international trade rate where which countries are interested in joining the brakes alliance, which are a sort of a stalwart against it, that kind of thing. right regularly, but they're now cubic co director from the midwestern marks institute for marxist theory and protocol analysis. no, thank you. thank you. all right, that's gonna do it for me for now, but do stay with us. my colleague peter scott, will be in next in about half an hour with a look at your headlines by the the we are in control, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and

they define our lives much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand up? the is unlikely. anyone knows more about volcanoes here than alexi or is that he's the chief broken ologist income chuck the collection. thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here in contract out there about $300.00 volcanoes,

they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here and contract that you see that kind of jim categories, one of the most effective places in the world is to media. and he has a 70000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, you know, 2 roughly ups of 300 of the big cones, and so t r active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around or have her up too long ago that's come. chesko also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year, right. michael mc below k knows they all 6. if you look at the whole kind of groups of school, you volcano at the months to store business any over the country and ski by them. so come childcare is a cross section of how full of volcanic activity pushing way to produce ads. because a 150 kilometers east of here in the ocean near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking onto the, your region, the tectonic plates. we have john's gap. what you want to use that plate is about a 100 meters and take more should go down a few 100 kilometers and down the

o. it releases hall to liquid because of the water rolling around it got to put that hot fluid milk, the rocks turning them into magma. but all the mag, which is the surface and come chuck go with the pacific plate. under contract covers thinking is 10 centimeters. every yeah, but we've got some very fast, you have to go right to the speed, the more magnet was produced and ultimately released to 2. instead we have multiple k noticed that a reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula jets out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that ring? if those who kind of show up with us, that's a very good question. it's a very important question. so the pacific ring of fire to humanity is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers, gets huge. got to it accounts that 80 percent of the active volcanoes on of course, induced 80 percent of us quakes on us, the under $18000000.00 defensive to anomalies. i could also impact the 35 percent

of the people on our planet to enter more than a study. see, so even from these broad calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire. don't come. jessica is one of the most active segments within that ring can scolding the cards. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us when we take that looks the whole time. ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look at it, the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the us in the festival. tell me the melted wrong window. standing on this solidified mega comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's produced within the whole you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being where it came from. you see how it goes here. so it probably devolved and walks inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or something. yeah,

the next thing we can do is understand a root system of ok. notice that he has the over lying road that's cool down. those are the overlying rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream fields can form that. so we'll kind of these deals the most stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every yes piano. and of course, you mo, necessary, in fact, we really should worry about the state of our planet and up was about another very important factor. the tools that are related to volcanoes is guess you like, i'm sure, i guess is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere. know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live and showing that one of the most distinguished scientists took his time. you worked at the institute of elk analogy inside apology and come jessica was dr. you have given him a few minutes to alter the theory that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear there's, you mean? yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on us. the view is 0, it required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right

temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life, begin to evaluate them as and relate to split the bill. that process continued on its own, some of which he did. now i've heard you mentioned a couple of times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes. and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're all different. uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes, of course. that's sketchy. well got it. ok. and it was even sleep in different way but it has num and i got it down you internet is under way. they a rock. there's also a completely different salem on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to get cheaper use by site, and we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, which did practically doesn't change it, don't see where it flows and beautiful lava streams. this is always visible. and one, the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there

are others the media, if the macular is held on the ground, each composition changes and crystals form and dizzy through minded turns into the citric magma media group. i tried to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow. a tool is either way i'm, it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable. and this to me here and just to take them back. well, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magma volcanoes is mounts and highlands. i'm busy now in russia, if it does me on the hook, i'm shiver yellow. and so don't you kindly need those of these volcanoes have a different competition. and when they arrived, photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them. oh yes, this use any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then. so on that if there's a visa, depending on the condition of the material. and depending on whether it's muscle, the side and roll or right elijah, is again, based on the magnetic system involves us. and you know,

kind of corruptions can be completely different sending you because the issue was and take into account the volcanoes. a huge height vary the amount of times and its loss direction. so simple and you can see there are huge differences around that. i thought each here, but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano and why? you have what else? we said you got the 1st time i visited them. okay. and it was a student in sky. fantastic, beautiful volcano, adult level, and i worked on the go to the volcano, often with erupt. it but to me, cuz then when i go to a job at the institute of technology, yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcanoes which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute, a way of volcano in hawaii. now i collected love a samples that were like bombs. i mean, yes, yes, my dad to get everyone wondered how it was possible to move on better than i was in and talked to go in japan and they had to put in here working on should be a little bit in this me, on a girl. and they got a huge number of okay,

those. yeah, cuz they're all different and switching and i like each one of them. click on use like constantly with ton took the chips going of course by fluids. you have written a book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, really well, i can say that my love for volcanoes is multi faceted, high level volcano, so, but the coach ethically is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right. i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of our candles right now, but there's other places that we need to get to. let's get to them. of course, the locate knows erupt, income child got almost every day, the she'll village and busy and meaningful. aquinos had explosive your options just recently, an engineer and full can all just victor full of was caught right in the thick of the fixture. thanks for bringing us out here to savannah to your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption,

we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt? what's the process like, what's what it was, what is actually happening? nobody knew that should be able to chat will go up if i'm a refractory. she felt sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example. the movies you would expect to see this big, tall mounting with the red hot lava flowing down the side and you are in the model . that's what you never see you, but she built me much real good. 30 might see some red hot rocks is rolling down at night. it's a glowing and the dogs and, but that's what you might see for me and your option is proud of getting gas and as shooting up as 20 kilometers. and then falling over at lodge area, no more to nobody manager with the most recent of option on the for the left on this. yeah, but i'm open to my team and i witnessed are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 killed them. it doesn't meet you through this, but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come, jessica, come to us. can you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have

to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that like? or if somebody can and not show it all started like 70 m associated fox, the rupture of started at 1 am until like no one noticed the wireless smell. but then it was dark and move hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia, we've got a call from our driver who said, and there's some sort of loud thunder out there that the girl walked out and we saw snow falling with. so we thought it was a storm recording for still dark floor to use flushed light and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them, i understood we'd notice to us gree ash us. our pitch dog grew up a new line to go and remain with the doctor, said osh, kept funding for 4 hours for him. i was always the 1st on that road through the clouds about mid day until then. your suit colored as if someone switched off this on that as long as you went on, you couldn't see your own. have i resolved the flush, the vehicle or maybe the settlement that's located 4 to 5 kilometers south of ok.

we'll show you how to little flash 8.5 centimeters, take out the full kendall slope here, and it will cause their of match was between 12 of switching sentiment to speak about this monitors for that. all this happened within the very short time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash and lots of thunder airport. as cloud drops, he can also trigger likes, media, and so the 50 kilometers. so what one of the mostly sounded like a cardboard trainer was running through the village, us incredibly loud, the boys and even longer because we are a single candle interruptions offered and disrupting both coal and international at charlie to boise just quietly. just can you just ask her about some up to 20 kilometers high. would have to go to listing cuz she village here to city. i was capable of a sweet spot for the late april this year, raising the ashley with it over the head, killed them because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass. you know, can you just let us see? gloss has move pages from being rude in water for a long time,

but the clinic now she has very shopping. interesting, since you can really, if you can hate me up, well, how do you ice lug there are helpful to old kinds of air crime because of the disrupt, the engine you back in april, or we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them and broke down after just a few days where the overall report is, what kind of cache can do a lot of fun and for the business, that's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionaries, if it's improved, the ash is also heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good chance of the russian that, that actually helps news educational drugs. i put them with the now for science rule very well, we'll give them the bigger and stronger them before the rupture like that. so. so in a way to actually sit for, to live for local files to go ahead and to review observable can for many years and enroll and permanently you see that for us a little kind of interruption destroys everything that grew on that. and if so, we're about 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big

a for us going there again, some through. so volcano is both destroyed and support lives through the alexi. we're a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still letting off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for a volcano? actually to erupt and become active again of what kind of us and yeah. ok. those don't go anywhere. those gonna be, but i so they can always wake up because there's always a symbol slo, been nice. some of the generates new maxima know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. that's practically no other way for it to

go. when it reaches the surface of the teachers and a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, it's only a matter of time to move. if the quantity of magma generation is no sufficient house, nothing to sleep intervals alone. here's the river. lots of magma builds up quickly, while the end tables are filled. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here and contract. is that true? yeah, by boy. oh, no opinion. more or less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um, what makes the difference in terms of when we know and when we don't know if those are you by the us, that's one of the most important questions in both analogy. you know what we've noted, the whole volcano is a different and that's not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time and all of a sudden the mag, my begins to rise closer to the surface and that connect with you, my breaking its way through the rock and me that data and we get of all kind of

goes quick as you with the seed. no, yes. so you cannot, if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank, with the coach of sky volcano. that's a meg, most quite comedy flows to the surface and whatnot will discuss quakes and proceed . interruption rarely felt and see if if people so it really depends on the type of ok, know and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area using it. this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to her up right now before our eyes? yes, the sun is, especially if you on the drag when you're on the volcano with the next bud vulcan ologist and we're going to like a, you'll be fine if you are. can you should know? yes. the deal without one. yeah. there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all chinos. how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now? and that's what it was just now for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013 in the young love. i assume it would be. these are all young volcanoes, but that's we always put

a particular focus on studies in young volcanoes. he will come, that's my job with this. i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it will be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know guys, the media like geology and a science studies, 3 states of matter. gas, gas is liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the wrist starting of the shape issues it is it also studies liquid matter? i believe this liquid? yes i agree 10 years ago. so you have that. that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be? for example, there's this mess or an idea that if it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to interrupt and it's going to be more powerful interruptions. another more to switch. so on the whole, it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which are for chronology i was doing what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of of ok. and

it will be used that way. me and this device it different. you take a layer of ash deposit. i pleasure you study the lumber. study of the process is study the volcanoes, depth structure actually move as them avenue in 2 ways. and then we reconstruct the history of the volcanoes. it already exists. there's just that he has to those nice stories accordingly. perfectly can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah. yeah. like the sense of studying the geology and use the to for chronology the lava metro logy and geo physics easily. and then gave easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to be a clairvoyant. if you don't mind. when do you use? i think the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky. yeah. the more yeah. issue, i hope all the young and strong enough to witness that or option celia products from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what you,

what kind of for you and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who haven't come jessica, as well as for plains and everything else. know what are the use there? see? so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030. yes. and then yeah, look, that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just to your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world, and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on they got used to work on. if you come in to come, jessica, who are you? nice lentil and the philippines. you need be, are also underwater volcanoes. do you have i wouldn't try to guess. now you have only said it would be better to do this a few years. yeah, but with that quite into all these conflicts between countries in the united countries around the pacific ring of fire, i'd say we didn't have all the scientists to work together using different methods to predict the very extreme subsided. ominous events of the definitely awaits us with the that would be great. let me check it. and i say it's been

a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing this out here. now we've got to get out of here safely. huh. does lash the how it works in your so whenever you are with me, so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here and construct. if the any kind of chance was hours the we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary? is it just normal? i'm short, concise, which means it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st when i just started watching it was a little intimidating, of course, but eventually it grew on me in fax off to come check out any of the places, especially with no mountains to fly around, feels to confirm jack has become

a 2nd time to me, i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft. and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? efficient the george? so the chain when to budget corrupt shades over that, we flew about the law of a river that didn't apply to it had a hard time with the heavy comp technician, because on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with a team of bolton ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with noon, they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck over the more it was really dark. and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crater when

picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story, sort of a thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting. flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see. well, it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there is a holds only of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert in these phenomena. julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this, i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to walk into captivity. but what exactly are the caldera is a very large structure, measuring many kilometers in diameter to light emerges as a result of a mass of interruption. starts when a large amount of magma burst out of a pool located close to the surface, causing a big explosion to fire. after that,

as the mag a muscle empties this of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a goal, confined by fault. an example of that is the was in guys are called there where we are standing now. whether it's, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake, molly, this in the uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. its been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it? it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming. there wouldn't be, ma is demolished in yatchuck volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon when you call. they are unique because the water in the lake is extremely acidic, with a p h level below one. essentially is this to sion of sol sherik acid,

what the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid is a very strong metrics of the volcano ologist. i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat, barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum force that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia engineered zealand i need, but they are extremely rare in the world around sure. income child got this is the only lake like that. the volcano goody, only used to have a lake like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so we're left with just this one was, in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this strong aggressive, acidic water flood the surrounding area. so you, it's

a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world with standard. very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so, how does it work? you? this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the surface there, the water is heated, up to 300 degrees, will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those. this spring is boiling and bubbling all the time.

sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active, whereas the guys are shoots water periodically and it can go silent for hours sometimes days from, depending on the guy's or. so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydrodynamics behaviors on here. well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization. a neutral to sub alkaline con positions and contains some nice elements like source like acid and more on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day following, but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot, and boiling. and the guy sir, is a type of a boiling spring,

which says it all. these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot bathe and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. name dot said there are some hard core organisms and nature so they can actually enjoy geysers. me because you may have noticed the colorful rock formations around the gays or blow holes. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms, the satellite show mobile. they're like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h. condition. they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing i do, these thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors. is that i by itself, when the guys right is grey and unimpressive. but thanks to thermal select organisms, we have all this stained glass like artwork, to enjoy and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more

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[000:00:00;00] the, the bob way expels the us a mission. according to the us, thanks, developments that may have called most of the america imposed small sanctions on the countries. officials, a humanitarian ad drop killed 5, a garza city up to a power suit fails. that's the measure the results of israel's blockade of border crossings. also, one thing was quite clear though, for president biden hasn't got in touch you single because lawmakers loved joe biden, states of the union address,