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which science is the most important? some will probably name medicine, some mathematics, some history, some physics or chemistry, but in our opinion, the most important science is the science related to agriculture. why? yes, because without it no other sciences would exist. the population of our planet would simply die of hunger if they did not regularly improve their farming skills. throughout history, the main threat to humanity. hunger, it claimed more than 1 life million people, only a few decades ago we finally managed to overcome hunger, and even then not everywhere. in third world countries, people still regularly go hungry. with climate change and frequent droughts leading to crop losses, hunger may once again become the number one problem. are we ready to solve this problem and what contribution have russian scientists made and are making to its solution? you will learn about all this and more from this series. when buying bread today, hardly

any of us think about how it is closely connected with our history. lack of bread resulted in the destruction of empires; crop failures caused by natural disasters or wars led to monstrous famine. hunger was always nearby. even on the sumerian tablets, written 3,500 years bc, cases are mentioned when people, fleeing hunger, sold their children into slavery. in the mid-19th century, mass famine was a common occurrence in most european countries. during the middle ages, britain experienced 95 mass famines. in the middle of the xiv century, the average life expectancy in england was only 17.5 years. the famine

halved the population of germany. in northern europe, a terrible famine in 1317 claimed the lives of several million. cannibalism was the order of the day in those days. from march 1730 to may 1731, according to various estimates, about 900 thousand people died from famine in france. in the mid-19th century , scientists estimate that 1 million people died of starvation in ireland. in russia, famine has been no less a problem for centuries. famine under boris godunov killed about half a million people. famine on the don in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of protracted wars with poland and sweden, became one of the reasons for the uprising of stepan razin. then tens of thousands died. there were no less problems in subsequent centuries. andrei timofeevich bolotov, considered the first russian agronomist in 1700.

in terms of personality, he is comparable to such major scientists as darwin, no less, newton, lavoisier, for example, faraday, well, from the more modern nilsbourg, medeleev. a native of a small village in the smolensk province, dakuchaev was supposed to follow in his father's footsteps and become a priest. he graduated from the vyazimsky theological school, then the smolensk theological seminary, then he was sent at public expense. to the st. petersburg theological

academy, after which dukuchaev entered the st. petersburg university, eventually receiving an excellent education, who is this pester? this is the only science with purely russian roots; there are no others like it. after graduating from st. petersburg university, dakuchaev remained within the walls of almamator as the custodian of the mineralogy collection, geology and minerals, what occupied him most at this time. when developing new methods for estimating the age of modern geological deposits, dachaev arose. interest in soil? there was no soil as such, he gave it the first definition that it was an independent natural historical body. there was an idea, well, a certain surface of the earth, a continuation of geology. in fact, this is not so,

because the soil is inhabited by a huge number of living organisms, it is a bioskeletal body, it is not a geological body, it is a living body capable of... so to speak, itself somehow it serves, it is self-sufficient, the soil is more valuable than gold, people could live without gold , but there is no soil without it. this science brought the greatest benefit in the world to those who dealt with bread. before kuchaev, the reasons for frequent crop failures in russia, which led to famine, from which entire villages died out, were considered to be an unfavorable climate. dukuchaev suggested that it was not a matter of climate, it was a matter of hydrology, there was too much plowing, they were plowing where they shouldn’t have plowed, while forests were being cut down, forests were being barbarically cut down,

the cause of the crop failures was the environmental crisis, dokuchaev proved this, he did the main thing, he created a whole system of cascades.

developed the foundations and methods for compiling the first soil maps. only two maps have national significance, the geological and soil map of the russian federation and are not declassified. this is subsoil, this is wealth, understanding from the point of view of economics and geopolitics. our main wealth, well, not only... gas and not oil and gas at all, it is our land. vasily dakuchaev was the first, long before the emergence of modern environmental agenda and movement of the greens, said that nature conservation is the most important task of humanity. in soviet times

, the so-called stalinist plan for the transformation of nature, launched in 1949, was also associated with the name of dakuchaev. about 20 million hectares of forest were planted then. 13,000 ponds were laid. in the end, this titanic work led to a consistently high grain harvest, which previously could only be dreamed of. nature is the best, the most objective teacher in solving the most difficult questions of science. at the end of the 19th century dakuchaev developed the fundamentals and methods for compiling soil maps. in the 21st century , dmitry rukhovich and his colleagues took them to a fundamentally new level. this is a map of a multi-time soil line, that is, a very abstruse phrase, so to speak, but its essence is quite simple: in agricultural fields

, the soil can either be covered with vegetation when the growing season is in progress, when wheat grows there, beets there, and so on, or it can be bare, that is... just cultivated, both soil conditions tell us something. at the disposal of dmitry and his colleagues. from the soil informatics laboratory there were thousands of soil images taken by space satellites, using modern neural network capabilities, dmitry and his colleagues managed to create a soil task map that allows you to differentiate the application of fertilizers in the fields, which makes the life of an agronomist much easier. a task card is when we can say that this part of the field is worse, less will grow on it, on the contrary, here is a green area, it will be more fertile, and the task card says that

so to speak, that we will take some from the red zone, and at the same time the harvest will not suffer and the quality of the grain will not suffer, we will add it to the green zone and the harvest will increase, and the quality, so to speak, of this harvest will also increase, since the creation of science by vasily dakuchaev 140 years have passed in soil science, during which time his talented student... probably only one russian scientist, nikolai ivanovich vavilov, can compare with vasily dakuchaev. during his short life, vavilov discovered the law of homological series, the most important law biology, made 180 expeditions, learned 15 languages. visited 65 countries on all continents, he set himself the grandiose task of

ridding humanity of hunger. each of us sees the meaning of life in doing more, blazing a deeper path, and passing on what we have done and accumulated to the country to which we are devoted. an outstanding russian geneticist, biologist, breeder, as every scientist on the planet knows, nikolai vavilov was born in moscow into a merchant family on november 25 , 1887. while still a student at moscow agricultural institute, today the temeryazev academy, nikolai vavilov became interested in plant immunity and growing the most resistant varieties. he was looking for resistant forms to various diseases, especially in the first place. for grain crops, his most important object, which he dealt with all his life, was wheat,

mainly soft wheat, which gives us bread. vavilov dreamed of finding an ideal variety of wheat that would not be afraid of any diseases; such wheat would always produce harvest, in other words, the main threat to humanity, hunger, would disappear. defeating him was nikolai vavilov’s main dream. through immunity, vavilov moves on to the problem of diversity, and it was precisely the diversity of all agricultural crops that served him, which means that he formulated his law of homological series of hereditary variability. in 1920, at the all-russian congress of breeders in saratov, vavilov made a report that called the law of homological series of hereditary variability. vavilov's law. revealed an important pattern of evolution: the hereditary variability of plants is similar in closely related species,

it manifests itself in changes in the same characteristics, so clearly that knowing the forms of plants in representatives of one species, one can predict the appearance of these forms in other related species. the law of homologous series made it easier for breeders around the world to find new forms for crossing selection, and it also laid the foundation for the development of genetics in soviet russia. the most important... the task of biological science becomes the control of organisms, the alteration existing species, radical improvement of plants and animals. in december 1920 , nikolai vavilov was elected head of the department of applied botany and selection of the agricultural scientific committee in petrograd. 4 years later, on his initiative , the all-union institute of botany and new crops arose on the basis of this department. “i really like the violation of newton’s basic law,

the law of inertia of rest, turning it into inertia of motion. studying plants in laboratory conditions was not to the liking of the great scientist. vavilov wanted to observe them in living nature, where they grow. at the height of the first world war, he went on the first expedition to persia, modern iran." over the next 24 years , vavilov made 180 expeditions. vavilov, he was a truly large-scale man and a great scientist. he was able to discover fundamental patterns that helped him to know exactly what to look for and where to look. this helped him, among a huge variety of plants, very quickly find what he needed in order to increase productivity, improve properties, improve. resistance to diseases of main crops, expand the range, introduce new crops in

our country. the mediterranean center, the ethiopian, the central american, the andean center, all these centers are still called vavilov. in 1924, nikolai vavilov left for another expedition to afghanistan. he was the first european to explore the highland province of afghanistan, nuristani, which at that time was completely closed to foreigners. they robbed all of afghanistan, made their way to india, biluchestan, were beyond the hindu kush, crossed the mountain four times hindukuzh, once along the path of alexander the great. then he collected a lot of medicinal

plants. for this expedition, the geographical society of the ussr awarded the scientist a silver medal. prozhevalsky medal for geographical feat. thanks to nikolai vavilov, they managed to save an entire country from extinction. in 1927 , vavilov went on an expedition to east africa, to ethiopia. where did he bring unique specimens of local grain crops from? half a century later, as a result of the civil war and a devastating drought, the country found itself in brink of mass starvation. the king of ethiopia sent an official letter to moscow with a request. share the material collected by nikolai vavilov. our scientists met halfway and prepared duplicates of the vavilov collection and handed them over to the ethiopians. based on this material, varieties were created that are cultivated in ethiopia to this day. and the grateful residents of the country erected a monument to vavilov. you need to burden yourself as much as possible. this is the best way to get as much

done as possible. vavilov created the largest. this collection became the world's first important bank genes. the uniqueness of the vavilov collection lies in the fact that most of the collections were carried out in the first half of the 20th century, when there was a very large variety of landraces . this diversity occurred after the second half of the 20th century. chemicalization of agriculture, and many single varieties began to occupy huge areas, all the diversity that was previously in the fields, it naturally left the fields, the diversity of wild relatives, which are very important to introduce new genes associated with adaptability into cultivated varieties, also due to urbanization, expansion of cities,

settlements, many also disappeared from the face of the earth. thanks to the priceless specimens in the avilov collection, russian scientists, if necessary, can restore any plant in the world, even those that have disappeared from the face of the earth. at the moment there are only two similar collections, one in st. petersburg, the other in the usa. before the outbreak of world war ii, there were similar collections in europe. europe lost this material during the war and no one replanted it, it was lost, after war in europe was the marshal's plan. which implied not only the development of industry, but also the development of agriculture, based on american varieties, new ones that finally replaced the local unique material from the european continent. vavilov’s priceless collection could have disappeared from the world if not for the courage and self-sacrifice of his employees.

with the beginning of the great patriotic war , a decree was issued to evacuate the institute. the virovites began to prepare for evacuation to avila. collection that was planned to be transferred to special freight cars to the rear. unfortunately, in september the railway near omga had already been cut by the germans, the train did not pass this front line, it remained here, then the employees were returned to the institute, the boxes of grain were also returned to the lobby of our institute. during the first winter of the siege, many employees. died of starvation right at the workplace, they died, having at hand supplies of seeds that they could eat, grains, peas, potatoes, but it never occurred to any of them. scientists preferred preserve the vavilov collection at the cost of his own life. under endless shelling, virovites replanted seeds in the name of science, risking their own lives. not

only having survived, but having won the great war, it was necessary to restore the country as quickly as possible, revive the national economy, and develop scientific and technical potential. this was done. bread is our most important favorite product, regardless of where we are on earth or in low-earth orbit.

for several decades now moscow baking industry, the world's only developer and manufacturer of space bread. these developments began even before gagarin's flight in 1957. olga evgenievna, who came up with the idea of ​​sending it to astronauts? was it a request from them or was it an initiative of your institute? this task was set before the scientists of the institute, the design engineers, they understood that the exploration of space, yes, outer space, had begun, that a human flight into space would not be far away, this flight would, well, probably be quite long, and it was necessary provide the astronauts with all the food so that they feel the warmth of the earth, the warmth of their home, well, bread is just... a unique product that, well, is a piece of their home. the scientists of the capital, not their bakery industry, had to create real bread, not a liquid concentrate or bread paste that

cleverly fits into a tube. how much does one loaf weigh for an astronaut, one loaf for astronauts, we still have a loaf, we have molded products, yes, since we make them into shape, so we affectionately still make them we call them loaves. we make a dough piece of 6 g. well, the finished product is 6 g - these are small little pieces, we make such blanks, firstly, these forms were also invented, and these are the unique forms, because at first they tried to make buns, round buns, but then they came to the conclusion that these loaves are the most beautiful, they will be conveniently packaged later, these are small loaves, and then we will only weigh them, then no, we weigh them right away, well then we take each one like this piece and round it to make a beautiful ball. and we put such a beautiful ball in each mold, and why it was decided to bake just such small loaves for space. crumbs, but in zero gravity, this

is very serious, it is, in general, a danger to people, so they came up with just such toy loaves for one bite, so that an astronaut could immediately put a whole loaf in his mouth; we simply didn’t have any crumbs. beyond what scientists had to come up with. recipe for space bread, they still had to decide one task: to increase its shelf life. first, primary packaging, heat treatment, then secondary heat treatment, this is when these already formed packages are still heated in order to solve the problem of microbiological stability of bread. we have bread, it can get sick, yes, it can get moldy, and so this problem won’t arise in space. this is an additional technological operation that allows us to increase the shelf life of bread for astronauts, that is here you completely bake the bread, pack

it, and then it flies away from you on some kind of spacecraft, no, well, on ordinary road transport, packed, it is already sent to the organization, where the formation of, well, the entire diet of the astronaut’s diet is already underway, and you is there any? communication from the cosmonauts, maybe this is tasty, this is not tasty, add something else there, well , of course we have feedback, because after the cosmonauts return to earth , meetings with the cosmonauts take place, our employees take part in these meetings, well, they ask about the quality of the bread, about the quality of all the products, what they liked, what they didn’t like, but i want to boast that there have never been any complaints about our bread from the astronauts. like ordinary people, astronauts have clearly defined norms for daily bread consumption. for one cosmonaut, the norm for bread consumption is 200

g. yes, in one such package of bread we have 10 of these small tiny loaves, that’s 45 g, it turns out that if we are talking about table bread, we get about four such packages, four such packaging for one cosmonaut, so we already have almost a complete uniform, what are we going to do next? well, then our loaves will go into proofing, and they will rest a little before baking, they will increase a little in volume and then go into the oven. olga, evgeniya, how pretty they turned out, well , our loaves turned out to be so fabulous, beautiful, yes, even, well, then they need to be packaged, they need to be tried, well , let me try, let’s try, i want this one, look, how cool! it smells

warm, this is the kind of bread that astronauts eat, it it really smells, i don’t know, of home, it smells, it smells of comfort, it’s very tasty, you can actually smell the rye wheat flour, yes, it has a traditional, despite the fact that it’s so small, a miniature tiny loaf, a toy loaf, but it also has the pulp is loosened, and the shape, although small, reminds me that even my crust is cracked. and so it became so ruddy, beautiful, it has a beautiful ruddy crust, when you look at the stars at night, you understand that somewhere there is flying among them, yours are flying loaves, yes, of course, alfabank is the best bank for business, open a free account with alfabank and receive up to 10% cashback on

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