the ocean when i 1st moved to rush i, one of the most amazing things i found was to moscow metro. in fact, the very 1st phrase that i ever learned and nothing was powerful, are closing. so what makes this place so specially what secrets is of hiding to find out deep under the city with alexander pop up to the store and who studies the wonders of the moscow metro, the metro them, subway. oper budget friendly, efficient in eco friendly transportation options for urban dwellers. but while the cost to rises, pay affordable, the investment required to build and to maintain a system is substantial. i'm christy i in today we're going to be talking about the heart of our urban infrastructure,

the cost of metro systems. the metro systems are the lifeline of our cities. society depends on facility and people to get around. cities and subways can significantly improve people's average commute times. people can also spend much less on community owning and maintaining a vehicle costs an average of $9282.00 a year, which is significantly higher than paying for a simple transit pass. but the cost of building a subway system is astronomical. it can vary significantly depending on various factors such as the city, the length of the system, the complexity of the route, the number of stations, the type of technology use, and the local labor materials cost. on average, the cost of building a new subway line can range from a $100000000.00 to several $1000000000.00 per mile. these costs typically include not only the construction of tunnels and the stations,

but also the expenses related to land acquisitions, engineering, design, equipment, and other associated costs. additionally, the costs can increase due to unforeseen challenges, such as encountered unexpected geological conditions. during tunneling, you have transit projects in paris and madrid, for example, that costs around $160000000.00 and $320000000.00 per mile to build. but in contrast, the los angeles purple line clocked in at $800000000.00 per mile. and san francisco is costs around $920000000.00 per mile. even new york's antiquated line cost $2600000000.00 per mile for the 2nd avenue line, and $3500000000.00 per mile for the east line. now studies found that the us spent an average of 50 percent more on a per mile basis for tunnel transit systems, then any other pure country. one big reason has to do with the failure to invest in

transit infrastructure overtime. but another part is the red tape. there will be environmental reviews, land acquisitions, permitting processes and utility relocations. all of these processes and delays can balloon the overall cost of a project. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with one another, with very agendas and priorities. but more important than that, the u. s slacks population density enough to justify the huge expense upfront. outside of new york, most of us cities have extremely poor public transportation. it is used almost exclusively by the lower income class. a while new york has the biggest metro system. they're not very extensive outside of n y c. around 45 percent of americans have absolutely no access to public transit as much of the existing system as aging. and the transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to keep their existing systems in good working order. and on time,

this leads to a ridership decline as a system becomes increasingly unreliable. and now today we're joined by dr. alan and some browse sky professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program. so professor, what are the key components that contribute to the overall cost of constructing in metro system and how have these cost evolved over time? ok, the, let's talk about the t cost elements of a metro system. so 1st of all, you have the track. and depending on whether it's a heavy rail or lightly on the system, will have some major impacts on the costs and structures. heavy rail metro system will include underground tunnel some what we call subway, which can include food element structure, which would be the overhead structures. and that include ad, great,

which is why the on the ground. all mike, real trends are on, on mostly as great. so the, you know, certainly was a really major elements of the cost of a i've, a metro system of any sort. is the construction of the track structure. and when i say the track structure, all the infrastructure stations of how power signaling. and again, if it's a, if it's a heavy, real metro, we're talking about surgery, all power and all the electrical substations required for that power. if it's a light real system, it's probably over in the chat, mary. and again, the electric substations necessary for that the actual signaling systems of the another major course elements of course, is the rolling stock of the actual cars that one on the, on the natural system. most natural systems, when you're building

a new metro system, you're talking about maintenance facilities, which is basically for the cars will be basically moment shaft with a set of the largest source that's storage units for the metro system and also have some basis ships facility. so those would be some major cost on have the going up in price. fanatically, absolutely. cost of construction is going up quite significant number of decades. and how do factors such as geography, urban density and existing infrastructure impact the construction costs of a metro system in particular cities, most of those items make it more expense. so for example,

if you're going to downtown in a major city and you told him that you have all sorts of things to avoid and take care of the constructor, the building foundations, utilities, you have sewer systems, you have to put your system low enough that they can see that the construction process will be trained, operating vibrations, do not affect the buildings involved or other facilities involved with nearby. um, you mentioned the jason uh, jason infrastructure of this adjacent railway infrastructure. one of the problems that it always was 2 years if you have an active uh, real system, for example, a massive commuter rail system, a massive metro system next to you. and you want to keep operating that could have

a serious impact on your construction. the density of the location, again, is a major factor, but that also enters into the type of uh, transit system. and generally you'll be building light rail transit systems, which are you, which are usually cheaper, significantly cheaper. you'll, you'll be looking down in less dense locations and very high density locations such as major cities. so you may be going on, you're probably going underground or elevators with was a city, you know, with the cab. the fact is in the morning please. of course over the search you out . and in more locations where you're building your community wines or the back end of the outside in the transit system, generally contracts construction force or less because you have less infrastructure that's already in place in the morning is the structure. you have to work around the way and are there

a unique challenges or advantages that cities with different geographical and urban characteristics, phase one, building metro systems. so you, you, you have number one, you have to use the structure density to talk to the new york city is probably one of the most densely pieces of real estate. so ma'am, and, and the density you and your when you, when you have very tall buildings, for example, sort of multi, you know, you skyscrapers usually have very deep foundations. if you're building a subway to go underneath those now nations you know, have to go deep. um, the types of tight we'll see what more, you know, kind of foundations do you have geographic rock plate? so you have problems with water, water seepage, water access building via or add a new or a large body of water. you have to be careful that you don't have issues or

interfering your construction process. so you, you have the services, the structure parameters which includes density and type of buildings, including definitely the foundations, density of the buildings, the existing infrastructure like new building, new york, subway system. you have to go more, you have to go deeper under the existence of the system. then you have geographic and environmental, and geological type of 4 parameters which also affect the task. this is what you're going to be building. you'll be constructing very differently if you've, if you, if you're building rock as the house of the building to clay was some much softer, separated me, the more susceptible to water water fix, which would reduce the very city of the age of the g, g o g g,

a logical structure. and now what role does public financing play into metro construction and how do series navigate the balance between public funding and private investments? well, again, if you, if you're dealing with metro systems, uh, they're almost all primarily funded by the, by one or more government agencies. depending on the structure, usually you'll have local, regional, state and federal contributing. so if you have, have you, if you had again, new york city, new york city, you have the metropolitan transportation authority. you have new york state and you have some federal input as well. oh, there is something called public private partnerships. we call them p. p piece, but they, we, they tend to be the environment where there is some benefits that can be

achieved. so the, in certain entities. so for example, if you're doing this nation development as a station has the potential of having a lot of commercial really commercial space so that you have a lot of shops that can be rented out, generate significant income that might be, that might be a good object to the company, the private partnership, where you use some money from the public, but then you can get some private partners who would be willing to put in some capital investments of their own. and in return for some, some stake and future revenue streams. they come down usually don't see that so much on in, in the subways of the light bills themselves. but again, you do see you start to see them and some of the into herbs. you mentioned miami. so you're probably already familiar with right. why. right?

why is in fact a private entity how this money public private partnerships is activities going on? so there, this is a case where there was a more much more active private car. in that case, it was a 5 the leader of that project. but in terms of how it transport themselves metro systems, i'm not aware of any kind of, you know, and metro systems in the us. all that on any significant scale and maybe very tiny ones. but on any significant scale that they're all finally helped with the funded public construction of the funds in operated and maintained with public flux . thank you so much dr. as a bowsky, but please stick around. the professor allens around sky will stay with us right here after the break. and when we come back,

what countries have the best metro system stated for all the details, the the world's largest democracy folks, the rest of the plan is watches in an emerging, multi polar world. india's voice matters. but who will be the power behind watches, almost 1000000000 people decide and billions for react the

i'm not sure come on this as they do little show a good this things for me is getting that with me is the non smoker. and you might have a store enough to monday. so stuff with that student showing up by a demo print that is showing here still, or do i have to wake up along with one of my that's not i was make the type of crisis the trailer span that we could buy them. so i, this is a good year. yeah, yeah. 2 much that's what i want to move over here, but as of now, particularly, that group cut them around quite inflated mobile phase. crazy. nice. not chris, is it? absolutely. i'd rather the source of an issue with the she wasn't feeling good. that the

so the 3 of us, anytime you the one, i'm not very good. feel interest worship worse then you're going you. why am i still thought ship that way to us? which is really nice piece. there's still can use sort of the while it's hard to say for sure, which country has the best metro system the sol subway in south korea is certainly going to be at the top of the list in terms of price for the ticket accessibility cleanliness round the clock service, ventilation, why fi, connectivity capacity and even safety? this is followed by the shea. hi metro in china, the tokyo metro in japan,

mexico city, metro and the london underground. the lowest score lines where the parents metro, the beijing subway and the moscow metro. while beijing who scored on the lower end of the scale, it tops the list that carrying over $38000000000.00 passengers each year and for carrying so many passengers, it is surprisingly clean. this is due to his regular maintenance and very strict regulations where there is no eating or drinking on board. the trains with strict penalties for littering. the new york subway is arguably the world's most challenging mass transit systems with the greatest number of stations. this is because, unlike other underground systems in the world which often considers as fedex, as part of their design, the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind and absolutely no urban planning. at the beginning of 19 o, 4 through 1930 to $3.00 separate subway, companies competed with each other for land and building rights. so they had no

interest to make it easy to use for their competitors. and many places, lines crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so, make it extremely complicated and nonsensical for someone trying to decipher the system. less than 20 years ago, only 3 cities in china had someplace today. there are more than 16 metro lines and 25 cities, making the metro, accessible to almost 300000000 people. the speed and scale of development of china as well, system is unprecedented. it grew in part to ease overcrowding, but also the symbol of being a modern and international city. building new lines is a handy way to boost the local g d p. because for every 100000000 r and be invested into a metro project, the city is g. d. p rises by 263000000 r and b and creates 8000 jobs. even cell construction is not cheap. while the hong call m t r. a corporation runs the most valuable metro railway in the world in 2017

and bang to $2200000000.00 and profit. it did this by carrying $6000000.00 computers on average per week day and has maintain consistent service at 99.9 percent reliability since $22008.00. m r t spare has grown by 8500000000 h k over 10 years. as passenger numbers has increased, it also has private public partnerships where the m r t core builds commercial and residential properties of both new stations to fund the railway expansion. does its revenue stands from fairs, advertising, and property development. and so for this and more or less bringing again, professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program, dr. allen's a brodsky. so now professor, are there specific examples of cities adopting novel construction methods to optimize costs and timelines?

i think we've seen some of these going on in your i think, you know, the ones that underground just recently i completed the, the elizabeth line which was, which is one of the major the, one of the largest metro for projects and a major city that we've run into a while and i know they introduced a whole bunch of innovative construction techniques that, that they failed to reduce the cost. the cost was no multi $1000000000.00. but let me help you, do you do see different construction core technologies i've, i've see for example, in light rail construction use it user of the continuous forming machines where the they, they almost passed in place a part of each of the tracks structure as they,

as they move along and i continuous s one testing point of view. and my understanding is that type of technique has, uh, has, has reviews of construction costs even more traditional just digging, build type of construction. so yes we, we, we do, we tacitly see novel type leaks being introduced. and a lot of them tend to be more in the how do we improve our costs? how do we optimize the process? like a lot of them can be more significant. i know another, another thing we see in subways, particularly as a large scale use of tunnel born sheets, which i have to say is by now is become whole the technology of as a new technology. but the pm's or another child construction type, new city, see the use of here and be on construction. how did cities manage the operational

costs of running and metro system and what strategies are employed to generate revenue? so when you're talking about what is the operating costs, the salaries of the people, the drivers, the, the, the trains, the people who place a suite as far as a deep, clean, the people who maintain the cars in the shop. these are, these are just sort of maintenance costs. the problem is, is, i don't know anybody in the united states, any metro system. and i'd states that pays a 100 percent of the maintenance costs as a paradox. and you know, the primary revenue for metro system is a, as a, as the c o box. now you're going to be creative. you can do advertising. um, you know, we talked a little bit about commercialization stations. you know, if you go to new york city and you go down to penn station around central station hesitation is full of shops, you know, back to back to back shops and that's around so, so those, those supplements the,

the, the, the operating costs, those can be used to offset the average box, but like i said, i'm not aware of any us metro system that, that makes enough money from their box. and this will really income to pay a 100 percent of the operating costs. i understand the hong kong dollars and there may be one or 2 internationally, but internationally this, or is the same. so unfortunately, or fortunately, whatever you want to say it's metro's or not self sustain. and they require the hands of the government. and that's not just the us, that's most parts of the world. are you going to europe? you see the same? you have the same situation. and that's sort of the nature of the beast. and you're in a catch 22. if you try keep raising fairs upstairs and stairs, at some point you drive away your customers. you know, you make it more expensive to take. so you know, so you maybe you can decide that the opinion would charge everybody $10.00

a trip. i can pay my maintenance costs except for the fact that you are ridership and probably put now and so, and so you still lose. so a lot of a lot of the philosophy here is that this is, this is so i, you know, cost we need, you know, you have a major, see, you can bring cars and, you know, i grew up in new york city. i lived through a couple of new york city transits, right. where people try to drive into the city. uh, you know, there was no metro. let's say you can't do that. new york city is run 6000000 people a day. you know, there's no way you can you, you can use it, run that, so you shut it down. so there's a societal benefit. and, and so these and, and what, what are we dealing with real, real passenger transportation and all this aspects, high speed rail into city rail, communal rail, transit systems, we always dealing with that societal aspect because these are by nature,

not money making operations. they're almost always money losing operations and so, but they have a benefit to society. the city would shut down, the city would not be the city. you know, miami would not be the same. if you shut down metro, new york city will absolutely not be to say, we shut down the, this is the transit authority. and so we accept that. and we understand that there's gotta be across the society to pay for the nice thing. of course, that doesn't mean that we don't try to optimize revenue and it doesn't try something. you know, we don't try to minimize operating costs, but of course the safety issues that are is always gonna be just using it. so there's only so much you can cut, you know, without endangering either service or safety. so, so you, you run into a little bit, you know, we ran into this problem with a pin that ends up in the panoramic. people stop writing the so it's because of the concern and all of a sudden the, the,

the operating revenue was on every major transit system. 3 and the deficit's, instead of being maybe 10 or 20 percent, became 30 or 40 percent to that. and then as in many cases they shut down service dramatically. you know, i know washington, they shut down several lines as and it's, and it's a and it's a bad spiral effect. you know, that you do that. no. fortunately, we recover for the panoramic or something, but i would never gonna be back to a 100 percent because the nature of the, the nature of the trends of these person, you know, really the rail transit. these is that it does not make money. it's not, you know, carrying people's not of money making proposition. and as a result, the company has, the country has or the country, the city, the state, whatever the entities are. they have to make a decision that says we need to support the city because it is good for the life of my city, all my life and my stay to the light of my,

of my geographical region. thank you so much for all your time today dr. allen's about sky, the mag live trains are absolutely the future of long distance communicating. these magnetic propulsion trans can go up to 310 miles per hour, which is twice as fast as a conventional commuter train. there are also less expensive to operate and to maintain because of the absence of rolling friction, which means that the parts do not wear out quickly. but the greatest obstacle to the development of novelist systems is that they require entirely new infrastructure that cannot be integrated with existing railroads. they also require the use of where earth elements and construction which may be quite expensive to recover and refine. while there are 6 mag love trays and commercial operation around the world today, it is unlikely that the us will ever get one as america is the land of personal vehicles and the auto industry. i'm christy. i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything.

the when i 1st moved to rush i, one of the most amazing things i found was to moscow metro. in fact, the very 1st phrase that i ever learned and russian was careful, doors are closing. so what makes this place so suppression? what secrets is of hiding to find out deep under the city with alexander football

season historian who studies the wonders of the moscow metro. the video of a legislative used by an officer today for sheriff's deputy and columbia, south carolina, forcibly removed a student from a classroom at spring valley high school. i saw him just talking to her when her and initially, you know, i didn't think is a problem because i knew that she was just, is quite a student in the class. someone looked at the police officer and says, here was law enforcement that is worse. clearly attacking, abusing power and thoughts and then there are others besides, this is what's wrong with those totally be on discipline. black children, he was there, enforcing a lot to meet in the crime, to quote, disturb schools in any way. that means any disturbance that any kids causes and school is huge and force has never pretty but necessary. a tops people were never gonna change your mind,

so people will never change their minds about video. they think i was wrong. and that's it. i often say that the c, i a is a big, slow, lumbering bureaucracy. it's not the kind of quick moving on mission, super agency like it is in the movies. sure. it's had its share of successes, even a broken clock is right twice a day as the old saying goes. and at the same time, the c i a can be a means spiteful and vengeful organization, especially for whistle blowers. and when was the blowers are involved? the c, i often will not release its grip until the whistle blower is ruined. i'm john kerry onto welcome to the whistle blowers the the. 2 2 2