here it takes years of preparation to actually take on that final frontier space training pushes that means human ability is limited to the very edge. so who are the super heroes of today? let's get to know them a little better. the every comes about japan starts here in shows me go to doc or star city, the learning to operate a spacecraft reading other g forces. moving in 0 gravity working in outer space and even coping with long term isolation. all this is taught with the help of flying labs centrifuges, hydro labs, and a lot more space is closer than you think. the cosmos and tone is a veteran. for space flights, he knows better than anyone. how space becomes one's job.

the potential taking the time to uh, meet here, basically in your office. so space hits your job. how does one go about doing that? how do you become a customer on what should it was my childhood dream to be a cause? minot interest of you and i decided just like you were to go in the 1st 3 months, cause my notes to become a sign to buy that 1st before joining the customer. know to call him police okay. diaz to prepare for my 1st flight for the now rushes space agency is running a public recruitment campaign to the customer over to you. and it's one of the things to be basically, any russian citizen under the age of 75 who has a higher education and meets a few other criteria can find to be selected as a customer. and you have to actually stay calm. yeah, i mean, because you're sitting on top of a rocket in some instances with so much force and stress going on behind you. there's so many things that can go wrong. you have to stay calm. can you train for

that, or is it something that is just in your nature? i understand that you also have parachute exercises that are kind of a psychological, a check as well, and also produce the that's a good question. i'll do much. i think there's no person who was by nature was prepared psychologically for i'm forcing circumstances, by the way, a pen space flies itself is of course, hard and sometimes dangerous work, if an emergency, because the most important thing is to be calm and collected. that is to do everything the way you were taught on the ground when you were preparing for the flight of the age cosmonaut on the go special power. she'll training during which $4.00 to $6.00 trump some aid almost every day over the course of a month full on a long job, which last about a minute hold on the customer. no, it has a special pad on that hand. it's a small plastic bed and which does a small task. yep. like it might be as simple as a mathematical plus or minus calculation. know, attending the time show. don't know which one digit clock you can only look at the task. once you make the jump, maybe you put in your stabilized and free full, you can begin to solve the problem with a child that has

a microphone on the recording device that records everything you're saying and see that you speak as you do your task. after the jump to every night or specialists, overlay the video that the camera man takes of you with the walk. you say he's a piece we send them psychologists who are always present to the jump. skipping makes conclusions about your reactions in an extreme situation. and for me, it definitely is an extreme situation because i'm not a professional skydive. i don't know for my own experience that from jump, the jump was the 1st 100 to 200 jumps. i could feel how i was getting mentally strong. do i think what will compose to be able to pony and if i could control my emotions any other way and even in subject stream situations that i could report on lots of getting on. i mean, so have a full cuzamano to go through with that because someone else to another psychological test i guess is the isolation chamber where you have to go on number of days in silence deprivation sometimes without sleep. um that seems to me that could also really be a trial. what does that do for us or not?

how does that help you prepare them as a way to sort of chain? there is a special room here in style city, home of the see it has no windows, only a door. a couple in the door is closed. there's absolutely no sound inside, which during the time you're in the chamber, it can be from 3 to 5 days. if you're feeling you have no normal voice communication with anyone from the confused day and night to there's a bed next to you. this is also mentally tough as you want to sleep on it, but you console. but on the what the candidates for space flights selected for the customer to obtain pasta sound proof chain, but test with the company. i mean, they were suspended from training and expelled from the customer, not squandered because they failed the soto chain. but testing, i've always had that there is nothing more loud than the silence in your own head. the kind of yes, yes, of course, with some fits, stimulates long space flight. but north of when the may be, for example, a lack of communication of you may be alone in the spacecraft and there may be a delay in transmission of information. so i think it's a very necessary test,

especially for long space flights but open. mm hm. now, when we think of a cause, months training, one thing is a stereotype or kind of a certain image is you spinning around in the centrifuge, right? what exactly does that do? i know that it applies more g forces on you can explain a little bit of what that means and what do you do? how does that help you as an ass drop? prepare the gym of something for watch the centrifuge full because the centrifuge simulates overload to split, which is what it cuts middle. it fails during the rocket launch and returned to us as he breaks from the speed of 8 kilometers per 2nd. per keeps diversity 0. but if i'm, it feels like you'll wait increases in proportion to the overload or, or for example, the overload is a plus 3. so can say, oh wait, has tripled and your period was how does that feel as much with you as you try to lift your arm or leg? it doesn't matter. precise. have you feel like it's 2 or 3 times heavier for these, but it's like something heavy is being put on it like a lead suit. i talked to move. it's also hard to breeze. you have some good. there

is a special technique that helps deal with that, using our muscles. we take it there by holding the chest and breathing superficially with the abdomen. this allows us to continue functioning, tell them to keep the circulatory system working on. yeah, we don't lose consciousness and continue to perform a task. sweet. so now you have these laboratories, these planes that take you up into the parabolic curves. they give you about 29 seconds of 0 gravity 0. geez. um, is it like the real thing? is it, i mean, does it really give you that experience? i'd like to speak like that and give you so much, but i'm going to guess it is real 0 gravity. it's the loosen oil. 76 plane is really big school, but i'm the cabin is almost full. meet this tool is completely empty. there are no seats that those people on the floor is covered with pending to minimize the risk of injury who will spend the customer notes in training. use it to learn to move around the cabin in 0 g before they go into a space mission. they also learn to put on the a, so it's in 0 d on

a plane like this is skip, excuse me, this is what they need to be able to do in space. so these flight from really help them experiences, they are a gravity in advance. you've done all your training, you're up on the i ss, and now you have to do experiments because causes nonsense drugs. you have to do experiments while you're up there. in fact, the space flight itself is kind of an experiment. what do you do up there? what's it for? all right, that's a good question given we still have many seem to think that we go out there just to have fun floating about and taking pictures of a planet the only pull the we do that too. but the main goal of every space mission is to perform a number of experiments. then that's what the customer notes do. cause me to being in space means we can observe us from the outside and then we use it for various experiments to study our planet in detail who do no problem. they range from simple ones like taking pictures for the more complex ones like spectral imaging, with special purpose equipment. and that's allows us to see not have these things on the planet surface you, it'll say what's on the ground. we also study how human bodies adapted to being in

space or more. so we run experiments on ourselves. what we found with the help of space scientists and space medics. but also we're looking for ways to extend human capacity to spend time and space safely. we're looking to have people know who has been 6 months or 12 months or more and all that. and then successfully returned to a planet issue, but also to land on the moon if needs be for a mazda and be fit enough to continue working there. in general, the international space station is the world alone, just one. so if not, then i'll just, i'm still definitely the most expensive level retreat ever created by humanity we use, but the porch in storage is the cause of mount to the future. here in star city instead of gate, mikaya is preparing for his 1st space flight. the it's so good to meet you here and such an interesting facility. i have to ask,

we all know about 0 gravity out in outer space. being able to flip in training for that, but how do you train for that in a swimming pool? why do you have to become a diver new way? i'm gonna need preparation for working in outer space involves training in our hydro, labord, tori, and your customer knots, practice all of their actions here in order to repeat them in space. we walk through the entire sequence, practice the entire plan of action in the lab, and also coordinate our actions as a team and then decide who does what during the space walker. i hear that one outing in a space suit. you can lose 2 kilograms. is that true and why is that the me, it's hard work actually as you know, space walks nowadays can last up to 8 hours sometimes longer and i call that time you can find in your suit and you work a lot. so naturally you sweat that way you can lose even more than 2 kilos depending on the job at hand. so when you're on an eva or an extra vehicular activity out side of the space station, if you lie a lot on your hands,

which means you're training your fingers if i'm not mistaken. how does that work? i mean, how do you do that? because there's no of course hand strength is important and so is grant, basically your entire shoulder girdle is involved to your is there a certain tricks like in any profession when working in a space suit for you shouldn't fight it, you need to become one with it. for and then you will have enough endurance to get you through the entire space walk mission. i know that we have a as authentic as you can get of a mock up inside a pool. here, you're inside a space suit. but when you're here, you have some safety precautions. you have divers who are down there with you, who can help you if you get in trouble. when you're in space, who do you rely on 10 years now? of course an outer space. it's only you and your crew made that you can count on. nobody goes out into space alone with space walk commissions always require 2 crew members, each keeping an eye on the other. so you only have your mate to rely on yourself and some help from, or if there's been

a long time since we have gone to them on the right. now there's a lot more focus and attention on going back to the moon. how does this affect your training? and the more right now, i'm only hoping that one day i will be part of those mood admissions. i think any cause we're not in any space agency wants to be on a mission like this. this dream is the reason you become a cosmo, not, not only to go to outer space, but to go to the moon as well when you're 6 to in fact, all attempts to go to the moon are just testing the technologies that will take human kind further into space, the 1st we need to gain a foothold on the moon as an interim phase, and then move on. you know, obviously this is going to take some time, but there's no doubt that it will happen in the near future. you work a lot with robots. that's natural. and is there a possible move it to use more robots? possibly even a i maybe even replace a customer knots at some point. is this part of the plan? or will there always be a need for the customer? not in space, not even though because we have robotics systems at the international space station

. and although i'm sure the technology is going to develop and move forward, it will never be to replace human robotics systems and cause when ops will be moving towards the future together. with robots helping humans explore outer space or i know of uh, at 1st there will be some small systems assisting customer nots with minor tasks. but eventually, as the systems grow and develop, robots will be entrusted with more and more routine works is, of course, i hope those robots will be safe to work with them and will really make the work. if cosmonaut is easier. so a new spacecraft long distance flights, we've talked about that a little bit already. so that means new kinds of training. things that haven't been done for before kind of going because you don't know what to expect and how to prepare. and how is that affecting your training need to me for a long space flights be a lunar missions or just a year long orbital. i assess flights that have become so common. recently require a new kind of training and training for lunar mission includes learning to drive

lunar rovers on the moon and landing on the moon in a manual mode. while we can find suitable conditions on earth for lunar driving practice, other things like manual mode, flight and landing drills require either computer modeling or practicing landing and the helicopter people. i think this is going to be the key type of training for such a long term space expeditions to be to the right. so this place will never stop being fascinating to me. now, more of a fun question. i know that causes when i was going to be superstitious. uh, do you guys have any traditions or have you taken up any good luck charms with you? the yes or a many traditions and all that and some of them was started by you. what are you good got in himself, let me see if you've got got in there a good luck charms to me, but then you have an official name. no. the 0 gravity indicates at the crew captain

takes with him a small stuffed toy that only gets all kinds of required approvals to be included on the equipment and the condo listed. so when you buy it is listed, there is a 0 gravity indicator that's always hung on a rope above the captain's head. off to the captain gets inside the cabin and sales the duel, the usually 100 thank himself making so it doesn't get in his view when he's watching the control board. as the rocket launches, the road extends because of etc ration you agree with. and once we reach old, it's about 9 minutes late to when we have you 200 kilometers above the ground is the end and that's where the 0 d begins and we so, but we cannot fill it immediately physically. but the plush toys is the 1st thing that begins to float from it. that's how the crew realizes that we're in a little bit. e, we're in 0 g. if we've made it the space between i've seen 1st time is on my crew, get really excited about seeing that to a float. they started throwing pencils at each other as a way to at least see the 0 d. while we come to you at phillip, physically keeping,

we have to wait until central control gives us permission to one strap out sales from our seats signal and then we can experience 0. do you fully a very cool. all right, so we've talked a lot about like the training. we've talked a lot about what it's like been up there. um. but getting down to pretty hard and it seems that it can put a lot of stress on the vehicle stress on you can be terrifying. but you've said that keeping kind of a child like attitude. it helps you talk to me a little bit about that. um, well yes, if you compare the launch and the return of the ton is the most dramatic and thrilling password in the file, i usually compare it to a roller coaster. we feel the g factor you'll sitting in the lending mode, you the re entry capsule and you'll being twisted into that. it slows down against the atmosphere. you'll caps, you'll still it's building up and you can see it engulfed in flames through the windows. i tried to help my crew mates a lot on the 1st defense ski. i totally didn't freeze in fear standard rather, stay engaged with the re entry process instead of just sitting there and bring the

reason what i tell them is, yeah, i mentioned that your children on a fun ride store. you can scream, you can shriek, i'm ok with one of the 1st. it's better if you express your emotion, then if you've both lit up inside and whatever happens in the camp, seal is only recorded by the flight recorder. it's not going anywhere. once people get the idea, they relax and reassure each other, but so we've learned that going through this stage can be easy and even enjoyable. so you can always predict exactly what you're going to end. we know that it's going to be somewhere in this general area of the tundra. sometimes that can go wrong as we know this early on of so you have to do survival training. what's that like? what's it about? what do you train for? what do you, what type of survival conditions? do you see that? yes, we learned that lesson of the customer though. it's really an open but you know, i have had an emergency landing. i mean, they found themselves in the tango during a brutal frost from any human life and a 100 kilometers from the nearest road. they were in the space suits and new clothes to change into so they almost froze to death,

even though they'd survive. the landing itself, like this teaches us up the, there's a diverse place or the landing side could be a forest lake, the deserts, even a mountain. that's why we undergoes a viable training for various types of terrain up to believe you must learn to survive for a given period of time without your survival kits is the only results. all right, so this gives you an idea of the size and this is just the russian is part of the space ocean 6. so you've been up here, you've done your job, you've made it down. and i have to ask a question, kind of from the, from the kid side of my heart. uh, what does it feel like to be back on earth after you've been in 0 gene? what, what does it actually feel like put something on your body? and well, i'd say it feels as if you're in some kind of super heavy suit to them. each of my 4 expeditions was 6 months, and this means that i didn't experience any gravity for 6 months in a row. i remember my thoughts when we landed i had to exit the spacecraft. they

asked the captain, i'm the 1st one to go to. so i only have one fuss myself from the seat and stretch out my hands in front of me so that i could be pulled out and evacuated from the caps the all i told you, i remember feeling that my arms was so heavy or they wouldn't even move without significant effort because if i was holding something really big likes really to water bottles in each hand. after i was pulled out and seated in a chair, when i felt the physical force pulling me towards the ground, which i actually felt that energy, the polar defense ation of gravity. very cool. okay. so i am also in the presence of not only a customer, not but an actor as while you were part of the visa movie. the challenge the something interesting about that is that you took 2 people to space who didn't go through all the training, all the customer training, but basically just did a rapid, quick succession of trainings. and so they could get up there and fill in this part

of the moving. um, does this open up new avenues? does this open up space to more people or what's going on? some of the level spend risk goes most gave us very short time frame 3 and a half months because we never had such a short period of time to train to people for space or just because normally we have almost 3 times longer. but this experience prove that it is possible to train people even within such short time frames could about. so this trip made by the crew of the challenge has indeed opened the way for more people to go into space. one of your colleagues, um, a soviet customer not actually said this beautiful phrase that when you go up into space, you leave a patriot of your country. but when you return to earth, you are a patriot of earth. that's a beautiful idea. you can't see country boundaries from space and expertise, but we may have an idea or about wherever a country alliance, but we can't exactly tell where one state ends and the other begins. it's something

you often notice when in a little bit. so we come to realize that that is fragile, and we must urge people to present of our home. and when i get back to us, i really feel no boundaries, nothing feels truly and abroad. it goes wherever it is and it's still a loan of only a handful of people were chosen to be the 1st to take on space. and what we noticed was among them, what was it like? and how do you prepare for something that you know so little about the 1st i want to say i've been looking forward to this conversation for a long time. i've heard a lot about you in my mind, you're kind of like our extended family because in full disclosure, your daughter marina is my producer. so when you are chosen as an estrada, you were preparing for things that we didn't know what to prepare for. we didn't know what to 0, gee,

would feel like we didn't know what traveling an outer space would be like. so what was that like to be preparing for something that was unknown to everybody? me january 1963 was selected as a member of the 2nd group of cosmo noise. yeah. by that time your own people had already being to space. there was no customer nor training center back then a no much experience. and so we were in a sense, guinea pig slip with us as test subjects. they worked out what it was like to live in space or new housing each in space. i'll just deal with basic bodily functions and so on. if there was among 4 of the youngest members in the group, are there no way of being trained for a long duration flights event time. nobody knew what it was like to be in space for an extended period. so we will put through extremely tough training, just ok. your training was very difficult banks and in fact, it was much more difficult, much more harsh than the training that is taking place today. uh,

what did you have to do? what was expected of a customer not back then, and what types of trainings have since been dropped? why a lot of the things we had to go through with lights of dropped, like training sessions in the sample test chamber. i mean, want system with chamber, you might all scared about it. well, they put you in a sealed box where it's close to 90 degrees celsius and you'll find the closed during your overalls. you'll heavy boots and wearing a hot grapevine now. so the test was to wait until your body temperature rises by 2 degrees. when it turned out, there was no use for the test, so they gave up on it. then with all the test remained. for example, if you, i know that in this training center, when they do high g training, they go up to 8 g. but we used to have tough a standards or we trained up to 12 g o. so as you can see here, the center, they've got all these simulators under elaborate machines. they even have the craft on displaying here or it,

or we had none of those. nowadays their entire laboratories that can fly and simulate a 0 gravity. these airplanes that go up and down, back in your time. how did you simulate 0 gravity? was there a way to do it? how did you find this ability to do so? this? yes. am i to and no one, no flying lavar trees. you. we used to fly planes code make 15. you guys were, each of us had our own funds and start to myself. included with the pilot. did the maneuver code up around the same as flying lab does, will only it has a more powerful engine at the top of the parabola, you achieve weightlessness, but it's only for a few seconds. yeah, but in those seconds for mobile i had to try eating a wafer. cool. now, when you were chosen as a customer, not only the lead to only a very select few could become a customer not. but now there is an open call for anyone who is interested. is this

a good thing that for us, right? ultimately you to come to them and ask you to know what you were. the grandfather of russian aviation and russian space exploration. nikolai, come on and said the space is just an extension to aviation and that's why the 1st group of cosmo notes was formed internally a fight of pilots. then it turned out that the engineers don't to, and design engine is going to own going to space as well. you play them. so the requirements are like this. if you post a wait list of this test or, and completed centrifuge training, you could be considered as a candidate for space flights. i think the very soon working in space will be just as essential as working in i t or, or doing concentrate with. in other words, it will be a somewhat tough to profession. back in your time when a customer not would return from the space they were in instant star. um, nowadays, people have a hard time knowing who their cause. minutes are either astronaut. so why do you think this is the word new customer today?

space exploration has become come and play easy and then you turn on the tv and there's only some story about what's happening and all that. so this becomes the norm. in my days it was different. when it cosmonaut went to space and returned bank to us when they became a national hero, one order, but we went the 1st one, so i'm being 1st and that is always difficult. i. for one thing fits space flight will never be routine. it will always be fascinating. thank you for your work. i'm a familiar with your work on the bron program as well. and it's been an honor to talk to you today. the

the the balance of power in the middle east is influx. israel no longer has it's founded to turn supremacy what is called the access of resistance is challenging israel and importantly, it's western patrons look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except we're so shorter is that conflict with the 1st law show your mind. and just in case we should be very careful about our personal intelligence. the point obviously, is to create a trust rather than fit the various job. i mean with the artificial intelligence we have so many with him in the

robot must protect his phone. existence was alexis, the known in vietnam, american war, the vietnam war, lost it for almost 2 decades and dragged in numerous countries. nor does he have a grip now. and then you can just say, now what is all i'm emptied. hundreds of thousands of american troops was sent to the country to bank the south vietnamese on me. i thought about that not, but the american soldiers miller did resist, as most of us like the down entire villages and spread dangerous chemicals and li

bye. all right. did the americans ever fully acknowledge what they did on the vietnamese veterans ready to forgive? yeah, yeah, yes. you on that side, a way to take a fresh look around his life. kaleidoscopic isn't just a shifted reality distortion by power to division with no real opinions. fixtures designed to simplify will confuse really one say better will, i mean, is it just as a chosen few fractured images presented as 1st? can you see through their illusions, going underground can the

other way not. right. so see which ones are up and one of this is some of this. so basically of course we need, the last name was name is read, it comes to movies. do you imagine we have some more more specifics or some movies this we weren't sure. i knew people pulled up the the,

the only the india, the most populous country, the fastest growing the economy for the next 5 years. we are going to be bringing new, especially coverage on and do the elections or the next 6 weeks. as a 1000000000 people will see what the goal of the us resolution is to break the will of palestinians to make them unconditionally submit to the occupying power. i have always pulled out the political rocks within this. sadly, nothing varies based on truth and justice. but the doctor put it, as i say, can russian, as you went down boss, this is washington for not going with the vast majority. is it the tons? how the signs requests for full members to the united.