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pages of our history in that dramatic era when our country made the great transition from the soviet union to new russia. today we will remember how in russia in 1991 , a president was elected for the first time in a popular election. the choice of the people then fell on boris nikolaevich yeltsin. let us remember the situation of this crisis, turning point and, in many ways , fatal year. and let us pay attention to the fact that the situation is... reformist and revolutionary. mikhail gorbachev, while remaining the leader of the cpsu, has also been president of the ussr for a year. under his leadership of the ussr, the reformist perestroika continued for the sixth year, which, after initial successes , came to an end. into a dead end, primarily economic,

and which the communist gorbachev desperately tried to save. another communist, boris yeltsin, who acted as a close ally of gorbachev in the early years of perestroika, became his radical opponent. he left the party godfather, led the revolutionary-minded opposition, and in 1990 was elected head of the new russian parliament. under the chairmanship of yeltsin , the parliament approved a declaration of state sovereignty. russia and began to create an independent economy and a new legal system in the largest union republic. election of the first president russia in 1991 became in many ways the decisive stage of this conflict between two lines and two personalities. this was once again symbolically emphasized by the march 1991 referendum. nine of the fifteen soviet republics voted in a referendum for gorbachev's proposal. maintain allied relations in

the renewed ussr. at the same time, over 71% of soviet citizens living in russia at yeltsin’s call supported entry into the republic. to ease the horrific commodity deficit, and to do this, remove from circulation approximately 81 billion empty fish, unsupplied with goods. for first, in january 1991 , a confiscation exchange of banknotes was carried out, and then in april, an unprecedented

price increase for the ussr took place. the price of bread has increased three times, a liter of milk by 3 and a half times, a kilogram of beef by four times. love for soviet power. to put it mildly, it didn’t add anything. the izvestia newspaper then stated, quote, that state trade had exhausted itself. it should be noted that the pavlovsk reform was a forced and clumsy retribution for mikhail gorbachev’s refusal a year earlier from completely shatalin evlinsky's workable evolutionary program is 500 days. according to the election law adopted in the rsfsr , paired presidential candidates were nominated by collecting 100 thousand signatures. and vice president. to win , tandem needed to get more than 50% of the votes with a turnout of at least 50% of voters. the conditions were difficult to fulfill. to attract the votes of wavering communists and the military, yeltsin’s headquarters, where i also worked,

recommended taking the pilot hero, alexander rutskov, as a candidate for vice-president of the combat general afghan. this is true bet, no doubt. he was paired with the first deputy minister of internal affairs of the ussr, colonel general boris gromov, a well-known commander in the country who led soviet troops out of afghanistan. the conservative tandem ryshkov-kromov promised illusory soviet stability in their words. another colonel general,

albert makasov, commander of the volga-ural military district, with his frenzied rhetoric, addressed the radical communist voter for support, for votes. suing, primarily miners, dissatisfied with rising prices, the ardent populist kusbass member amangeldy tuleyev fought. vadin bakatin, a former minister of internal affairs known as a reformer of the security forces, sought to attract the liberal intelligentsia. the surprise that captured the imagination of voters for a long time was the master of political outrageousness vladimir zhirinovsky, the leader of the first officially registered liberal democratic party in the ussr. choice. proposed to the russians, seemed to give gorbachev, as well as all supporters of the old regime, a chance to prevent yeltsin’s election first round. the second round could have been postponed until the fall, or not held at all, because even then a plan to transfer the country to a

state of emergency was maturing in some power offices. all allied media worked not so much in favor of the main favorite of the kremlin, nikolai ryshkov, but against yeltsin, using all kinds of compromising evidence and...

a native defender who is being persecuted by the evil authorities, but will bypass all ambushes and will definitely win, the attractiveness of this folk myth, transmitted throughout the republic from... by mouth was indestructible. of course, such myths do not last long and quite soon, just as quickly, they turn into their opposite. but in june 1991, waves of spontaneous popular love and inflated hopes carried boris yeltsin to inevitable victory. about 75% of voters took part in the elections. according to the voting results, boris yeltsin, paired with alexander rudsky, has already won. in the first round, having received 57.3% of the votes, the defeat of the nikolai ryshkov-boris gromov pair,

who received less than 17%, was crushing. third place with almost 8% sensationally won vladimir zhirinovsky, who from that moment became a significant and colorful figure in russian politics. yeltsin predictably received the greatest support in the urals, moscow and leningrad. in the last capital cities, simultaneously with the presidential elections , mayoral elections were held for the first time, which were convincingly won by yeltsin’s associates, gavriil popov and anatoly sobchak. the election of boris yeltsin as president of russia in direct popular elections dealt a serious blow to the legitimacy of ussr president mikhail gorbachev, who was elected only by the congress of allied deputies. it became clear that we would win or at least push back. accept the inevitable and

try again to enter into an alliance with yeltsin in an effort to retain at least a limited role in the renewed union of nine republics. on july 10, 1991, gorbachev unexpectedly appeared in the kremlin in the midst of the inauguration of president yeltsin. he came to congratulate. rival, joking somewhat forcedly, so the country now has one more president, ahead of the two presidents, who have been both allies and rivals many times, many more awaited dramatic events of this fateful ninety-first year, the last in the history of the ussr.

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, together with you, we are peering into the details of the significant events of that year. era when our country made the great transition from the soviet union to new russia. today we will remember how, in the spring and summer of 1991, a decisive attempt was made to save the collapsing soviet union through its reasonable modernization. over the 70 years of its existence, the cssr was formed as ideological project state. the communist party, which established monopoly power as a result of the revolution and civil war of 1917-1921, created the soviet state project, which had the official goal of building socialism and

communism, first in one country, and then gradually throughout the world. the ussr was extremely vulnerable... the russian federation acted as the bearer of the imperial principle, and this role was not an advantage for it, but an increasingly ruinous burden. in the 1980s, the ussr entered a time of rapidly growing systemic crisis. a group of communist reformers led by the general secretary of the cpsu central committee mikhail gorbachev in 1985-1991 pursued

a policy of perestroika and... had the goal of modernizing the ussr, while preserving all the foundations of the soviet state project. almost all the reforms carried out during the perestroika process were late and insufficient. as a result of the crisis, by 1991 the ussr entered the half-life stage. in order to prevent the final collapse of the soviet state. march 17, 1991, nine soviet republics out of fifteen carried out. referendum, over 76% of referendum participants voted for 9 republics to maintain union relations, significantly updating them. from april to november

1991, the soviet republics negotiated the creation of a replacement for the soviet empire. ussr, mikhail gorbachev. these are the 9 republics. april 23, 1991, at the call of gorbachev, who continued. cpsu, heads of nine republics gathered. eight of them were presidents or prime ministers, while simultaneously

remaining party leaders in their republics. in addition to the leader of russia, boris yeltsen, he was the only one who dropped out of this completely one-party meeting. as a result of the meeting , a joint april statement was adopted. the republics and the union center will prepare, in pursuance of the referendum decision, as soon as possible. a new treaty of union and a constitution associated with it. until these documents are put into effect, the republics live in a transition period, observing the previous constitutional and legal order. the statement promised price adjustments, tax breaks and improved food supplies. the heads of the republics called the population to refrain from strikes and any riots. the april statement reflected a centrist position. until the new order is agreed upon and put into effect, the old rules remain unchanged. this line was largely followed while gorbachev

remained the leader of the novogorevsky process until july 1991. after boris elson was elected president of russia in june and took office in july, he began to increasingly aggressively promote his version of a union system. to develop a union project. especially tatarstan and bashkiria insisted on their right to sign a union treaty and be its equal subjects. this significantly complicated the entire structure of the state and the negotiation process. it’s interesting that the novoogorsky negotiators have been working for a long time. argued intensely about the name of the new union state, for example, what words should we use: soviet republics or sovereign states? yeltsin insisted on

sovereign states, gorbachev objected and pressed along party lines. in the end, they seemed to agree on the name union of soviet sovereign republics, thereby preserving the cherished abbreviation ussr. the question caused more significant disagreement. on union taxes to the budget. gorbachev advocated a three-channel system. the union budget, gorbachev assured, should be formed from union taxes and fees, as well as from shared contributions from republican and local authorities. this was opposed by russian boris yeltsin and ukrainian leonid kravchuk. they insisted on a single-channel system, which assumed that the republics would pay fixed contributions to the union budget. taxes was political and partly philosophical, from his the decisions depended on the scope of the powers of the union government and its status in the state system. the presence of a union tax was

a fundamental feature of the federation. the maintenance of central power only through fixed contributions from the republics shifted the union towards a confederation. as an adviser to the president of russia, i had the opportunity to personally observe the final stage of the debate in novo.

independent tax base. during the last period of work on the treaty , even representatives of armenia and moldova, who had previously insisted on complete state independence. the agreement was published, its phased signing was to begin on august 20, 1991 with a ceremony in the kremlin, to which the media were invited. and international guests. alas, the signing of a new union treaty did not take place. it was thwarted by a coup attempt

undertaken on the eve of signing. august 19-21, 1991 by a group of reactionary officials from the leadership of the cpsu and the ussr. after the failure of the august reactionary putsch, the republics, which had recently been ready to unite in a new union, began one after another to declare their independence and distance themselves from moscow. unfortunately, that's all that's left. which we came so close to creating, but could not create.

it's easy to get caught up in the facts when you only see part of the big picture. the pursuit of views changes entire locations, it’s easy to make a fake dept,

change your voice. manipulation of public consciousness, with the help of the americans, of course, ukraine is very active, you can’t come up with anything new, something new in technology, naturally i had no plans to be recruited, i somehow didn’t even suspect that this could happen to me, we’ll tell you about that now, it’s not intelligence services that compete with each other, it’s the state, intelligence and counterintelligence that compete with each other struggles, but in the end, the result of everything is determined by the quality of state policy.

on russia day, vladimir putin traditionally awarded heroes of labor and state prize laureates. the president noted that the large-scale tasks that our country faces today can only be solved together. and it plays a huge role in this. an excellent example of talented people who are ready to do everything in their power for the common good. doctors, scientists, human rights activists and artists gathered today in the st. george hall of the large kremlin palace, and those whose names are already inscribed in the history of our country. report by polina ermolaeva. the solemnity of the moment is emphasized by the ceremony ; each hero of labor and state prize winner is invited in turn to the st. george hall of the grand kremlin palace, they are greeted

the president. today is a difficult time for us.