yes, manipulation of public consciousness, with the help of the americans, of course, ukraine is very active, you can’t come up with anything new, new in technology, naturally i had no plans to be recruited, i somehow didn’t even suspect that this could happen to me maybe, we’ll tell you about this now, it’s not the intelligence agencies that compete with each other, it’s the state that competes, intelligence and counterintelligence fight with each other, but in the end, the result of everything is determined by the quality of the state’s policy. in our country, if it’s a sport, then with records, if it's a national holiday, we love traditions, we honor our history. we value family, strong

relationships, we admire how the country is blossoming, there are even more achievements ahead, fall in love with the country more at the russia exhibition.

hello, i am sergei stankevich, we continue to reflect on the most significant pages of our history in that dramatic era when our country made the great transition from the soviet union to new russia. today we will remember how in russia in 1991 , at the national elections, he was elected for the first time the president. the choice of the people then fell on boris nikolaevich yeltsin. let us remember the situation of this crisis, turning point, and in many ways fatal year. and let us pay attention to the fact that the situation in the then soviet union and the fate of this country increasingly depended on the confrontation between two people: mikhail gorbachev and boris yeltsin. and thereby from

the struggle of the two lines that they represented at that time, reformist and revolutionary. mikhail gorbachev, while remaining the leader of the cpsu, has also been president of the ussr for a year. under his leadership, the ussr has been in its sixth year reformist perestroika continued, which, after initial successes, reached a dead end, primarily economic, and which communist gorbachev desperately tried to save. another communist, boris yeltsin, spoke at the first. opposition, in 1990 he was elected head of the new russian parliament, chaired by yeltsin, the parliament approved the declaration of state sovereignty of russia and began to create an independent economy and a new legal system in the largest union republic. elections.

to do this, first in january 1991 they carried out a confiscation exchange of banknotes, and then in april there was an unprecedented price increase for the ussr. the price of bread has increased three times, a liter of milk by 3 and a half times, a kilogram of beef by four times. to put it mildly, this did not add to the love for soviet power. the newspaper then stated, quote, that state trade had exhausted itself.

the conditions were difficult to fulfill, in order to attract the votes of wavering communists and the military, yeltsin’s headquarters, in which he worked and i recommended taking as a candidate for vice-president the afghan combat general, hero-pilot alexander rutskov. this sure bet undoubtedly worked, although it later turned out differently for yeltsin. the election headquarters of the cpsu, created on the old square to confront yeltsin. set the goal of moving the elections to the second round, for this it was necessary to spread the votes among numerous candidates in the first round, and the palette of nominees seemed to create such an opportunity. the main opponent of boris yeltsin was the officially supported cpsu, nikolai ryshkov, former head of the union

council of ministers. he was paired with the first deputy minister of internal affairs of the ussr, colonel general boris gromov, a well-known commander in the country who withdrew soviet troops from. afghanistan, the conservative tandem ryshkov-kromov, with their appearance and words, promised illusory soviet stability. another colonel general, albert makasov, commander of the volga-ural military district, with his frenzied rhetoric, addressed the radical communist voter for support, for the votes of the working people, primarily miners, dissatisfied with rising prices, the ardent populist kuzbasovets amangeldy tuleyev fought, and sought the liberal intelligentsia.

a constant theme for yeltsin was the emphasis on

russian sovereignty, especially economic sovereignty, which was supposed to ensure the republic’s withdrawal from the crisis. it was not limited to naked criticism. he also took up the theme of a renewed union, promising to speed up the preparation of a union treaty. yeltsin’s access to the media was extremely limited in june 1991; russian television was then only taking its first steps, but most of all yeltsin worked on the almighty myth of the people's defender, who is persecuted by the evil authorities, but will bypass all ambushes and will definitely win. the attractiveness of this people.

hopes carried boris yeltsin to inevitable victory. about 75% of voters took part in the elections. based on voting results. was devastating. third place with almost 8% was sensationally won by vladimir zhirinovsky, who from that moment became a significant and colorful figure in russian politics. elson predictably received the greatest support in the urals, moscow and leningrad. in two in the last capital cities, simultaneously with the presidential elections , mayoral elections were held for the first time, in which yeltsin's associates convincingly won. gabriel popov and anatoly sobchak. the election of boris yeltsin as president

of russia in direct popular elections dealt a serious blow to the legitimacy of ussr president mikhail gorbachev, who was elected only by the congress of allied deputies. it became clear that it was impossible to defeat or at least push aside yeltsin by political or legal methods in the coming years. gorbachev could only accept the inevitable and try go again. the presidents, who had been both allies and rivals many times, faced many more

dramatic events in that fateful ninety-first year, the last in the history of the ussr.

dear friends, i invite you to our next episode of the author’s program besagon tv, it will be called today children, tomorrow people, i hope it will be interesting, i’m looking forward to seeing you. hello, i’m sergei stankevich, together with you we are again peering into the details of the significant events of that era. when our country made a great transition from the soviet union to new russia. today

we will remember how in the spring and summer of 1991 a decisive attempt was made to save the disintegrating soviet union through its reasonable modernization. over the 70 years of its existence, the cssr emerged as an ideological project state. the communist party, which established monopoly power as a result of the revolution and civil war.

divisions, kept the republics together , directed their joint activities, generally binding ideology, one-party system and administrative repressive apparatus. essentially, it was a soviet ideological empire, in which the russian federation acted as the bearer of the imperial principle, and this role was not an advantage for it, but an increasingly ruinous burden. in the 1980s. the ussr entered a time of rapidly growing systemic crisis. a group of communist reformers led by the general secretary of the cpsu central committee mikhail gorbachev in 1985-1991 pursued a policy of perestroika, which aimed to modernize the ussr while preserving all foundations of the soviet state project.

almost all the reforms carried out during the perestroika process were late. and insufficient. as a result, by 1991, the ussr crisis had entered the half-life stage. in order to prevent the final collapse of the soviet state, on march 17, 1991, nine of the 15 soviet republics held a referendum. over 76% of referendum participants voted for the 9 republics to maintain union relations, significantly updating them. from april to november 1991, the soviet republics waged negotiations on the creation of a contractual union state in the format of a federation or confederation instead of the soviet empire. these

negotiations took place mainly at the state residence near moscow. the post of president with the post of general secretary of the cpsu, the heads of nine republics gathered. eight of them were presidents or prime ministers, while simultaneously remaining party leaders in their republics. apart from the leader of russia, boris yeltsin, he was the only one who dropped out of this completely one-party meeting. as a result of the meeting, a joint april

statement. the republics and the union center will prepare, in pursuance of the referendum decision, as soon as possible. conditions of the transition period, respecting the previous constitutional and legal order. the statement promised price adjustments, tax breaks and improved food supplies. the heads of the republics called on the population to refrain from strikes and any riots. the april statement reflected a centrist position. until the new order is agreed upon and put into effect, the old rules remain unchanged. this line was largely followed while gorbachev, until july 1991, remained the leader of the novogorevsky process. after boris elson was elected president of russia in june and took office in july, he began to more and more persistently

promote his version of a union system in order to develop projects for a union system. a preparatory committee was formed, in which, in addition to delegations from nine union republics and the center, 16 russian autonomies were also represented. the heads of the autonomies, especially tatarstan and bashkiria, insisted on their right to sign a union treaty and to be its equal subjects. this significantly complicated the entire structure of the state and the negotiation process. it is curious that the novoogoryovsk negotiators spent a long time on... states; gorbachev objected and put pressure on them along the party line. as a result, they seemed to agree on the name union of soviet sovereign republics,

thereby preserving the cherished abbreviation ussr. more significant disagreement was caused by the issue of union taxes and budget. gorbachev advocated a three-channel system. the budget of the union - gorbachev assured - should be formed due to union taxes and fees, as well as due to shared contributions. from the republican and local authorities, this was opposed by the russian boris yeltsin and the ukrainian leonid kravchuk. they insisted on a single-channel system, which assumed that the republics would pay fixed contributions to the union budget. the question of union taxes was political and partly philosophical. the scope of the powers of the union government and its status in the state system depended on his decision. there was a union tax. fundamental feature federation, the maintenance of the central government only through fixed contributions from the republics shifted the union to a confederation.

as an adviser to the president of russia, i had the opportunity to personally observe the final stage of the debate in novo ogorevo. on all controversial issues, about the status of autonomy as subjects of the union, about the property and powers of the union, about the union tax, as well as about the name of the renewed state. the participants managed to reach compromises that were difficult for them. even boris yeltsin, who after being elected president of russia became the style was much more prickly and tough, in the end it worked for the overall result. the prepared draft of the new union treaty was initialed on july 23, 1991 by all participants in the novoogoryovsk meetings. the agreement assumed the creation of a real one. federation, common foreign defense policy, single currency with an emission center, union parliament, president, prosecutor's office and courts,

russian language for interethnic communication. the union power was endowed with property, the union budget had an independent tax base. during the last period of work on agreement, even representatives of armenia and moldova declared their desire to join the union on separate contractual terms. previously insisted on complete state independence. the agreement was published, its phased signing was to begin on august 20, 1991 with a ceremony in the kremlin, to which the media and international guests were invited. alas, the signing of a new union treaty did not take place. it was thwarted by a coup attempt undertaken on the eve of signing. 19-21 august 1991 by a group of reactionary officials from the leadership of the cpsu and the ussr. after

the failure of the august reactionary putsch, the republics, which had recently been ready to unite in a new union, began to declare their independence one after another and distance themselves from moscow. the agreement that has been prepared will, unfortunately, remain just a document.

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