with that, we're going to begin with the natalia lauricella. welcome. thank you. thank you so much for the kind introduction, dr. wakin and thank you to burt sameera hana and their colleagues at the hoover for organizing this event. i'm going to share my screen with my slides from their emergence in the early modern period printed materials have circulated political, social and cultural messages. i'm showing you here a 16th century woodcut by albrecht dÜrer, an 18th century engraving by william hogarth, and a 19th century etching by francisco goya. the one drawback of these print media, however, is that they were typically labor intensive and did not yield a large number of impressions, printed images circulate in books and as broadsides and pamphlets and as are prints, but large format mass reproduced and colorful that we have come to know did not exist as such until the 19th century. this change began with the emergence lithography invented by a centerfielder in germany around 1796. lithography is a planet graphic process, meaning that the image is printed from