not us, this is a rare case when we are proud that we are not the first, the second, here is a peaceful atom, a nuclear power plant is our absolute primacy, an overseas ally in the anti-hitler coalition is rapidly becoming a former one, more than n tests near semipalatinsk in forty years became clear that the soviet union also has power... and the parity of forces in the world

has been restored, igor kurchatov, who led all the work on creating the atomic bomb, said. a peaceful atom is our goal. only forced necessity bombs. not many people who knows that the idea of ​​​​creating a nuclear power plant belongs to kurchatov. back in 1946, in secret laboratory b, he made preliminary studies and calculations. nuclear reactor to generate electrical energy, but was able to return to them only after a few years, pictures of warm houses, bright roads, well-equipped cities, all this is sustainable, powerful, generally inexpensive nuclear energy, this is a feat for the scientists who dared to do this proposal to its leadership, a very bold government action on...

he lived and worked in this house, very close to the nuclear power plant. only the initiates knew where exactly. the place was classified, like everything connected with the first atomic one. experimental reactor f-1 in moscow laboratory number two, now the kurchatov institute and industrial a1, the so- called annushka at the mayak enterprise in the chelyabinsk region. with their help, the soviet union created nuclear weapons in order to maintain nuclear parity. nuclear power plant. phi

was to become a peaceful answer to the west in ensuring energy security countries. here was the heart of the obninsk nuclear power plant. several types of reactor were developed for it at once; in the end, preference was given to uranium and a graphite, channel-type installation with a water coolant. academician igor kurchatov gathered and headed a real nuclear detachment from the best nuclear scientists of the soviet union. they became the founders of modern nuclear power. energy. anatoly alexandrov was involved in all engineering and production issues related to the creation of the obninsk nuclear power plant, as well as the reactor for the first soviet nuclear submarine, leninsky komsomol or k-3. it was assumed that the same nuclear reactor design would be created for both the station and the nuclear submarine. however , it turned out that the k-3 needed a more compact version. academician alexandrov worked on it. subsequently, the creation and improvement of atomic. something became

his life's work. nikolai dalezhal, chief designer of the obnenskaya as reactor and the reactor of the k-3 nuclear submarine, too, since the projects were created in parallel. the first calculations of the am nuclear reactor, which stands for atom mirny, were carried out in kurchatov laboratory number two in niih mashi. it was supposed to run on enriched uranium, the installation capacity was 5 megatons. scientists have figured out how to convert nuclear energy first into thermal energy. then into mechanical, and then into electricity. it is this principle that is still used in the operation of nuclear power plants with classic pressurized water reactors. in the primary circuit of a nuclear power plant , circulation pumps pump water through the nuclear reactor. under enormous pressure, it heats up to 300° and enters the steam generator, where it gives off its heat in water from another, second circuit of the ac. the steam generator parasite enters... the rotating shaft

of the generator, which generates electricity. after being used in the turbine , the steam enters the condenser, where it is cooled and turned into water, which is pumped through.

at that time, vladimir malykh, a young designer-technologist, did not even have a completed higher education, but for igor kurchatov and alexander leypunsky, who already then began to create a scientific school of promising nuclear physicists in obninsk, this did not matter, they knew how to choose talents. the fuel rod for the obnensk npp was not like now with uranium pellets inside, filled with uranium alebdenum powder, resistant to high temperature, pressure and corrosion. the name itself. the releasing element, without which it is now impossible to imagine nuclear energy, appeared here in obnensk. the main elements of a nuclear reactor core - the rods in which fission of heavy uranium nuclei occurs - must be very thin and ultra-strong. developments

carried out first in kurchatovsky and kharkov institutes, later at the bochvar vniinm, could not solve this problem. and vladimir malykh created a unique design in just 2 years, which... became the founder of all modern fuel elements, for valery sazonov, a veteran of the fii, who was also involved in reactor tests of tvelov at the first nuclear power plant, the small family is special, he is a genius, yes, well, we consider him just a genius, but really, he studied at moscow state university, then he went to serve in the army, he even got wounded, he came here, and he spoke designer, developer, but... such that several companies worked on this project, they did not pass any tests, only the product created by the small man and his team passed the test. for his invention, malykh was awarded the order

of lenin; in elektrostal, near moscow, at plant number 12, now a machine-building plant, they immediately launched round-the-clock production of fuel elements according to his design. obnenskaya ues has become an example of incredible courage of scientific and design thought, can you imagine how one had to have talent and imagination to create something that no one in the world had ever done in the completely new atomic field at that time. the creation of both the nuclear reactor and the nuclear power plant itself proceeded in parallel. the project was constantly changing, because even the dimensions of the reactor room.

slavsky was constantly present at the site, as the head of the launch group , the then deputy minister of medium engineering, everything did not go very smoothly, the emergency protection was constantly triggered, they were exhausting, during one of the shifts, slavsky entered here in the room the guard began to speak:

the installation of the first secondary circuits of the reactor, thermomechanical equipment had been completed, and the run-in before the physical start-up had begun. on may 9, the day of victory, the arrows on the instruments of the main console of the world's first...s showed the minimum power, and then the final adjustment of all systems of the whole orchestra began, which in a sense is a nuclear power plant. “the symphony of the launch of the obnitskaya nuclear power plant sounded on

june 26, 1954, and thus began a new energy era for humanity. igor vasilyevich kurchatov, he came to the station, when in the end the steam was supplied to the turbine, he also clapped, clapped, congratulated, congratulated us all on our easy success." when on july 1 an article about the beginning of the work of the obnensk npp appeared in the newspaper pravda, the world was stunned. the headlines of the foreign press spoke for themselves. the cold war was already in full swing and there was no point in complimenting the soviet union, but the significance of the event became more important than politics.

the british newspaper turned the attention to the main thing. people's idea of ​​atomic energy. it showed that it may not be the horror of a nuclear explosion, but electricity, the generation of which does not require endless trains of coal or fuel oil. at the first geneva international conference on the peaceful uses of atomic energy, the report of the scientific director of the obninsk npp blakhintsev was greeted with applause, although this was prohibited by the rules. sketches appeared in the ussr.

was operated by nuclear power plant personnel for years. the project seemed very promising

for the conquest of siberia, but in the end it was closed for economic reasons. the station itself was declassified a year after the start of work. foreign delegations went to obninsk to see the world's first operating nuclear power plant. heads of state, famous scientists, artists, georgy tashinsky, who was involved in the scientific substantiation and design of nuclear reactors for submarines at the institute, recalls. the united states unexpectedly found itself in the role of catching up. station in 1963, i think it was in may somewhere, the delegation was quite large,

all of it could not fit at the control panel control, some of it was kind of beyond the threshold, it was even difficult for me to get to some of the keys, but there was great interest. the world's first soviet nuclear power plant was connected to the moscow power grid from the moment of its launch. in comparison, the american experimental reactor ebr-1, the primacy of which is insisted on overseas by a household diesel generator. in the fifty-first year they received electricity, from which they lit four light bulbs, that is, there... literally, well, probably there was some kind of kilowatt, it was demonstrated for the first time in obnensk complete technology from nuclear fission to generating electricity into the grid. the name of the reactor at the obninsk nuclear power plant, am, or peaceful atom, was originally also deciphered as marine atom. it was also intended

for submarines. but when power plant stands and a reactor were built in the laboratory in obnensk. turned out to be larger and more massive than scientists expected. as a result , a variant for submarines was developed in leningrad at skb-143. this is the current malachite design bureau. this is the cabin of a submarine brought from the far east, pacific fleet, because a training center for submariners was created in ovinsk. and they trained at the world's first nuclear power plant. because the principle of reactor control is the same, so they got their first skills there, and then they were in a real installation. sailors were strictly forbidden to come to nuclear power plants in naval uniform; in the west they were not supposed to know where and what the crews of future soviet nuclear submarines were learning.

all officers were required to wear civilian clothing, since appearance at the nuclear power plant military groups wanting to follow fashion, we ended up wearing identical coats and hats, not to mention polished naval boots, looking like a group of chinese students. at the pass office we were asked to immediately fence ourselves off and not go with the cop. after training to work with a nuclear reactor, the exam was admission to independent control of the world's first nuclear power plant. this is k3, leninsky komsomol, the first soviet nuclear submarine, a nuclear reactor, for which it was created based on developments in obninsk. she was launched in 1957, and only later for 5 years she made the famous transition under the ice of the arctic ocean. there is

such a naval tale when k3 se... at the central post, the officers advised the midshipman helmsman to deviate slightly from the course so as not to touch the earth's axis. before the reactor was installed on a nuclear boat, this was a completely new thing. i had to try how it would work on the ground. and for this purpose this building was built. in it , three power compartments of a nuclear submarine were built in parallel, where the reactor was with pressurized water, type k3, which here in the museum now, it was an amazing time, i also call my colleagues who worked on water reactors, who

worked with me on liquid metal, pioneers, like the crew of the first nuclear icebreaker lenin, who also learned to work with a nuclear installation at the obninsk nuclear power plant . the nuclear-powered reactor was built under the leadership of the same academician aleksandrov, so the residents of obnensk rightfully call their city a sea city, although the nearest coast is more than a thousand km away. each technology, principles of working with equipment and the equipment itself are obninsk npp were unique. at that time , the world had not seen anything like this; it was at the first nuclear power plant that they tested a scheme for recycling spent nuclear fuel. fuel elements, the same fuel rods that malaya invented, were cut into pieces in the so-called hot chamber using mechanical manipulators, they were controlled from behind protective glass, but if something needed to be corrected in the chamber, if

repairs were needed, the employees had to enter the zone of hard radiation. from the soviet union, rapidly developing nuclear industry. in the sixty- second year, at the atom peaceful reactor, they showed how nuclear energy can be converted directly into electrical energy, on a loop. so atom. called an additional channel in the reactor installation, designed specifically for specific tests. in 1970, based on these studies

, the world's first topas converter reactor for nuclear power plants in space was created. the obnensky reactor laid the foundation for nuclear medicine, with its help they began to produce molybdenum isotope 99. 48 years. the obnensk npp was a scientific and experimental site of a kind of university.

the first nuclear power plant operated for almost half a century, from 1954 to 2002, without a single accident; it became a unique experimental site for testing nuclear technologies and research substantiation of reactor installations of much higher power, such as at the beliban and beloyarsk npps. atom peaceful large amb, that was the name of the reactors at the beloyarsk nuclear power plant, which was built in the sverdlovsk region, power units with a capacity of 100 and 200 mw. building beloyarka, as the nuclear power plant is affectionately called , was easier than the first nuclear one. the central control panel is almost the same as at the obninsk nuclear power plant. in the reactors of the beloyarsk station it was necessary to simply repeat what had already been done, only on a larger scale. there was no need to even develop a special one. the machine room was taken as usual with serial turbine equipment. the construction at the beloyarsk station of the first stage is the amb reactor, the first block, the second block, the third

and fourth blocks, liquid metal direction, fast reactors, these are, in fact, the daughters or sons of that event, which we now call the first launch in the world. now the first russian serial project of the fast neutron reactor bn is on its way. 200m, its core was also collected at the stands of obninsk physics. this is a new fourth generation reactor, which is planned to be built at the beloyarsk nuclear power plant, at the moment we are preparing all the necessary scientific confirmation, experimental confirmation of the characteristics of the core future reactor. new types of fuel, new materials, new approaches are emerging. for example, afm, low -power nuclear power plants, they are much cheaper than a traditional large afm, and are built much faster. afm

can be created to provide heat and electricity to a specific production or mine in a hard-to-reach area. in st. petersburg kolpino, at the production facility of rosatom's mechanical engineering division, they have already begun to cast parts for the first ground-based small nuclear power plant with 200 reactor units. they are creating asm, a low-power nuclear power plant, they call steel for billets from which it will be built in yakutia in order to provide electricity to several industrial enterprises and deposits of gold ore and tin. the asm will be equipped with a ritm 200n reactor, this is a ground-based version of the reactor for nuclear icebreakers; they were also created taking into account the experience gained in obninsk by the kurchatov nuclear detachment. the power of those discoveries of the forties and fifties lies in the enormous charge for many decades aimed at the development of these

technologies; there would be neither a third nor fourth generation, if there had not been kurchatov, leipunsky, dolezal, brilliant scientists and designers and theorists, those who practically realized this first in the world, which was then very small. as it seemed to everyone, in fact, the station gave a completely new quality to knowledge and technology on the planet. today the obnenskaya npp is a museum; the station legend continues to live as the embodiment of the history of the nuclear industry in russia and the world. the peaceful atom has forever become a symbol of the feat of scientists and designers of a great country.

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let's start with the topic of bad weather in yakutia. but the situation is still difficult. this region accounts for the largest number of fires. the rapid spread of fire is influenced by new outbreaks, and the wind and abnormal heat also contribute to it. the tense situation in the trans-baikal territory is fought by specialists from eleven regions. aviation is working. the day before, the smoke from wildfires had cleared.