modern ukraine began to turn into a rich industrial region from krivoy rog to kharkov and mariupol, mineral deposits were developed, factories and factories were built in the 19th century among the ukrainian intelligentsia. there was a movement in support of the native language and culture, covering wide sections of the population. in 1917, the struggle for ukrainian national autonomy was led by the central rada, the self-proclaimed body of the legislature, members of the central rada entered into protracted negotiations with the temporary meanwhile, posters were already pasted in kiev depicting independent

ukraine , which stretched from the carpathians to the caucasus. admiral kolchak did not obey, granted him for the defense, a portatura of a golden saber. kolchak was thrown overboard. it was not you who handed me the honorary st. george's weapon, not you and take away the generals and admirals simply removed themselves from the powers of commanders, so kolchak went to petrograd from there as part of the russian naval mission from the army to america. the fleet was decomposing, and the state itself was splitting before our eyes. by october 1917, the provisional government had lost

broad support from the front, the bolsheviks practically collapsed, and took advantage of the moment. on the night of october 24-25, they carried out a coup d'état and announced the transfer of power to the soviets. in one of his first decisions bolshevik, the government recognized the right of the peoples of russia to free self-determination, up to complete separation, soon declared its sovereignty , finland lenin did not object, the second national outskirts after poland, finally broke away from the empire. the central rada proclaimed an autonomous ukrainian people's

republic, which was not subordinate to the soviet government; in response, the bolsheviks created their own government of ukraine in kharkov; this was only the beginning of the territorial and political after the split of the unified state, new national republics arose in the caucasus in the baltic states of moldova and central asia yesterday’s empire crumbled before our eyes, along with it, the single economic space collapsed, large plants and factories stopped from stores, products disappeared by mail transport worked intermittently, the country plunged into the abyss of lawlessness, hunger, violence and crime. russian publicists philosopher vasily rozanov wrote a scattered kingdom. russia faded away in

two days it's amazing that it crumbled all at once to the details, to the particulars, there was no kingdom left, no church left, no army left, and no working class left. the bolshevik sergoordzhonikidze, until recently, was a political one with a whole, and now his comrades faced a task of state scale in december 1917. ordzhonikidze went to kharkov in the position of the extraordinary commissar of ukraine, he had to get bread for the starving petrograd by any means, and any means of persuasion were used in other large cities of the center of russia the cunning of confiscation of reprisals against the discontented. and

the more stringent measures the bolsheviks used, the stronger the hatred for them among the inhabitants of ukraine grew. at this time, the leninist government was negotiating peace with germany ; could play for time, but the pan-european uprising did not happen. in february 1918, germany launched a large-scale offensive against the soviet on march 3, 1918, in brest-litovsk, the

bolsheviks had to sign a peace treaty with germany and its allies in order to withdraw from the war. soviet russia paid for the loss of vast territories of ukraine, belarus, the baltic states, and part of the transcaucasus. many contemporaries called the apparatus world a betrayal of national interests and a betrayal of the allied duty, even the bolsheviks turned their backs on their former allies of the left era, who considered the realists unacceptable worlds, sarov, the newspaper of the body of the people wrote a state that accepts such a world loses the right to exist. on the occupied lands, the

germans created puppet regimes in ukraine , they overthrew the power of the central rada. and at the head of the state they put hetman pavel skoropadsky , in the past, lieutenant general of the russian imperial army, the baltic duchy was created in latvia and estonia. and lithuania was proclaimed a kingdom. the throne of lithuania was assigned to the german principle wilhelm von oruh, and the offensive of the turkish-azerbaijani islamic army unfolded in the transcaucasus. she crossed the border provided for by the brest treaty and seized the side. the civil war flared up and on the territory of russia itself in the spring of 1918, a center of resistance to the soviet government arose on the don and kuban, the volunteer

army operated here under the leadership of generals alekseev kornilov and lieutenant general denikin, which became the core of the white movement in southern russia, soon the civil war engulfed the territory of the former russian empire . fucked up the bolshevik, the government moved from petrograd. to moscow but there was no longer a single center of power. the country was divided into many camps, almost every rebel movement proclaimed its sovereignty . during the azov region, from 1918 to 1921, a mass insurrectionary movement operated under the leadership of the anarchist

nestor makhno. the center of the makhnovists was the village of gulyaipole in 1919 and 1920, entering into an alliance with the bolsheviks. they created an autonomous region and did not operate the bodies of the soviet government. where chekists were not allowed and there was no surplus worker peasants. received full self-government. red repeatedly torn apart the union by attacking the makhnovists, but they were not able to completely destroy the area of ​​​​free soviets and remained in the rear of the whites. donbass to uman, together with the bolsheviks, smashed wrangel and

then fought against the red army. it lasted until 1921, when in battles with the many times superior forces of the reds, makhno broke through the border. between representatives of different political orientations, temporary alliances were created on the side of the reds, in addition to the bolsheviks , anarchists and former tsarist generals and just random people fought. among their opponents, too, there was no unity . monarchists and republicans, supporters of foreign intervention and staunch patriots, joined the white movement. became one of the centers of the white movement, ufa numerous forces that did not recognize the power of the bolsheviks created a provisional all-russian government here, the so -called directory under pressure, the advancing

red army moved it to omsk. however, the officers of business representatives and the british patrons of the territory were dissatisfied with the softness and inconsistency of this body in october 1918. after spending a year abroad , alexander kolchak arrived in omsk a month later, the directory was curtailed, with the support of the british, kolchak came to power and was declared supreme ruler of russia civil war. gaining momentum ideological and political confrontation led to a surge. lawyer sergei kobyakov spoke

about the atrocities of the bolsheviks in the basements of the emergency commandant's offices and simply in the yards they shot from steamers and barges directly into the volga, some unfortunate people were tied stones around their necks. supporters of the white movement showed no less cruelty, the minister of war of the kolchak government alexander budber wrote that the white punishers buried the bolsheviks alive with a lining of the bottom of the pit viscera released from the windows, so that it was softer to lie. it seemed that there would be no end to this massacre and that russia was no longer destined to be reborn. in the spring of 1919, the urals and western siberia were almost entirely controlled by admiral kolchak, as well as the forces of the interventionists, the japanese, the british, the americans and the french, southern russia was under the rule of the white general

denikin in the north-west, general ranzianko threatened petrograd, meanwhile, the polish army occupied vilnius, part of belarus and western ukraine under the control of the bolsheviks remained only central provinces, but soon the power of the soviet government was here too. it came under threat in april 1919. troops. kalchak moved to the shores. the volga from here opened the way to moscow . however, it was not possible to reach the volga with a sudden gift of the red army, defeated the main forces of the wolf cubs of their fathers and threw them back beyond the urals. the red army became

stronger and stronger in the service of the bolsheviks. many have crossed royal officers and generals. by the beginning of 1920, the red army had defeated the main forces of its opponents. bely still held out in the crimea and the far east. in the meantime, the bolsheviks. i had to suppress numerous peasant uprisings that covered vast territories in russia in ukraine and belarus, another dangerous enemy of soviet russia was revived poland. even emperor nicholas ii planned after the victory. in the first world war, unite the kingdom of poland with the polish lands that will be taken away from germany and austria-hungary and create an autonomous

state of the franks of the russian empire, however, during the first world war, the empire itself collapsed, it was more occupied by the germans back in 1915, and in october 1918 declared its independence after the surrender of germany and austria-hungary, the supreme head of poland became military and politician. yuz in pilsudski who is considered the father of modern polish statehood later in 1919. he started a war with soviet russia in an effort to regain territories that were once were part of the commonwealth according to the treaty of riga in 1921. poland was annexed part of western ukrainian and western belarusian lands. the total

losses of the russian population during the years of the civil war amounted, according to various estimates, from 8 to 10.5 million people, significantly more than during the entire first world war. according to some sources, the number of homeless children reached up to 7 million. practically the entire industry stopped, except for finland and poland, latvia, lithuania and estonia became independent states. part of armenia passed to turkey. romania captured in bessarabia, present-day moldova, japan occupied the far east and northern sakhalin, only as a result of the treaty of brest-litovsk, about

800 thousand square kilometers were torn away from russia, where more than 56 million people lived. however, the events of the civil war led not only to territorial losses, but also to the annexation of new regions. in 1920, with the support of local revolutionaries, the red army occupied the khiva khanate and the emirates of bukhara, which until 1917 were under the protectorate of the russian empire. now, formally independent people's republics were proclaimed here. in addition, tuva turned out to be under the actual protectorate of moscow . now the new communist government, unseen anywhere in the world, had to re-

create the country. but the leninist government had to make a decision. on what basis should this state form a wall with all this territory part of a single soviet russia or divided into several friendly, but separate republics on april 27, 1920, a soviet armored train crossed baku bolsheviks organized a coup in the city on the border of azerbaijan, and on april 28 sergo ordzhonikidze, sent to the caucasus, proudly telegraphed lenin. our troops marched

without any resistance after the transfer of power to the communists. after 2 hours, our armored trains were in baku with an infantry battalion. on the same day, azerbaijan was proclaimed a soviet republic. during this month we have lost contact with all our dressed in germany who sent you and will stay to sew. lawrence well prepared grenade poisons for all occasions, but too much it’s worth how i serve, if everyone here doesn’t trust me, just understand. no, you've taken

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101 apartments in young moscow mortgages from one and one hundredth of a percent details on the a101 website at wildberries discounts up to 40% on a grill with nine automatic programs only one registration on the services and many banks at my service ordzhonikidze considered the russian empire a prison of peoples, but the small national states that arose on its outskirts seemed to the bolsheviks no less evil. a few months after, as the bolsheviks won in baku, soviet power was established. in armenia, after another 3 months,

the red army entered georgia in the spring of 1921. almost the entire territory of transcaucasia was under the control of the bolsheviks transcaucasian lands from ancient times bordered on two militant muslim empires of the ottoman and persian georgian people professed orthodoxy had long-standing cultural ties with russia and saw it as an ally and patron on december 22, 1800, at the request of the map of the kakhetian king george 12 emperor pavel was the first to sign with the highest manifesto of the accession of part of georgia to the kakhik kingdom. the russian empire 's further annexation of the transcaucasian territory was accompanied by a whole russian-turkish and

russian-persian wars. in the first third of the 19th century, under the rule of the russian emperor, the regions of eastern armenia inhabited by christians were in order to protect the annexed lands from the raids of the persian army. russia included the neighboring muslim khanates in the territory of the future azerbaijan . transcaucasians were educated in central russia and were part of the imperial elite, including the great commander and then the georgian royal family. pyotr bagration, minister of the interior, right hand of alexander ii, armenian. mikhail laris melikov and many others. during the years of soviet

power, the caucasian republics made a huge contribution to the development of the country. it was the caucasus that remained the only source of oil production until the 40s , when oil development began in the volga region and the urals and then in western siberia in azerbaijan, georgia and armenia built new enterprises and hydroelectric power plants developed agriculture. systematic work on growing tea has begun in georgia, and even a tea research institute has been established, and of course. the caucasus has become one of the favorite places for tourism and recreation with new resorts and boarding houses. and most importantly, the sincere cordiality and hospitality of the locals won the hearts of the inhabitants of the soviet union forever. by the end of the civil war, the bolsheviks managed to accomplish what their

ideological opponents dreamed of concentrating under their rule most of the former russian empire later, even many white migrants would call lenin the collector of russia to create a united soviet state. stopped for the leninist government. increasingly relevant, by the end of the civil war , six soviet republics had formed on the territory of the former empire, in which the power belonged to the bolsheviks. in addition to the russian federation of the rsfsr, these were the ukrainian belarusian azerbaijani, armenian and georgian soviet socialist republics, the last three were united in one transcaucasian socialist federative soviet republic, they all retained formal independence, while their armies were subordinate to moscow a. the

russian ruble was adopted as the currency. the time has come to turn the military economic union into a political one, but on what principles to build it, the people's commissar for nationalities joseph stalin proposed to include all the republics in the russian federation on the rights of autonomy lenin accused his comrade-in-arms of great russian chauvinism, in his opinion, each of the republics was supposed to enter a new unified state with equal rights, it was precisely such a device that lenin believed would allow other countries to join the union after the world revolution, stalin was forced to agree with the opinion of the party leader. the members of the georgian committee of the bolsheviks were the least outraged by stalin's idea. they wanted to become another national region of russia, moreover,

some local party members demanded to join the unions as a separate republic and not part of the transcaucasian federation after hearing about it ordzhonikidze was furious. he called his colleagues wider mystical rot, and when a member of the central committee of the georgian communist party akaki and kubakhitsa in response called sergo stalin's marshak, he used his fists. after that, the entire composition of the georgian central committee resigned. this incident almost jeopardized the policy of the bolsheviks in the caucasus. and, of course, she promised big trouble to ardzhonikidze, right up to being expelled from the party , it seemed that sergo's political career ended once and for all, he was saved only by the aggravation of lenin's illness, which since the spring of 1923 years already.