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young russian scientists across the country are working on completely different projects, but one thing unites them - this is the desire to do science, as a decade of science and technology helps in this, evgenia nipat will tell in a special report. the second year of the decade of science and technology, in 2023 alone over 200 events were held, the main characters of which were russian researchers, passionate, talented, inspired, about them we will tell you in our special report. on the day of filming, the petergovs were covered with snow, we arrived at the institute of chemistry of st. petersburg university, where professor irina works. timothy immediately

noticed the contrast. there's a snowstorm outside, a winter garden inside. this is such an oasis, a point of attraction for both students and teachers who develop the ideas of green analytical chemistry. green analytical chemistry, what is this direction and what are its main features? green analytical chemistry, it is aimed at protecting our the environment, including the analyst performing chemical analysis. use the minimum amount of reagents to create as little waste as possible. automate methods, use as many natural components as possible, here even in the laboratory it smells of menthol, employees say they get sick less often because of this, but the main thing is that they are based on efthectic solvents, a mixture of two or more components that melt at a minimum temperature and help to isolate substances of interest to researchers from food samples, fuel, building materials, soil and even air, that is, we are developing methods that will allow us to determine a variety of substances in various... irina

timofeeva is now mainly involved in food products, and together with her colleagues she has developed methods that allow us to determine the dangerous content of pesticides in vegetables and fruits, phenols in sausage, antibiotics in milk, high levels of preservatives in baby food, the result of one of the projects in which she participated was the creation of safe materials for housing construction. in 2010, in order for work to proceed year-round, developers actively used concrete mixtures with frost-resistant additives, most of them based on urea, which decomposed in warm weather and emitted an unpleasant odor. my colleagues and i developed two methods, thanks to which it was possible to detect dangerous concrete right at the construction site and turn the truck back to production; then they worked day and night, including in frosty weather. we sat in the vans, determined all this on our knees, you can to say, while there was still a technique... here

we had a lot of chemical reagents and cones, thanks to these techniques, and the problem has now been leveled, because naturally no one wants to produce mixtures that will later be disposed of. together with fellow students , the department is creating a large database of compounds from which it is possible to produce effec- tive solvents, essentially chemical constructors. some are better at detecting preservatives, others, for example, heavy metals, sources from which you can get tens of thousands of solvents. we were with a student. task, we needed a specific substance and needed to understand whether this tactical solvent could be made from it or not, we opened this database, yes, we spent 5 minutes there, found these other substances with which we can assemble it, and get a solvent, and instead of going online, look for these articles again, download articles, read articles, and so on. for their achievements, irina and andrey received the presidential prize in the field of science and innovation for young scientists, today the topic of green analytical chemistry, which helps ensure, including food safety, attracts...

on various projects in different institutes, they are working on creating compounds that no one in the world has yet obtained. leading researcher, dmitry kvashnin, doctor of science, laureate of the moscow government prize, talks about his group at the emmanuel institute of biochemical physics of wounds. we are engaged in computer modeling of nanostructures, that is, using methods, well either quantum chemistry or classical methods of molecular dynamics, we save resources from experimenters, that is... electricity, what can i say, that among this is their time, i don’t know, these thousands of experiments that can be done so that there to synthesize the material, in order to find out whether the reaction will proceed or not, we can choose conditionally 10 that we need to concentrate on, and the rest that

we don’t need to touch. in 2009, dmitry and alexander, together with scientific supervisors leonid chernozatonsky and pavel sorokin, predicted the possibility of the existence of the thinnest diamond film, several times thick. atoms, it was called diamane; in 2021 , the first work was published, where, using an electron microscope, they finally saw the connection between these layers of carbon. the main focus of dmitry's scientific group is on the study of low-dimensional objects that obey the laws of the quantum world. all the beauty of this nano world, it greatly changes all structures, greatly changes its properties depending on its structure, we'll change it, we'll take out one atom, we'll replace it with another one. there will be a completely new object. scientists use these features to apply new materials to existing electronics. the difficulty is that fastening the contacts can destroy the unique properties of nanotubes. here we see this nanotube, like a dumbbell. here we have a nanotube of the same diameter, it is metal. here the nanotube is of a different

diameter, it is semiconductor. this property of nanotubes is due to the fact that quantum effects are at work here, the effect of quantum restrictions. depending on the diameter of the nanotube, well, i'm just saying. or there , depending on the iherality or helicity, the properties may change. the idea was to create such an intramolecular connection inside one tube, continuous between its metal and semiconductor parts. and this was done in one of our joint works with colleagues. it was all published in the journal science. now a group led by a scientist, within the framework of a grant from the russian science foundation, is studying disulfide-based heterostructures molipdena. in the future, what is the project aimed at, the project is aimed at, well, firstly, predicting the future creation of new structures for flexible electronics, for flexible photonics, that is, it could be sensors, it could be gas sensors, gas sensors, it’s interesting that dmitry uses molybdenum, one might say, in everyday life. dmitry,

your cups are interesting, for example, leading with a cop means not interfering with good people’s work, is it handmade or what is it, tell me, i typed it. on mugs the results of our work-2, these are black molecules on it, well, actually this is a picture straight from the article, here is a graph of the dependence, you can even read the link using the curcode, here is another series of articles, oh a series of mugs, it is dedicated precisely to portraits and quotes of such great people scientists, kopitsa, landao, history with prints of articles - a kind of family feature, skaltech professor, doctor of science, winner of the moscow government prize alexander kvashnin, has a mug with illustrations on his desktop, from his publications, based on the results of the work of the research group. group of industrially oriented materials search. and the fundamental point here is precisely the word industrially oriented, because although we are searching for materials on a computer using modeling methods, we are looking for materials that could directly find their

application in industry. one of the projects is devoted to high-temperature superconductors; ordinary ones, let’s call them that, can only work at extremely low temperatures, hundreds of degrees below zero. the office is conditional, there is a refrigerator there gigantic, which consumes tens of times more electricity there to make the whole thing work. the scientist and his team predicted a new material, stable under extreme pressure, which will work if it is simply cooled even in an ordinary freezer; they synthesized it and studied it at the synchrotron in greenoble; alexander’s colleague went there. and i’m sitting at home, he’s in greenoble, there i have to measure it around the clock, he sends me data at night, defractograms, spectra, i check them on the computer and compare them with my own and... at some point i see that they overlapped like this, what we predicted, and what we synthesized. you

grabbed your head, like in the movies they were taught or something happened, which is not quite true, it was already night, it was like, oh, everything is fine, closed it, went to bed. one of alexander’s most successful projects is related to the creation of a particularly strong material for drill bit cutters. in collaboration with colleagues from different scientific centers, the project was implemented, as they say, in metal. the customer was the largest resource-extracting company of the country. and we predicted a material based on tungsten and boron, this is the highest tungsten boron, which turned out to be harder than the materials that are currently used. tungsten pentabarite also opened up a new direction for the group, dedicated to catalysts. an idea arose to replace expensive precious metals with cheaper ones in automobile catalytic converters. and now, together with tomsk polytechnics, we are studying nanoparticles that roughly look like this , which we assume used in the form of catalysts, where on the surface we will have... various gases, for example, carbon monoxide or co2. on the wall in

alexander’s office hang reprints of two magazines, on the covers of which there are illustrations from his articles. inorganizan chemistry posted an installation diagram developed at tomsk polytechnic university, with the help of which tungsten boride sills are obtained. siberian scientists have developed a unique synthesis technique that speeds up and simplifies the process of obtaining new materials. testing needs to be done regularly hypotheses. accordingly, the technique that we use is the electric arc synthesis method, it is characterized by ease of implementation and the dynamics of the set of temperatures is very high, achieved by generating a direct current arc discharge, and this, in general, helps to cope with this task of testing hypotheses about the possibility getting this or that. material, powders of alfram pentaborides, as planned by scientists , will be able to replace an expensive catalyst based on palladium,

by the way, one interesting mystery is associated with it, with which scientists from tula state university encountered, somehow their microorganisms in their care produce palladium nanoparticles. olga kamanina, leading researcher at the research center. ohim technical assistant professor at the university is leading two large projects. under my leadership , two directions are currently being implemented. one direction is the development of new nanocatalysts based on paladlia nanoparticles, the second is the development of antiseptic materials that can be used in medicine or in industry. according to olga, as part of the decade of science and technology, the state is paying more attention to scientists. there are various lines of grants for young candidates and doctors of science, but when the researcher goes on maternity leave. on parental leave and then returns to work; support for young scientists ends when they reach 35 years

for candidates and forty years for doctors of science. olga, at a meeting with the president at the third congress of young scientists, proposed expanding the practice of stopping clocks, not only for grants from the russian science foundation, but for other forms of support. the initiative is truly important for the community, and the head of state has already given corresponding instructions. a candidate of sciences is up to 35 years old, and a young doctor of sciences is up to 40 years old. accordingly, a young scientist. if he wants to be a young candidate , a young doctor, he must defend his thesis before the age of 35 and his doctorate before the age of 40, and there are groups of grants where only young scientists apply, respectively, these are only people under 35 years old or only young doctors, for example there was a presidential competition grant from the president of the russian federation for young doctors of science. one of olga’s projects was supported by presidential grants; it concerns the creation of biosupports for catalysts; now , for example, charcoal is used as a carrier. the composition of which depends on the geographical location and impurities can affect the quality of the reaction. and microorganisms reproduce all

the time with the same genetic material, so we can be sure that our substrate is the same all the time. the scientific team uses microorganisms isolated from precision photofair structures. we saw that nanoparticles are formed inside the cells of microorganisms, and then 24x7 - this thought is spinning in our heads, how to understand what is happening there? the riddle is actively discussed with colleagues, and when the answer is found, they will appear. the opportunity to create a kind of biogenerator of nanoparticles, microorganisms help to develop a new generation of long-lasting antiseptics, capsules are overgrown on a special frame, then the biomass is removed, a cavity of a given size remains, and then at this time, in this hole we place our antiseptic, which is released in a controlled manner, depending on what kind of antiseptic it is, we can select pores of various sizes. do you feel like an architect? and i think so. this is a youth laboratory of biologically active compounds and biocomposites, created

thanks to the national project science and universities. olga says that together with her colleagues she thought through where and how to place tables, equipment now it’s a pleasure to work here, to make a discovery, i’ll quote, and we’re learning something new that we didn’t plan to get, but we got it, it’s so cool, it’s so cool, and that’s probably what we’re here for laboratory, it’s for the sake of this buzz that we get from research, and this feeling of new knowledge, the answers obtained, equally captivates researchers who work in completely different fields, from chemistry to historical sciences. st. petersburg institute of the history of wounds, in the funds and collections of which there are hundreds of thousands of ancient documents, senior researcher, doctor of historical sciences, nikita bashnin, keeper of the russian section of the scientific and historical archive, i am engaged in research of the vologda

bishop's house, antiquities of the north, pomerania. monasteries, monastic archives, studies the russian middle ages, northern lands where there was no serfdom and residents paid taxes directly to the capital, they can be characterized by this community, and a large one, probably, and in a few words, and above all, this is a feeling of freedom, that is, these are the people who actually created, for example, the fleet in the pre-petrine era, these are the famous karbos, this journey to mangazeya, this is generally the conquest of the white sea, even from...

the river varzhu, at the end he writes that to remember them, that is, he wanted to take care of the souls of his deceased parents, for the first time the researcher wanted to visit the monastery as a student, deciding to ride 70 km on a bicycle, it was in the spring, there were 10 kilometers left to the goal, but earth then became soggy, i had to return, the second run was more successful, the train was a 5 km walk through the swamps when i arrived, that is, this is the first feeling that there really is some...

nikita in 2017 was awarded the presidential prize in the field of science and innovation for young scientists , thanks to grant support from the russian science foundation, researchers have published works on the history of the vologda bishop's house and the kirillo-belozersky monastery.

that’s why ancient letters and scrolls of that era are worth their weight in gold, some of them were decorated by him. it's a draft seal, hung hung to the document on a silk cord, and the cord

, as you can see, is attached to the document in a special way; if you look closely, we will see the first letter of the title, bishop, letter e. in the collection of the institute there are, for example, examples of ancient foximiles, the autograph of filoret father of mikhail romanov, the first of the royal dynasty. the seal, by the way, is already red. not black, higher rank, it is interesting that the tsars especially favored one of the vologda products - salted saffron milk caps. the most politically significant character of the 16th century is the vologda ryzhik. when they went to moscow, they always took with them vessels with saffron milk caps. and it was he who was brought to the boyar’s table, to the patriarch’s table, to the tsar’s table. according to the documents, we know that the solicitor of the vologda bishop's house at some point did not have ryzhikov, and he ordered to buy similar mushrooms in the moscow market and tint them to match the color of ryzhikov. in general, not only

alexey romanov, but also his son, peter the great, had a passion for these mushrooms. peter ii repeatedly passed through vologda, yes, going to arkhangelsk, and was familiar with archbishop gabriel kichigin. gabriel sent ryzhikov to the tsar, for which he later received a letter of gratitude. the whole letter, the whole letter, is dedicated to the fact that the saffron milk caps have arrived. the saffron milk caps have been eaten, the saffron milk caps are delicious, and the king has come to the table. peter ii introduced notebook production, this impressive code is an analogue of the modern cadastre, information about forests, rivers, beaver ruts, arable lands, and separate plots in which the hive was kept. in all these documents, human destinies, terrible funny situations, in all their diversity, this era, in which documents had not yet been invented by man, helps scientists explore completely different sources of information. the research center for genetics and life sciences at sirius university, where

archaeological materials are literally dismantled down to their molecules. for several years now, researchers within the project have been engaged in a real genomic census of those who lived in vast expanses during the period from the stone age to the middle ages on the russian plain and adjacent territories; the project is truly global. genetic the history of the ancient population of the russian plain is a major project that is being implemented under the leadership of ragaev evgenbanch, with the participation of a large number of scientific centers, for example, ntu sirius , lomanosov moscow state university, the institute of general genetics of the russian academy of sciences, the institute of archeology iran, the federal research center for biotechnology iran and more many, many others. elizaveta rozhdestvenskikh, a junior researcher at the center, who at 23 years of age is engaged in field genetics, says that the process of obtaining information from ancient tissues. is associated with a serious technological chain , when the genome is compared to a book, but if we read a book on modern dna, we would see, for example, whole sentences,

paragraphs, whole pages of text, while if we opened a book with ancient dna , we would see fragments of phrases, words and individual letters. on the basis of domestic laboratories , a genomic analysis of the neanderal man from the mizmayskaya cave in the krasnodar region was carried out. the team is studying dna fragments extracted from famous ones. before, in fact, before us, that is, we are trying to understand who our ancestors are, the samples found at the site of the ritual planting helped scientists better understand how the migration of ancient people took place. the specimen is

a relative on the maternal side of the hungarian king, already from the 19th century, bell ii. it is known that his mother was the daughter of the grand duke of kiev, eurosini mstislavna. there are about six centuries between these samples. in the difference, and the complete coincidence of mitochondrial sequences indicates a relationship on the maternal line, that is, these are direct relatives, and even this, it would seem, an insignificant feature of ancient people, the tolerance of milk in adulthood can tell us when the nomadic lifestyle changed to a sedentary one. pologenetic studies have made it possible to find out that people who can now drink milk as adults are the descendants of those people who settled in europe during the period of neotilization and they had a mutation

that... allowed them to eat dairy products, this is due to the fact since agriculture developed, a significant part of the manipulation of samples takes place in sterile rooms, special protective suits. we protect our samples and our ancient dna from contamination by modern dna. because the contamination is modern, but may cause some problems in data analysis. to obtain such information, a scientist. now we have added special reagents to the bone powder so that our bone tissue cells are destroyed and dna is released into our solution. to do this, we put

these samples on... the shaker, this is how it will shake for about 3 hours, after 3 hours we we remove this, it turns out that we have dna floating in the liquid, which we will subsequently purify. ancient modern dna is distinguished by specific modifications that occur after a person's death. carefully checked, prepared samples are sent for analysis to sequinators; scientists have truly unique equipment at their disposal, which is available to at most a dozen laboratories in the world. for the national science project , universities and research centers have the opportunity to receive grants for the most modern, advanced equipment. this science allows you to study everything at once, that is, because it is multidisciplinary, and of course, when you study ancient dna, you always feel like a detective who is trying to find something that is

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