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hello, i'm sergei stankevich, you and i continue to reflect on the most significant pages in... history in that dramatic era when our country made the great transition from the soviet union to new russia. today we will remember how in russia in 1991 , a president was elected for the first time in a popular election. the choice of the people then fell on boris nikolaevich yeltsin. let us remember the situation of this crisis, turning point and, in many ways , fatal year. and let us pay attention to the fact that the situation in the then soviet union and... the fate of this country increasingly depended on the confrontation between two people: mikhail gorbachev and boris yeltsin, and thereby on the struggle of the two lines that they represented at that time, reformist and revolutionary. mikhail gorbachev, while remaining the leader of the cpsu, has also been president

of the ussr for a year. under his leadership, the ussr continued reform reform for the sixth year, which, after initial successes, reached a dead end, especially the economy.

renewed ussr. at the same time, over 71% of soviet citizens living in russia, at yeltsin’s call, supported the introduction of the post of president in the republic. each of the opponents interpreted the results of the referendum in their favor. the confrontation deepened. economic fund for the central government in the run-up to the elections turned out to be extremely unfavorable. in the union in 1991, there was essentially a financial failure. reform, which was popularly nicknamed pavlovskaya, after the last prime minister of the ussr, valentin pavlov. the reform, which was delayed by at least five years, was intended to ease the horrific commodity deficit, and to do this , remove from circulation approximately 81 billion empty

rubles unbacked by goods. to do this , first in january 1991 , a confiscation exchange of banknotes was carried out, and then in april, something unprecedented for the ussr took place. to put it mildly, this did not add to the love for soviet power. the izvestia newspaper then stated, quote, that state trade had exhausted itself. it should be noted that the pavlovian reform was a forced and clumsy retribution for mikhail gorbachev’s refusal a year earlier from a completely workable evolutionary reform.

take as a candidate for vice-president the afghan combat general, hero pilot alexander rutskov. this sure bet undoubtedly worked, albeit later. yeltsin faced a completely different situation. election headquarters of the cpsu, created on the old square to confront yeltsin, set the goal of moving the elections to the second round. to do this , it was necessary to spread the votes among numerous candidates in the first round. and the palette of nominees seemed to create such an opportunity. boris yeltsin's main opponent was nikolai ryshkov, the former head of the union council of ministers, officially supported by the cpsu. the first one performed together with him. minister of internal affairs of the ussr, colonel general boris gromov, a well-known commander in the country who withdrew soviet

troops from afghanistan. conservative tandem ryshkov-kromov, with his words, promised illusory soviet stability. another colonel general, albert makasov, commander of the volga-ural military district, with his frenzied rhetoric, addressed the support of the radical communist voter, for the votes of the working people, primarily miners. the ardent populist amangeldy tuleyev from kuzbass fought against the rise in prices ; vadim bakatin, a former minister of internal affairs, known as a reformer of the security forces, sought to attract the liberal intelligentsia. the surprise that captured the imagination of voters for a long time was the master of political outrageousness vladimir zhirinovsky, the leader of the first officially registered liberal democratic party in the ussr. the choice offered to the russians seemed to give gorbachev, as well as all supporters of the old regime, a chance to prevent yeltsin from being elected in

the first round. the second round could have been postponed until the fall, or not held at all, because even then a plan to transfer the country to a state of emergency was maturing in some power offices. all allied media did not work as much in favor of the main favorite of the kremlin, nikolai ryshkov, as against yeltsin, using all kinds of compromising evidence and outright intimidation. yeltsin, for his part, chose a win-win tactic, focusing on the obvious hopelessness of late soviet life, on the total shortage of goods, a huge jump in prices, and the helplessness of confused communist managers. his speeches, with which he continuously traveled around the country, usually ended with demands for gorbachev's resignation. he did not limit himself to naked criticism, the second emphasis became a constant theme for yeltsin. on russian sovereignty, especially economic, which was supposed to ensure the republic’s withdrawal from the crisis, while he

also took up the theme of a renewed union, promising to speed up the preparation of a union treaty. yeltsin's access to the media was extremely limited in june 1991; russian television was then only taking its first steps, but what worked most for yeltsin was the almighty myth of the people's protector. who is persecuted by the evil authorities, but will bypass all ambushes and will definitely win. the attractiveness of this folk myth, passed on throughout the republic from mouth to mouth, was indestructible. of course, such myths do not last long, and quite soon, just as quickly, they turn into their opposite. but in june 1991, waves of spontaneous popular love and inflated hopes carried boris yeltsin to the inevitable. about 75% of voters took part in the elections. according to

the voting results, boris yeltsin, paired with alexander rudsky, won in the first round, receiving 57.3% of the votes. the defeat of the pair nikolay ryshkov - boris gromov, who received less than 17% was devastating. third place with almost 8% was sensationally won by vladimir zhirinovsky, who became. from that moment on, he became a significant and colorful figure in russian politics. yeltsin predictably received the greatest support in the urals, moscow and leningrad. in the last two capital cities, simultaneously with the presidential elections, mayoral elections were held for the first time, which were convincingly won by yeltsin's associates, gavriil popov and anatoly sobchak. the election of boris yeltsin as president of russia in direct popular elections dealt a serious blow. by the legitimacy of the ussr president mikhail gorbachev, elected only by the congress of allied

deputies. it became clear that it was impossible to defeat or at least push aside yeltsin by political or legal methods in the coming years. gorbachev could only accept the inevitable and try to re-enter an alliance with yeltsin in an effort to maintain at least a limited role in the renewed union of nine republics. july 10, 1900. ninety-one , gorbachev unexpectedly appeared in the kremlin in the midst of the inauguration of president yeltsin. he came to congratulate there are several victorious opponents. having made a forced joke, the country now has one more president, ahead of the two presidents, who have been either allies or rivals many times, many more dramatic events awaited in this fateful ninety-first year, the last in the history of the ussr.

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hello, i’m sergei stankevich, together with you we are again peering into the details of the significant events of that era, when our country was making the great transition from the soviet union to the new russia. today we will remember how in the spring and summer of 1991 a decisive attempt was made to save the collapsing soviet union. over the 70 years of its existence, the cssr emerged as an ideological project state. the communist party, which established monopoly power as a result

of the revolution and civil war of 1917-1921, created the soviet state project, which had the official goal of building socialism and communism from the beginning in one country, and then gradually throughout the world. the ussr had an extremely... vulnerable state structure. it consisted of 15 republics, each of which had all the formal attributes of an independent state and the constitutional right of complete secession. what kept the republics together was their joint activities, a common obligatory ideology, a one-party system and an administrative-repressive apparatus. essentially, it was a soviet ideological empire. in which the russian federation acted as the bearer of the imperial principle, and this role was not an advantage for her, an increasingly ruinous time. in the 1980s

, the ussr entered a time of rapidly growing systemic crisis. a group of communist reformers led by general secretary of the cpsu central committee mikhail gorbachev pursued a policy of perestroika in 1985-1991. which had the goal of modernizing the ussr, while preserving all the foundations of the soviet state project. almost all the reforms carried out during the perestroika process were late and insufficient. as a result, the ussr crisis by 1991 entered the half-life stage. with the goal of preventing the final collapse of the soviet state, march 17, 1991, nine soviet republics out of fifteen. held a referendum, over 76% of referendum participants voted for the nine republics to maintain union relations,

significantly updating them. from april to november 1991, the soviet republics negotiated the creation of a treaty union state in the format of a federation or confederation instead of the soviet... empire. these negotiations, which took place mainly at novoogorev’s state residence near moscow, went down in history as the novoogoryovsky trial. negotiations within the framework of the novoogoryovsky process took place according to the 9+1 formula, which meant nine union republics participating in the referendum, plus the union center represented. president of the ussr, mikhail gorbachev. these are the nine republics. on april 23, 1991

, the heads of nine republics gathered in nova ogoreva, at the call of gorbachev, who continued to combine the post of president with the post of general secretary of the cpsu. eight of them were presidents or prime ministers, while simultaneously remaining in their republics by party leaders. besides the leader of russia, boris yeltsin, only him. and fell out of this completely one-party meeting. as a result of the meeting , a joint april statement was adopted. the republics and the union center, in pursuance of the referendum decision, will, as soon as possible, prepare a new union treaty and a constitution associated with it. until these documents are put into effect, the republics live in a transition period, observing the previous constitutional and legal order. the statement promised price adjustments, tax.

and be its equal subjects. this significantly complicated the entire structure of the state and the negotiation process. it is curious that the novoogoryovsk negotiators

before... yeltsin insisted on sovereign states, gorbachev objected and put pressure on the party line. in the end, they seemed to agree on the name union of soviet sovereign republics, thereby preserving the cherished abbreviation ussr. caused more significant disagreements. question on the union taxes budget. gorbachev advocated a three-channel system. the union budget, gorbachev assured, must be formed due to union taxes and fees, as well as due to shared contributions from republican and local authorities. this was opposed by russian boris yeltsin and ukrainian leonid kravchuk. they insisted on a single-channel system, which assumed that the republics would pay fixed contributions to the union budget.

question. on union taxes was political and partly philosophical; both the scope of the powers of the union government and its status in the state system depended on its decision. the presence of a union tax was a fundamental feature federation. maintaining the central government only through fixed contributions from the republics shifted the union towards a confederation. as an adviser to the president of russia, i had the opportunity to personally observe the final stage of the debate.

a single currency with an emission center, union parliament, president, prosecutor's office and courts, russian language for interethnic communication. the union government was given ownership of the union budget. had an independent tax base. during the last period of work on the agreement on the desire to join the union on even representatives of armenia and moldova, who had previously insisted on complete state independence, stated separate contractual conditions. the agreement was published, its phased signing was to begin on august 20, 1991 with a ceremony in

the kremlin, to which everyone was invited. media and international guests. alas, the signing of a new union treaty did not take place. it was thwarted by a coup attempt undertaken on the eve of the signing on august 19-21, 1991, by a group of reactionary officials from the leadership of the cpsu and the ussr. after after the failure of the august reactionary putsch, the republics were only recently ready to unite. in the new union, one after another they began to declare their independence and distance themselves from moscow. the agreement prepared in novo ogorevo will, unfortunately, remain just a documentary monument to that large eurasian state, modern, strong and quite likely successful, the creation of which we came so close to, but were unable to create.

the large-scale challenges facing the country can only be solved together, following the example of talented people dedicated to their work. vladimir putin announced this at the award ceremony in the kremlin, which traditionally took place on the same day. russia, the president presented gold medals to the hero of labor and state prizes in the field of science, art, as well as for achievements in human rights and charitable activities. elizaveta khramtsova will talk about those who have received high awards. on the big day.