in 1945, the party was dissolved, musalini himself was captured by partisans, shot, and then hanged by his feet in one of the squares in milan. among the fascist organizations already active in post-war italy, the most notable was the italian social movement, isd. it was founded in seventy-two by supporters of mussolini, arthur michelini and giorgio almirante. far-right parties operated together with the ssd. national vanguard, national front and new order, they are involved in organizing terrorist attacks, raids on government institutions and mass street fights with communists and leftists. in january ninety-five, the esd party was dissolved, in september ninety-seven the new force party arose, it is led by a former neo-fascist militant, roberto feore, who returned from great britain, where he hid for a long time from the italian... judging by 2004-2006, feore was in

the coalition with the social action party of alexander mussolini, the granddaughter of the dictator and the social national front of adrian telger. the alliance was dissolved due to the fact that musaleni's granddaughter joined the center-right coalition of silvio berlusconi , the house of freedom, which included the nationalist league of the north. berlusconi's coalition included the national alliance, another offshoot of the far right. party, and its leader gian-franco fini served as minister of foreign affairs. in 2008, the social national front blocked with the ladestra party (right) led by francesco staraci, a continuator of the line of giorgio almirante, but after 5 years this alliance collapsed. the ladestra party comes out with a position of neo-fascism and criticizes the whole the italian political class, the eu bureaucracy and the us financial elite. in june 2012

, with the participation of the current italian prime minister, george miloni, the far-right party brothers of italy was created. its logo is a three-color flame, visually similar to the symbol of the neo-fascist italian social movement party. party members themselves associate it with the flame on the tomb of benito mussolini. in the 2022 elections, the center-right coalition of the brothers of italy parties goes ahead. italy and the league gained more than 44% of the votes, giorgi miloni's party became the main one political power of the country. at the same time, there is a healthy attitude towards the past, even towards the complex past, because if we are talking again about certain rituals of memory in which one participates.

a certain artificial opposition between the establishment, that is, some ruling groups and some broad people, and populism appeals to the broad masses, speculating on the most pressing problems faced by modern society, and this, of course, is rhetoric, which has been known since the end of the 19th century until our days, they resorted to him, regardless of the ideological preferences of both the left and right forces, and therefore this is a certain style of politics.

does this mean that our democratic institutions in general are changing qualitatively, changing their nature? uh -huh, well, democratic institutions have changed qualitatively throughout the history of mankind since they appeared in the form known to us in antiquity in greece, and that is , even ancient democracy, it was very

different from modern democracy, and ancient democracy was direct democracy , and for her was characterized by autochthony, that is , in order for you to vote in athens, you had to be born in athens. and it is characterized by halism, that is, a person, still an individual, was perceived primarily as a part of the whole, as a part of society, and the modern people, just, of course, yes, yes, yes, in this regard, thanks to direct voting, people felt a connection with how decisions are made in society, and modern democracies, starting with the obespera, are representative democracies, and this... in many ways predetermined further problems that democratic institutions began to face as they developed, as most of the known world transitioned to republican forms of government, and even francois guizot in the middle of the 19th century noticed that everything appeals to democracy and that the meaning of this

term begins to blur , and we really saw how in the 20th century, dictators, some authoritarian rulers, everyone called themselves democrats, and we can find a lot of evidence of this in rhetoric and in some program documents, no one wanted to call himself a tyrant, at the same time, even despite the abolition of the qualification systems that still existed at the beginning of the 20th century, that is, yes, we remember that the first western democracies were democracies of rich white men, as they say, yes, that is gone, it would seem that this should have contributed to greater trust in democratic institutions, something that all citizens.

scientists will be forced to change under the pressure of these two directions of challenges, the french philosopher geon fay wrote very talentedly about this at the end of the 20th century, he called this model archio-futurism, that is, some possible

new synthesis that could incorporate answers simultaneously to the challenges of the archaic and the challenges of the development of technologies that risk being uncontrolled. accordingly, based on this, the political one will also be transformed, and those systems in which we, which are familiar to us, in which we now live, they will change, they will take on a new look, it is unlikely that this will be directly related to any specific characters, most likely these will be institutional changes, at the same time individual characters, like the same trump that you mentioned, the contours of a certain value platform are beginning, and this is generally connected with our

topic today, with a crisis of confidence, in some kind of electoral strategy, still primarily in european countries, in western countries, in the united states as well. to the classical political forms that are familiar to us, and thus the future is open, and will it come to us like... a black beast on soft paws, or will we be able to recognize its tread, and this is precisely the task of humanists, scientists and experts, and let me remind our viewers that back in the middle of the 20th century, another french scientist, claude levistrose, wrote that either the 21st century will be the century of the humanities, or it will not be, this is a hint that such... phenomena require serious scientific and expert understanding, this is the only way

we can find answers to the most pressing questions that concern us today. would italians vote for musaleni today if he ran? if musalini were to run today, and he would hardly run with the same program as 100 years ago, because musalina was just a pronounced populist, if he goes that far. and he appealed to - the most pressing issues that worried the italians, uh , after the great war, after the first world war, and some kind of radical agenda that was put forward by the italian fascist party, which brought popularity and electoral success to, unfortunately for italy , this would look like it now, of course, but in general, if we consider the radical forms of political movements

european of that time, yes there are fascist , nazi, of course we condemn this, these policies, these practices, unequivocally, and the europeans themselves also condemn this, again , no bans have been lifted, except for some symbolic yes, which relate specifically to politics memory, then... we must understand that these are precisely the phenomena of late modernity, they were largely due to time, due to the world war, due to the crises that took place, the bolshevik revolution, which took place in russia, because they also had a reactionary character, and as a radical reaction to the communist transformations that frightened europe, and many books have been written about this, and there is... evidence for this, and this is , in principle, a well-known position in the social sciences, the fact that this also influenced

the crisis into which europe fell during the interbelum, and therefore it would be extremely difficult, and probably unproductive, to imagine the people of that time and the political movements of that time in a modern context, but in my opinion, the modern the context is much more interesting, because these are civilizational changes, they are associated with rapid changes. in our national security strategy , which was approved by presidential decree, there is a very harmonious synthesis between

the need to protect traditional, spiritual cultural values, while at the same time preventing political radicalism, that is, precisely the protection of the constitutional order, and taking into account the level at which this document how significant this position is, just as a strategy, this is good an example of how in the modern world it is possible to synthesize what is called a traditionalist agenda, a conservative agenda, if you like, there is more right than a conservative one, at the same time the protection of constitutional principles, the defense of the state, and a certain intention for development, which is extremely important, we we must not remain stagnant, otherwise we will not keep up with the time, which is rapidly trying to get ahead of modern politics, further? thank you, our guest was dmitry moiseev from the higher school of economics.

cultural and religious traditionalism and a strong leader is fashion not only in europe. in india the motives are the same. a gigantic temple in honor of lord rama has been opened in the city of ayothi. the city of ayothi is located on the khakhra river between delhi and the state of nepal in northern india in the state. two main religious communities of india, hindus and muslims, according to legend , a temple once stood in the city at the birthplace of rama, which in the 16th century fell from the army of the founder of the mughal empire, babur. in 1527

, muslims allegedly built a mosque on the site of the temple, one of the most famous monuments of mogul architecture. hindu pilgrims regularly entered the mosque, installed images of frames in it, performed rituals and demanded the return of the temple. controversies intensified after british india gained independence. in december 1992, the bloodiest sectarian conflict since the partition between india and pakistan took place in ayotha. 150.00 hindus stormed the mosque. and destroyed it. a wave of religious protests and interfaith clashes swept across the country. more than 2,000 people died. it was possible to stop the massacre only with the use of troops. the organizers were arrested, and the activities of hindu religious groups, the rss, the vhp and the muslim jemaatiya islam were banned, as was

the construction of the disputed territory. an opinion poll conducted by india today magazine at the time. said that the destruction of babur's mosque was approved by more than half of the inhabitants of northern india. in 2019, already under the government at rendramod, the supreme court of india transferred the disputed plot of land to the state of utrpradezh for the construction of the temple of god rama, and the muslim community was allocated more than 2 hectares near the former babri majet for a new mosque. the authorities also decided to build the tallest one in ayothi.

the absolutely mega-popular series street was released simply when these episodes were shown there, and in parallel with this, the hariti janti party, hindu nationalists, began to promote the theme of ayothi. yes, this is an artificially promoted problem, yes, before this no one talked about anything, well, that is, someone knew about the ayothi problem, but it was not

a primary problem, but it was absolutely masterfully promoted by a company of indian nationalists. and now the end of the eighties, the beginning of the nineties is a time of consolidation of supporters of the bjp, which is striving for power against the backdrop of the indian political instability of that period, one of the understandable slogans, markers of political identification, let's restore, let's restore the temple in ayothi, on the site of the babur mosque. for hindu nationalists it is a symbol of victory. moreover , the many-year completion of a huge political journey, and of course, a reference to future elections, we are in force, we have pushed through our program, and it will be so in the future. in the second half of the 20th century, india was perceived as a very progressive country. why is there now

such a tilt towards traditionalism of nationalism? in... the fifties and eighties , there was an illusion that india was more secular and more left-wing, this illusion existed due to the fact that the absolute majority of the population did not participate in any politics, there was no point in putting a ballot in the ballot box once every 5 years didn’t understand, and everything began to change en masse in the eighties and nineties, when... the bulk of the population was completely included in political process, it is, of course, much more traditionalist, and that the bjp.

aligned with the traditions of the party, but also the collapse of the conventional left flank. if we are talking about india, then this is the disappearance, the practical disappearance from big politics of the communists, who 25 years ago were the third force, a constant crisis within the indian national congress, that is, the problem is not even that the bjp has become stronger, the problem is that in the last 10 years the party. on the streets of delhi, one is struck by the abundance of portraits of narendra modi and his statements. a feeling of an emerging cult of personality.

this has not traditionally been the case for the hindu right. in the sixties and seventies , the right was very proud of the fact that the left could pray to the soviet union or mazedun. system in indiruganda, and we have an internal party democracy, and indeed there was no such bright right-wing leader, there was something like such a politburo, where there was no first, everyone was very dependent on the opinions of fellow party members, and what has been building fashion in recent decades inside the bjp is in some ways an anomaly even for the right movement, all-indian power over... all regions and the imodi party has never been able to achieve, now in general there is no such situation, although hindus make up 80%

of the country's population, there are plenty of others there, there are 200 million muslims alone. religious and ethnic minorities reproach the ruling party and fashion in propagating the nationalist ideology of hindutva, privileges for hindus over others. in... we strongly disagree with this , but look at the russian example: russia is a very diverse country, but it has a common the cultural-historical, linguistic identity of russia, which president putin constantly talks about, just keeps everyone together, different ethnic groups, different religions, they all make up russia, this is unity - this is the main content of hindutva, and if someone interprets it differently , claiming that it implies... rama, recite the mantra, recite

the mantra, the right mantra, recited at the right time, brought victory to rama. over an evil demon named tadaka, i wish i could always know the correct mantra. it was an international review, goodbye. the legendary alfabank credit card, free forever, has also become... receive super cashback every month for free , withdraw cash from any atms throughout the country, not just profitable alpha, profitable, pay

for cyber week tech at the megamarket, buy a smart sber tv for only 11,990 rubles. with sausage anywhere dad can, dad can, only dad will tame it, dad can, dad can, have a beastly appetite, a snack won’t hurt, have a beastly appetite, sausages will help, in january we’ll play houses, cars, prizes of a million and a jackpot of 800 million, rather than buy tickets 100 times, it’s better to spin once, order. you, st. petersburg

, samara, ufa, omsk, i don’t believe it, if you want , believe it, if you want 36.5 million prizes, from january 29 applications are delicious and period for dad, for mom, for brother, for grandmother, for the navigator in the car, for the tablet , for smart watches, for home security, for garage gates, this is how dad plays, this is how dad plays in the general balance, with beeline you can forget about paying for different numbers, add them to the general balance, top up only one. number all the rest will be paid automatically conveniently in the bear no longer fits into the total balance fits on your side the tape guarantees the best prices for everything with red price tags more than 2000 products were found cheaper we will return the cost of the goods with points conditions on the website lenta.com best price guarantee valid in all hypermarkets with delivery consistently low prices in the feed maria loves the sun very much. but life passes among ice floes,

a sore throat is a minus, of the pluses there is mirestin, it’s logical to have one in the medicine cabinet, the choice of millions in russia, alfabank was the first in russia to cancel all commissions for payment transfers, order a free alpha debit card, it’s not just profitable, alpha is profitable, a 30% discount on the second or 50% on... the third household appliance product is a built-in cooper dishwasher for only 20,000 rubles. in mvidio and eldorado. just spend gigabytes and minutes and receive gifts? can! connect for a maximum of 399 rubles and receive a superbox as a gift! can! yota! we're playing at home in january! cars! million prizes and jackpot 800 million. hurry up and get your tickets! enjoy your loved ones!

dishes with the taste of classic provençal from the brand i love to cook, it will turn a good dish, fantastic, i love to cook, i 've been driving since childhood, i've always been supported, everything is fine, it's customary in our family, everything is fine, now i'm a magnet , i work as a driver, the fleet is updated, salary is same day, everything is fine... come, details on the number 8 800 30067 i help with liver problems, i am forten essentials, tested and ready for action in 24 hours, available on yandex market.

hello, i'm boris sakimov, and i'm oleg skepanov, and we, the creators of the russia 2062 project of the free thought headquarters. together with experts , we are discussing how we can develop the russia of the future in the next 40 years. see you in the future. investment rating, economics, through specific stories, we can reach people, we often talk about money, the amounts are serious, in russia there is a clear, clear signal, is russian industry capable of replacing foreign suppliers, it is necessary to mobilize all resources, give me a recipe in general, here how to achieve this?