hello, international review is on air, in the studio fyodor lukyanov. today the program includes international reviews and events of the week. chronicle, facts, comments. the swords clink like the clink of a glass. europe is arming itself again. discussion at the munich conference. what to do with the palestinians? the middle east conflict is at a dead end. materials of our program. the president's condition in detail. it turns out that biden suddenly fell ill. where did this unhealthy interest come from?

munich hosts the annual security conference, the main political forum atlantic block. the event is very high-status, there is no need to wait for intellectual revelations, the conference fulfills its role as an indicator of the atmosphere in a very influential community. this year , the shadow of donald trump once again hovers over the high-profile gathering. we just breathed a sigh of relief. 3 years ago, having sent the troublemaker away, and here he is again, with such approaches that it sends chills down your spine. i said everyone must pay, they said if we don’t pay, you will protect us, i said, under no circumstances will we, they won’t could believe their ears, one of the presidents of a large country stood up and asked: “sir, if we don’t pay, we were attacked by the russians, will you protect us?”, i asked: you don’t pay, are you breaking the rules? he said yes

, then listen to what will happen, no, i will not protect you, on the contrary, i will encourage them to do what the hell they want, that you have to pay, you have to pay your bills, everyone understands that trump is an eccentric, but the chance of his return is real, but he can’t be stubborn, and besides , fears are growing that trump wants to leave nato altogether leaving, they say, is unprofitable, no matter how much they pay, hence the talk that it’s time for europe to go into defense. sphere, stop relying on the united states, create everything yourself, even the nuclear umbrella, suddenly the americans will close it. slovakian marian kamensky does not reduce the intensity of the struggle; the drawing is called dominator trump. this is the character on the left, on the right is the figure of olaf schultz and his 2% of gdp in nato's bottomless piggy bank. bart van leeuwin from holland, unsuccessful brother. trump is on the left, nato is getting married on the right.

the priest asks: are you ready to take wives? is trump interrupting? no. emat hajash from jordan on the essence of trump's claims to the north atlantic alliance. the drawing is called a trump atm. it is made in the form of an alliance symbol, and it says on the screen: thank you for using our services. scandalous and provocative german artist. burchard mohr has an alarming moment with his work. the black spot is the european union. the pig is a nato piggy bank pushed by a trump-like character. there are cheers in europe. oh god, not this again. michael ramirrez continues the topic. on the warship it is written: nato. the sailors are talking. it's not russian smart missiles and bombs that are bothering us. on the contrary, those who are dangerous. stupidly,

trump is written on the rocket on the right. fears are accelerating at an accelerated pace. there's a commotion in washington. intelligence identified a new serious threat to national security, and congressmen were notified at a closed briefing. then, however, the tone was lowered, there is no immediate threat yet, and the topic is space-based anti-satellite weapons that russia is developing. 27 january 67 the usa, great britain, and the soviet union signed the outer space treaty, which became the basis of international space law. later ratified by more than 100 states, it prohibits the placement of any weapons of mass destruction in earth's orbit, on the moon or on a station in outer space, but the ban does not apply to conventional ones.

weapons in the eighty-third year , the reagan administration put forward its strategic defense initiative, known as the soybean program, missile defense with elements: space based, even today it looks somewhat fantastic. laser beams redirected by space mirrors shoot down ballistic missiles. in response to this, a space assets department was created in the ussr ministry of defense, because in addition to soybeans there was a space shuttle or space shuttle. the program started back in '69. there were fears among the soviet leadership that at some point the shuttle would carry a nuclear bomb. on board will dive from space into the earth's atmosphere and drop its cargo on the kremlin. there were other more realistic scenarios. for example, size the cargo compartment of the ship's return would allow it to remove a soviet satellite or even a small ship, or perhaps

a station, from orbit. on one of them is salute 3. for experimental purposes, they even installed an automatic cannon with a caliber of 14.5 mm, which could shoot at the vacuum. the barrel was directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the device. guidance was carried out by turning the station itself. it was tested in 1975 when the station left orbit. but the real answer to the american shuttle was the soviet buran. he made his first and only flight made in the eighty-eighth year in fully automatic mode, including landing at the airfield in the traditional way. this event was noted in the book of records. in the 21st century, projects became more and more economical and practical. in 2007, china shot down its own satellite with a missile to test this possibility. a year later , the united states repeated this experiment, and a little later, russia joined them.

this was a presentation of the a-235 missile defense system. at the same time, roscosmos reported that russia plans to test it in the coming decades. it is going to be used for flights to the moon and the planets of the solar system, but zeus can also be used for combat missions, it can highlight aerial targets from orbit, and also disable the spacecraft of a potential enemy using a laser. our longtime comrade stefanovich, an expert and connoisseur of all strategic hardware, is our guest. hi, there’s all this hype around the russian threat from outer space, which swelled up and then somehow fell away, what is it, are these just tricks or what’s behind it? is there anything still worth it and in general, what is happening in this area? as you know, since the twenty-second year

, the russian side has been declaring on all official platforms that , including civilian space infrastructure, which is used to help the ukrainian side during a special military operation, can become a legitimate target. the next question is: what will you do? and the pistol, who do you have? yes. accordingly, work is probably ongoing on this pistol, it has always been carried out, it was carried out in soviet times, it was carried out already in new russia. eh, have we come to some point when something will actually be put into orbit, as far as you can see there are no reliable ones, in fact, the americans at the official level say that not yet, don’t be afraid, there’s nothing there yet. another thing is that they are very fond of mutually exclusive paragraphs: on the one hand, they say that there is nothing yet, on the other hand, that russia is about to violate it. functional destruction of satellites, and not kinetic destruction, or the nuclear factor appeared here as a source of energy, and not a source of radiation, so

i remember conversations about the arms race in space from my komsomol youth, then they were scared in the early eighties, maybe we have finally come to this? science fiction has become reality, americans , including official people, sometimes in uniform from public platforms say that let’s completely forget about the arms race in space, this is some kind of wrong format for discussing the problem, let’s talk about the rules of behavior and sustainability, that's a very fashionable word, yeah, that's a race of imagination in space - that's it something like that happened in a past life, it’s no longer interesting, though, when you start communicating with them in the kulars, he says, how do you understand what’s going to happen now? if you really move away from this, they say: yes, of course we don’t understand, but for now we have this approach, we need to develop cosmic forces and the like, science fiction is still fiction, but naturally there is some real cosmic potential is being created, moreover, it is very important to emphasize that the military dimension of space projects, it

has always been, that is, from the very beginning, no one has canceled it, but in general in military planning, well, as far as we can judge from open sources, how much is the role of the space factor growing? it is growing rapidly; in fact, it is now very difficult to imagine conducting modern military operations without space, even those countries that do not have their own space infrastructure.

american nuclear weapons appeared in europe in the mid-fifties and were placed in the path of the likely advance of soviet troops in germany, the netherlands and belgium. in turkey, nato's southern flank was covered by medium-range missiles, and a possible soviet offensive through the balkans was held back by nuclear forces deployed in greece and italy. by the early seventies , there were about several thousand us nuclear warheads in... europe. in response to the appearance

of the soviet pioneer complex, washington began to deploy pershiing-2 and tamagavg missiles in europe. but in the eighties, when detente began and a treaty on the elimination of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles was signed, the number the number of fighters began to decline. in the 2000s there were already about 500 of them and they were getting smaller. how many american nuclear bombs are there now? in europe and turkey it is not known for certain; it is believed that their number ranges from 150 to 200 units. they are located in the same place as before, in underground storage facilities, at air bases in germany, italy, belgium, the netherlands and turkey. f-15 and f-16 fighter-bombers, as well as tornado gr4 fighter-bombers from the us air force and european countries, can be used to deliver them. to teach its use not only

special exercises were conducted by the american military, but also by nato aircraft. paris and london also have their own nuclear weapons in europe. france has about 290 warheads. delivery vehicles include mirage-2000n bombers, super etandar aircraft based on the deck of the aircraft carrier charles de gaulle, as well as four nuclear submarines. great britain. in 2021, it announced an increase in the threshold of its nuclear warheads from 180 to 260 warheads; they can be used on four vanguard nuclear submarines. it is known that each submarine is already equipped american ballistic missiles-2, they were leased from the united states. well, the question here is what... exactly is holding back how important the quantitative factor is here, because in principle everything is in order with the qualitative factor , there is france, which has quite

advanced submarines, missiles, warheads, and an aviation component with very advanced, also cruise missiles, super-summer missiles, another question is that france is unlikely to want to transfer its sovereign rights to use nuclear weapons somewhere to national authorities. it is also important if i'm not mistaken, in the twentieth year. france stated that they consider the defense of europe as their most important, as their most important value, the most important task, and accordingly, using the very words that describe the tasks of their nuclear weapons, but this is the task of france, this is not the task of europe. in europe, in principle, there were military programs, military-nuclear programs, not to mention nazi germany, there were projects in sweden, in switzerland, in romania, in romania, yes, absolutely, and it seemed to have already surfaced after.

it is still accompanied by such a certain toxic aura, although certain changes are taking place here, as now a number of german politicians have begun to shout at every corner about how they need to have their own nuclear weapons, but in general it says a lot. after world war ii, sweden remained a neutral country, but feared

an attack by the ussr, so a special atomic committee took over. secret development of nuclear weapons, not strategic for strike across the ocean, only tactical charges, which would be carried by aircraft, for example, saab-32. at the same time, the swedes decided to save money and tried to buy american technology or even ready-made shells, but president esenhower demanded joining nato and renouncing neutrality, which was then unacceptable for sweden. by the year sixty-five, everything was ready to... create a bomb, but the mood in society changed, people began to advocate the abandonment of weapons of mass destruction, by the seventies sweden finally closed its program, but there is another version: when washington realized that the swedes were close to creating a bomb, they secretly agreed to take the only non-nato country under

their nuclear umbrella. there is indirect evidence of this, for example, the expansion of runways at vv airbases. so that strategic bombers from soplyshved tankers, converted to nato standards, could land on them. italy also launched its nuclear program in the mid-sixties. a center for the military use of nuclear energy was built near pisa, in which the galileo reactor operated galileo with a power of 5 mw. there were also lockhead f104 and starfire aircraft that carried nuclear charges. in the seventies, at the request of the italian navy , air italy developed the alpha medium-range ballistic missile. it could deliver a nuclear warhead at a distance of 1,600 km, which is enough to destroy targets on ussr territory when launched from the adriatic sea, but despite successful tests,

the missile was not put into service. since about the mid-fifties, nato. starts place nuclear weapons in alliance member countries on the path of advance of soviet troops. such joint missions were called nuclear responsibility sharing or nuklering. the weapons were stored in european countries, but the armed forces and the united states were responsible for them. in case of war, they were installed on aircraft of the country where they were stored, but the decision to use them came from washington. this program has achieved. peaked in the seventies, at which time italy’s nuclear program ended. the country has joined the non-proliferation treaty, but still participates in nato nuclear weapons exchange program. i just wanted to ask, well, two countries , due to the not very close, but not

distant past, have a special attitude towards them, japan and germany. the aggressor countries of the second world war both here and there, in japan, one might say, more consistently, in germany less so, but the issue of nuclear weapons is beginning to be discussed. is it possible that countries that previously, for political reasons , were not considered at all in this context, now, in fact, this taboo will be lifted? i do not rule out that this could happen, because in general the issue of nuclear non-proliferation is in a very sad state right now. everyone talks more about nuclear deterrence, not proliferation, and not to mention disarmament, it is generally somewhere outside the brackets. very interesting processes are happening in japan , they - as you know, have a huge amount of plutonium, which does not seem to be weapons grade, but in general, if necessary, bombs can be assembled from it, they have an excellent rocket and space program, which is also based on these technologies that are quite easy

to adapt to military purposes, and about how their destroyers, with a deft movement of the hand, turn into aircraft carriers, this is not even a joke, but with germany it’s a little more complicated, that is , the german military machine is in the broadest sense this word, this is something very strange and dysfunctional, that is, there is a complete feeling that a significant number of decision-makers in germany do not want to do this at all, that is, let’s better give someone money, there the last joke, i apologize, is when of course they spent a lot of money on the purchase of an israeli missile defense system, which... well, it doesn’t fit into any strategic documents and so on, well, it’s beautiful, dear, let’s show how we are 2% we will comply with nato, this german dysfunctionality, it seems to me, has an impact, among other things... on the pan-european situation, that is , by and large, the goal is to prevent the americans from leaving, yeah, here are the south koreans, for example, to some extent, with their

kind of reasoning about the possibility of nuclear weapons , they received the washington memorandum, they received , as it were, a new level of cooperation with the americans, perhaps in europe they are trying to overturn something similar, but in poland they started talking about how to somehow more should we deeply integrate into this umbrella system, poland? by the way, they are also looking very carefully at south korea, and, let’s just say, i haven’t seen any reliable traces of this, but as they say, they also want to sign something special with washington when they are told: guys, you are in nato in general, what else do you need , they say, no, well, nato is nato, we would like something of our own, there have also been conversations about the deployment of american nuclear weapons in poland for quite a long time, but before they were perceived as pressure on the germans, who were talking about the withdrawal of american nuclear weapons from their territory. now this is a big question, here , of course, the russian factor again begins to play a role, especially in terms of the deployment of nuclear weapons on the territory of belarus, when you start talking with

europeans, they say: well, you have an ally who really wants nuclear weapons, he thinks that’s good, we went to a meeting, we have the same ones, this is absolutely the same logic, if nuclear weapons are materially located on the territory, you feel more protected, because the one who put these nuclear weapons there seems to have additional responsibility. trump's curses aside, is there any indication that the united states might really think about abandoning these very guarantees to europe, nuclear ones, i think that both what donald trump says and what the current administration is doing, in principle, is not aimed at abandoning guarantees, but at increasing the price for these guarantees and, accordingly, we see now. a huge discussion, a debate about the european defense-industrial complex as a whole, not only in its nuclear dimension, that we need to do this, we need to do this, we need to do that, we need to allocate funds, but we don’t see it at all

no increase in production with rare exceptions, no expansion of production capacity, or anything else. well, we should probably be glad that europe has become so peaceful, this is a question, because we want more, let ’s say, a special position. thank you. big, dmitry sevanovich was our guest, some are talking about nuclear weapons, others are looking for someone’s umbrella to hide under, and others are recording what is happening, so my colleague sofya sergieva went to them, literally to the ends of the world, to kamchatka, there works international nuclear testing monitoring station. snow in the face, romance of the roads, just like that behind the wheel of a snowmobile, msn station operator

tatyana maksimova goes out twice a week to service remote registration points, seismic and infrasound to make sure everything is under control and working properly. basically , all male representatives are seen in this position, but i appeared here, i thought that i would only work here for 2 years. well , it turned out that i fell in love with kamchatka and have stayed here for 13 years. to to get to the seismic sound station , we had to change vehicles, because otherwise there was simply no way to get there. now tatyana and i will go. oh, that's it, i'm ready. you can't be late. in the event of a malfunction at the station, a report is expected not only in moscow, but in vienna, where the headquarters of the treaty organization is located. comprehensive ban on nuclear testing. specialists always go to remote registration points in pairs, just in case the snowmobile gets stuck or uninvited guests arrive. i

once had to sit on a tower for 2 hours radio communications, while the bear cub was performing maintenance on the site, and the bear was sitting nearby in the bushes. but you won’t find it right away; it’s completely covered in snow. look after yourself in this concrete dugout. nuclear tests in north korea, but even during nuclear silence the system works uninterrupted. here, in the most co-isoactive zone of russia, it allows you to determine an earthquake or a volcanic eruption, one of

which... we simply could not help but visit, it smokes all the time, there is a cloud above it, it is an active volcano and it is constantly coming from it you can see it all the time in the parks, this place is called a lava mouth, when the ovacha volcano erupted, lava flowed from it like a river, formed these furrows, scars, a whole canyon, you see, i still have frozen magma behind me, this place is considered one of the most dangerous in the region, because no one knows when the achinsky volcano will wake up again, and how high the snowdrifts can be here, recently it has become a small metro... the system reacted instantly, it’s impossible to pass here unnoticed, once or twice, under this heavy iron cover there is a brain center that detects sounds inaccessible to human hearing, a microbarometer, and it receives infrasound signals from

the wind noise suppression system. what kind of spacecraft is this , everything that is in the air is pumped through a filter, it settles on the filter, analysis, analysis of this filter in general occurs between. the snow white apparatus collects aerosol particles from the surface layers of the atmosphere, allowing us to conclude that nuclear weapons have been tested and to learn about the onset of a cataclysm. example of fukushima in the eleventh year, these elements of the iodine group were identified and caught here. that is, you already knew about it here, what was happening there. yes. i really like kamchatka. i had the opportunity to leave here, but i brushed it aside.

pitetsky has been monitoring the work of msm stations every day for almost 20 years. the main task is to protect the earth from nuclear disasters. kamchatka stations ensure continuous flow of data to the international data center with the required parameters of at least 95% of authenticated data from the radionuclide station, at least 98% availability of data from waveform stations and russia for the world in matters of nuclear testing. nuclear testing imposed only two main obligations on participants - not to conduct nuclear tests and not to encourage others to do so. to date , 187 countries have signed this treaty, but not all have ratified it, and russia, even despite the withdrawal of ratification, continues to supply the international

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