simple and you can see there are huge differences that i thought each here. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano? and why did you have you ever asked? what did you look at the 1st time i visited them? ok, and it was a student landscape collection of fantastic, beautiful volcano, adult levels. and i worked on the go to the volcano, often with erupt it, but to me, cuz then when i go to a job at the institute of technology, yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcanoes which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute, a way of volcano in hawaii. now i collected love a samples that were like bombs. i mean, some of them to get everyone wanted how it was possible. i don't belong better than i was in and talked to go in japan and they had to put in here working on to be able to be then miss me on a girl. and they got a huge number of okay. those. yeah, cuz they're all different instances and i like each one of them is quick on use like constantly with ton took the chips going of course, bye for you. so you have written a book about it. and so again,

to answer your question seriously, really well, i can say that my love for volcanoes are using multi faceted high level volcanoes, but coach ethically is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right, i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of volcanoes right now, but there's other places that we need to get to look at to them. of course, the low candles get dropped income childcare almost every day. special village and dizzy, meaningful aquinos. had explosive your options, just recently an engineer and focused ologist and victor full of was caught right in the thick of it. the thickness, thanks for bringing us out here to civility your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a walk handler ups. what's the process like, what's what it was,

what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial, which i will go with if i may reflect to see the sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example. the move you would expect to see. there's a big, tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the site and you are in the middle. that's what you never see you, but the built me much real good though. you might see some red hot rocks is rolling down at night for glowing and the dogs. but that's it. what you might see for on your rupture. this is todd of getting gas and ash, shooting up as 20 kilometers and then falling over at lodge area. no more to nobody manager with the most recent to russian on april 11th this year. but i'm looking at my team and i witnessed the spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and meet you through this. but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come, jessica, come to us, can me, you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that, what,

or if somebody did not show it all started like 70. it was so seeing funds for the rupture and started at 1 am, going to watch a new one noticed by the smell, but then it was doc move hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia, we've got a call from our driver who said, no, there's some sort of loud thunder of that stuff. the guy walked out and saw snow falling with. so we thought he was a storm. we're recording for still dark floor to use flushed mike and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them, i understood we'd notice to us gree ask us pitch doctor you up a new line to go and remain for the doctor, said the osh, kept funding for 4 hours for him. it was always the 1st. somebody that wrote to the crowds about mid jane went to the annual slip dock. oh, as if someone switched off with sun and start to see women, you couldn't see your own hand resolve the flashlight, the people and the the supplement that's located 4 to 5, kill them at the south of ok. michel to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters, take out the full kennel slope here. and it will, could layer of

a match was between 12 of switching sentiment to speak about this monitors for. and then all of this happened within the very short time of the less than 24 hours and lots of nash and lots of fun down there for us. as cloud drops, it can also trigger lights, maybe. and so there are 50 kilometers. so what one of the mostly sounded like a cardboard trainer was running through the village. you will see collectively allow the boys in payment because we are a single kennel eruptions offered and disrupting both called huntington national at charlie, the mortgage clause, which was kenny jack asher. now it's up to 20 kilometers high. would have to go to a steam cuz she village here too. so they always capable of a safe spot for the late april this year. vision. yeah, you don't actually we're that over the head killer because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass, no glass. the glass has moved edges from being rude in water for a long time. the boy clinic now she has very sharp edges and says he can really hurt if you hate me up or how do you ice lug there are helpful to all kinds of air

crime because the disrupt, the engine you back in april or we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them broke out and after just a few days where the overall report is, will kind of josh can do a lot of fun and for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance festival in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionary youth and both the ash is also a heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good chance of the russian that, that actually helps new vegetation drugs. i put them as the now for science rule very well. go give them the bigger and stronger them before the ruptured way to that so. so in a way to actually sit for, to live for local files to go ahead. it's a review observable can for many years in a row environmental, you'll see that for us and we'll kind of interruption destroys and everything that grew on that. and if so, we're about 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again from those. so volcano is both destroyed and support lives through

the alexi who are a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still letting off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for a volcano? actually to erupt and to become active again of what kind of us and yeah. ok. those don't go anywhere. those gonna be the best they can always wake up because there's always a symbol slo been nice, some of the generates new maxima, know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go. when it reaches the surface, due to that, a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony. it's only a matter of time of life. the quantity of magma generation is no sufficient house,

nothing to sleep intervals alone. here's the lots of magma builds up quickly, while the end tables are filled. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes interrupt happened right here and contract. is that true? yeah, by boy. oh, no opinion. more or less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um, what makes the difference in terms of when we know and when we don't know it always you buy the products? that's one of the most important questions in both analogy. you know what we've noted, the whole volcanoes are different and as not always of ok. now has interrupted for a long time and all of a sudden the mag, my begins to rise closer to the surface and that, you know, would you mind breaking its way through the wrong and that data and we get to a volcanic us quick is what the seed no, yes, we cannot if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank with the coach of scully volcano. that's american. that's quite comedy.

flows to the surface and whatnot will discuss quakes and proceed. interruption rarely felt and see if it keeps so heavily. depends on the type of ok know and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area guessing this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to her up right now before our eyes? yes. do you sound that? especially if you on the drag when you're on a volcano with an expert vulcan ologist and we're going to like go, you'll be fine. and so at least you know, yes, we've been without one. yeah, there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all to knows how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now. and that's what it was just now for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013 in the young love assuming that the visa roll young volcanoes. but that's we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes. he will come, that's my job because of his i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it will be the process. it's very important to have access to

the process as it occurs. know guys, the media really geology and a science studies, 3 states of matter. gas, gas is liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from older wrist. one of the shape is your zip game. is it also studies liquid matter? well, is this liquid? yes, i agree, 10 years ago, so you know that that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be? for example, there's this mess or an idea that if it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to a lot and it's going to be more powerful interruption. and then what is the store on the whole? it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which african knology i was doing. what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used that way. we have them, as i said, definitely you take a layer of the ash deposit. i'd love the study. the lava study of the process is

study the volcanoes depth structure. as you move wisdom avenue in louise. and then we reconstruct the history of the volcano that already exists. there's just that he has to this nice story accordingly. if we can make predictions about the future processes that may take place. yeah, yelling expensive studying the geology. so that's a for a chronology is alova metro logy and geo physics easily. and then gave easy to a lot of complex research that that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to be a clairvoyant, if you don't mind when do you use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky. yeah, the more yeah. issue, i hope all the young and strong enough to witness the interruption. celia products from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what she, what kind of for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who are in come jessica, as well as for planes and everything else and know what the use do you see?

so i hope it will happen in the near future. 102030 years in the yellow, and that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just to your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly for sure. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world. and there was a huge number of volcanoes on the guy used to work on. if you didn't come jessica, who are you nice little and the philippines you need be are also on the water volcanoes. yeah, i wouldn't try to guess now. yeah. most it would be better to do this a few years. yeah. but with that light and all these conflicts between countries in the united countries around the pacific ring of fire, i'd say we even have all the scientists to work together using different methods to predict the very extreme subset ominous events. the definitely awaits us with that, that would be great. let me check it. it's like say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing us out of here. now we gotta get out of here safely. huh. does lash the know how it works or so whenever you are with me,

so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here in construct. if the any kind of chance was hours the we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary? is it just normal truck inside the oceans? it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st one i just started watching . it was a little intimidating, but eventually it grew on me in fax off to come check out any other places, especially with no mountains to fly around. to confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft,

and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? efficient the in charge of the chain when to budget corrupt shades over that we flew about the law of a river that didn't apply to it had a hard time with the handicapped. and the reason is that on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation. in gar, any volcano, we went there with a team of vulcan ologist and possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with noon. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck and i was annoyed was really dark and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crater when picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story. sort of. thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting flying with

you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what the, it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows. and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there is a whole family of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert in these phenomena. julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this, i wanna ask you about the colors. uh, we know that they're related to volcanic activity, but what exactly are the guys? the caldera is a very large structure. measuring many kilometers in diameter to light emerges as a result of a mass of interruption starts when a large amount of magma burst out of the pool located close to the surface was causing a big explosion. fire after that as the mag muscle emptiness of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or

a gold. and i can find by fault. an example of that is the reason guys are called there, where we are standing now. whether it's, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly is in the uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. its been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it? it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming. there wouldn't be a mile is demolished, and yet you could walk, you know, and the lake at the bottom of its crater are too absolutely unique phenomena. when you call, they are unique because the water and the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below one. essentially is this to sion of soul carrick acid, what the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid, a very strong mix. up of the volcano ologist, i went to explore the lake and

a rubber boat, barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum force that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia, and new zealand i need, but they are extremely rare in the world around and sure. and come child got this is the only lake like that. the the volcano go to ellie, used to have a lake like this before, but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so we're left with just this one was, in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising to and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this drawn aggressive a city water flooded the surrounding area. so you, it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they?

visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world with the standard. very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so, how does it work to you? this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the surface there, the water is heated, up to 300 degrees, will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i this spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active,

whereas the guys are shoes, water periodically, and it can go silent for hours sometimes days from depending on the geyser. so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydro dynamic behaviors on what the cost of the water itself is just wonderful. we and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization, a neutral to sub alkaline compositions and contains some nice elements like source, like acid and boar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day, but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot and boiling. and a geyser is a type of a boiling spring, which says that all these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot debate and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said,

there are some hard core organisms and nature so they can actually enjoy kaiser's only because you may have noticed the colorful rock formations around the gays or blow holes. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms the satellite show more will do like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h condition. they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing, these thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors by itself with the guys right is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermos, to look organisms, we have all this stained glass like the artwork, to enjoy things and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more about

the more expensive and i'm here to plan with you. what are we going to do not watch my new shelves seriously?

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can you see through their illusion going underground? can the diesel is concerned the dense of at least 3 people in kansas city as a result of power sheet 12th of humanitarian aid. and that has made necessary. bobby is really blown paid of pulled a crossing. also has a government decision that gave told her also to use the privilege known to be with, with the army is valid until the end of march. this year will time national conversation, abrupt and as well as from june 14th to review legislation that exams so to orthodox jews from military service. we have from a member of that religious community of the 2nd of people said, well, you know, you still have to bring whatever you want to play. people come to the point