volcanoes here, then alexi. he's the chief open, oldest income truck, the collection, thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue that it, for sure. so here in contract out there about $300.00 volcanoes, they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here and contract that you see that kind of jim categories. one of the most effective places in the world is the media. and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here directly observed 300 of them, a big cones. and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now they've got the food around that will have a ruptured long ago that's come. jessica also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year. and i called them super, okay. knows who they are. and 6, if you look at the whole kind of groups, ethically volcano got the whole gun, one still stuart as me on the over the and cut him ski by them. and then so come

childcare is a cross section of how full of volcanic activity, which way to produce that because a 150 kilometers east of here in the oceans going near the pacific tectonic plate is thinking onto the, you're raising the tectonic plates here. john's gap, what you, what i use that blade is about a 100 meters thick, moist it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hot liquid because of the water roll around it. got on it, but that hot fluid melts the rocks turning them into magma. but all the magnet, which is the surface and come jessica with the pacific plate under contract, covers and can use 10 centimeters every. yeah. but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed, the momentum that was produced and ultimately released to 2. instead, we have move. ok, those that are optimal frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula jets out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that range? of course you're going to show a produce. that's a very good question, though it's

a very important question. still the pacific ring of fire to humanity is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got to it. accounts that 80 percent of the active . okay. and it was on, of course, and this 80 percent of us quakes on us that and 89 percent of tsunamis. i could also impacts 35 percent of the people on our planet to enter more than a 30 c. so even from these broad calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire come shatka is one of the most active segments within that ring. you're just going to go. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us? when we take that looks a hold of ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look at it, the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside

the us. it's the 1st of all, tell me the melted wrong window, standing on this solidified meg, that comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's pretty, that's the whole you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being wherever it came from is how it goes here. so it probably devolved and walks inside it. so that's, that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand a root system of ok knows that he's the overlying real. i scroll down, those are the overlying rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream feels conform to. so we'll kind of these geothermal stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with ever yes here and of course you mo, necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of a planetary numbers, right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess like, i'm sure the gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live showing the one of the most distinguished scientists of his time. you worked at the institute of elk analogy

and the size, momentary in contrast to was doctor, you have given him a few minutes to alter the scenery that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear, there's, you mean? yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on the view is frequent, some very specific conditions. some of that combination of variety, temperature, gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on. as it might be, at some point to something close to life, begin to evaluate them as and relate to split, the process continued on its own. so i'm up with you. now i've heard you mentioned a couple times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes. of course. that's sketchy. well, got it. ok. and i was even sleep in different way, but it has no. and i've heard that you mentioned that is underway. a rock. there's

also a completely different salem on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to get cheaper use by site, and we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice what steps the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, which do it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful lama streams. this is always visible and one the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others the media. if the mcmurry is held on the ground, it composition changes the crystals form and visit the room, and it turns into an the citric magma media group. i find the citric magnet practically doesn't flow a tool. did you tell me it just explodes this way? it's very dangerous and unpredictable. and this year and under citrix magma, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magma volcanoes is mounts and helens. i'm busy now in russia, it does me on the hook. i'm shiver yellow. and so don't you kindly need those of these volcanoes have a different competition. and when they arrived, photographers have little chance of capturing that because they explode and seconds

have been destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them who use this use . any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right, like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then, so on that, if there's any. so depending on the condition of the material, and depending on whether it's muscle on the side and roll or right like to exec and based on the magnetic system involved, who is able to kind of corruptions, can be completely different sending you before the issue was in take into account the volcanoes age, but in the height, the amount of times and it's a loss direction. so simple and you can see there are huge differences around that if any here. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano and why? you have here with us, we said you're the 1st time i visited them. ok. and it was a student. lillian sky, fantastic, beautiful volcano, adult levels. and i worked on the go to the volcano off to interrupt it. but to me, cuz then when i go to job and the institute to vote and all to yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcano,

which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the, to the way a volcano in hawaii has been a while. i collected love a samples that were like bombs. and we have seen some of them to get everyone wondered how it was possible to move on better than i was in and talked to go in japan and they had to put in here working on chevy a little bit in this me on a go make a huge number of ok those. yeah, they're all different and switch them and i like each one of them. click on use like constantly with ton took the chips going. of course by fluids. you have written the book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, i can say that my love for volcanoes are using multi faceted high level volcano as well, but just going is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right, i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of all kennels right now, but there's other places that we need to get to. let's get to them. of course, the locate knows erupt income, shatka almost every day. the she'll village and dizzy,

and the on info chinos had explosive your options. just recently, an engineer and full can all just victor full of was caught right in the thick of the fixture. thanks for bringing us out here to savannah. it's your area as a special expertise when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt. what's the process like, what's what it was, what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial which i will go, okay, if i'm a reset to see the sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example. the movies you would expect to see. there's a big, tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the sides and you're in the middle. that's what you never see you, but she built me much real good. 30 might see some red hot rungs is rolling down at night. it's a glowing in the dogs, but that's it. what you might, the, from a new rupture. this is called a vocation, gas and as shooting off as 20 kilometers. and then falling over at lodge area,

no more to nobody manager with the most recent to russian on april 11th this year. or i'm looking at my team and i witnessed are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers image through this. but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come jessica from jobs come, you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that like, or if somebody did not show it all started that 70 m associated funds for the rupture and started at 1 am until like no one noticed the wireless smell, but then it was dark and move hard to see anything in the inside. self and here we got a call from our driver who said this some sort of loud under how that that the girl walked out and saw snow falling with. so we thought you was a storm me, a recording for still dark floor to use flushed my and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot when we tried to catch them, i understood we noticed to us great ash use our kitch doctor. you up

a new line to go and remain with dr. osh, kept funding for 4 hours, for the bell is always the 1st song that wrote to the crowds about mid day unto the annual sword colored as if someone switched off with saw nice. see when you couldn't see your own, have i resolved the flush, the vehicle or maybe the settlement that's located 4 to 5, kill them with the south of ok. mitchell to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters thick volcano slopes and it will cause layer of mash was between 12 or 14 symptom of to speak about this was for yeah. then all of this happened within the very short of time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash, lots of thumbs down there for us. as cloud drops, it can also trigger like me. and so the 50 kilometers away. and one of the mostly sounded like a cargo train was running through the village, was incredibly loud, the boys i'm pretty much because we are a single candle eruptions offered and disreputable, a local and international at charlie to boise just quietly. just can you check

asher now it's up to 20 cuz i'm at this time i would have to go to a steve cuz she village here to see the always capable of a safe spot for the late april. this yeah, uh vision. yeah. you don't nationally or that over the head, kill them because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass and health condensers. less heat loss has moved stages from being rude in water for a long time. at the clinic now she has very strong interests. and since you can really said, if you didn't have any up or how did you ice level, there are helpful to old kinds of aircraft because to disrupt the engine you're back. in april, we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them broke down after just a few days where the overall look where is what kind of cash can do a lot of hard for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionary youth and both the ashes, also a heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the plots. so it's a good top of the rupture, and that's actually helps new. did you teach them to grow and put that much to now

for science rule very well will give them a bigger and stronger them before the ruptured way to that so. so in a way that actually is it for, to live for local files to go to, to review, observe beforehand for many years in a row apartment, we will see that for us a little kind of interruption destroys and everything that google and then your so we but 5 to 10 years, they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again from through. so volcano is both destroyed and that support lives through the alexi who are a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still loading off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant to this one was that one?

what does it take for a volcano? actually to erupt and to become active again of what kind of us and yeah, for the whole trainings don't go anywhere without somebody, but they can always wake up because there's always a symbol slo, beneath some of the generates new maxima. no. as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them, there's practically no other way for it to go when it reaches the surface of teaching that a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, matoney, a measure of time of life. the quantity of magma generation is not sufficient or not, and the sleep intervals alone. and here's the loss of magma builds up quickly while the intervals the shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here in contract. is that true? yeah, bye boy. oh, no opinion over less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some nods. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um,

what makes the difference in terms of when we know and when we don't know those you buy the product? that's one of the most important questions in bulk analogy. you know what we've noted the whole volcanoes are different and that's not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time. and all of a sudden the magma begins to rise closer to the surface, and that you might, you might breaking its way through the wrong and that, that, and we get to a volcanic as quick as even the, the seed. you know, he has to become that if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank, with the coach of sculley volcano. that's american. that's quite comedy, flows to the surface. now this task awakes and proceed. interruption rarely felt and see if people so it heavily depends on the type of ok, know and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area. so using this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to a rep for right now before our eyes? yes, the sun is especially fee on the gog. when you are on a volcano, with an expert volk and ologist, and we're going to like a, you'll be fine. and so at least you know, yes, we've been without one. yeah,

there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all chinos. how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now? spell out when they got the order, which has not for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013. in the young love us. you want to be able to use a role, young volcanoes, but that's we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes. and that's my job with this. i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it would be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know, gave the media, knowing geology and a science studies 3 states of matter. gas gas, basically liquid in solid, hood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the rest store, know the shape issues it came as it also studies and liquid meta will is news liquid? yes, i mean 10 years ago. does that? that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong an interruption is going to be?

for example, there is this mess or an idea that it's been dormant for a long time. and then it goes to a rep that is going to be more powerful or options. and what is the store on the whole? it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which have for chronology i was doing what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used. that way we have to minimize that definitely. so you would take a layer of the ash deposit. i pleasure you study the lava study of the process is to study them. okay. and is data structure actually move us them avenue in ways and then we reconstruct the history of the volcano that already exists. there's just that to us through those nice stories and accordingly, perfectly can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah. like the sense of studying the geology. so the to for chronology is alum metro. a g n, g of physics. you say that again, easy to a lot of complex research that that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to

be a clara of way. and if you don't mind when do use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky. yeah, the more yeah. issue, i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness that are option c putters from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what you have for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who are in come jessica, as well as for planes and everything else and know by the way that i use the i see . so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030. here's the yellow. that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world, and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on the guy used to work on. if you have any come, jessica, who are you in iceland? in the philippines. you need be there are also underwater volcanoes. yeah, i wouldn't. i'm trying to guess now you have always, it would be better to do this

a few years. yeah. but with that quite in all these conflicts between countries in the united countries around the pacific ring, a file, i'd say, we need to have all the scientist work together using different methods to predict the very extreme send ominous events that definitely awaits us with that, that would be great, let me check it. and i say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing this out here. now we've got to get out of here safely. huh. does lash the how it works is your so whenever you are with me sir, you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered. is that some of the most experienced pilots are here and come chuck if get any kind of chance was hours the we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask,

what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary, is it just normal? and the construct and size of the ocean city is there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the 1st one i just started watching. it was a little intimidating. it eventually it grew on me in fax off to come check out any of the places, especially with no mountains to fly around. so you confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft. and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? this is the charge to the chain when to budget corrupt shapes. over that, we flew about the law of a river that didn't apply to it had a hard time with the heavy comp time you can use it on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with a team of bolton ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite

small. and so the guys went down with me. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using right just north of me, but something went wrong and they got stuck and i was annoyed, was really dark. and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crater when picked them up. as of that, it was something else to twice a story. sort of. thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting. flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there is a whole valley of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have for a lot of colleges, an expert in these phenomena. julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this,

i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to volcanic activity, but what exactly are the caldera is a very large structure? measuring many kilometers in diameter to light emerges as a result of a mass of interruption starts when a large amount of magma burst out of the pool located close to the surface, who is on the, causing a big explosion. the fight after that as the mag a muscle emptiness of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a bolt, confined by phone. so an example of that is the reason guys are called there where we are standing now. so what that is, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly is in the uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. it's been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it?

it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming. i would we um, always demolish tim. yeah. cheap volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon when you call, they are unique because the water in the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below one, essentially is this to sion of social eric acid, while the hydro clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid, a very strong mix up of the volcano, ologist, i went to explore the lake in a rubber boat, barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum force that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to hear me. they provide similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia, and new deal. and i knew that they are extremely rare in the world around sure. and come child got this is the only lake like that. the volcano goody, only used to have a lake like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so

we're left with just this one was in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising, low to and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse august, letting all of this drawn aggressive, acidic water flood the surrounding area. so you, it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon. calling darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world was 10. very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so, how does it work to you? this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the

surface there, the water is heated, up to 300 degrees, will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i the use, the spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active. whereas a guys are shoes, water periodically, and it can go silent for hours sometimes days on, depending on the geyser. so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydro dynamic behaviors. really? well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization. a neutral to sub alkaline compositions and contains some nice

elements like source, like acid and bar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day, but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot and boiling. and a geyser is a type of a boiling spring, which says that all these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot debate in water that cheated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said, there are some hard core oregon has since and nature. so they can actually enjoy geysers, because you may have noticed the color for rock formations around the gays or blow holes. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms does the satellite. so what we'll do, like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h condition, they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing i did this thermal files are the reason that guys are right is

painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors. is that i by itself with the guys right, is grey and unimpressive. but thanks to thermos to look organisms, we have all this stained glass like the artwork to enjoy and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more about the

a day in the united states, foreign policy establishment. all national security establishment is a weapon, washington person, it becomes a cloak for our own aggression. it becomes so a way of flushing other countries on the back sort of our record shows that we're not really that much of the democracy that we have no script interfering in other countries when they produce democratic outcomes. we don't like the cost of our executive and i'm here to plan with you whatever you do. do not watch my new show. seriously. why watch something that's so different little opinions that he won't get anywhere else. welcome to please or do you have the state department c, i a weapons, bankers,

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