it seemed to the ussr that the issue of ownership of the kuril islands had been settled and was not subject to revision. coming to the podium, andrei gromyko was collected and moscow's decisive position was unambiguous. the ussr would not sign a peace treaty with japan until its text was extremely clear. the united states and great britain recognized japan had lost its sovereignty over the kuril islands. however, there was not a word in the agreement that they were now under soviet jurisdiction; he was categorical, after all, to agree to the conditions of the allies. so put the results of the second world war in question the americans are ready to take advantage of the slightest loophole to set up the south kuriles. own military bases. as a result, the soviet side never signed the treaty. russian pioneers

began the development of kamchatka, the kuril islands and sakhalin at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, they founded on these lands. the temporary settlement was surrounded by the indigenous population. danyu esakom were engaged in the exploration of minerals by sea and fur trade. you handed over in 1796 atlas of the russian empire, the kuriles officially belonged to the russian japanese came to the islands later in the 19th century. to avoid clashes, the russian japanese authorities divided the disputed lands, the southern islands and turup. kunashir shikotan and the habomai came under power. tokyo 20 years later, in st. petersburg, a new treaty was concluded, according to which russia ceded to japan all the islands of the kuril ridge in

exchange for sakhalin. the strategic disadvantage of losing the smoke became apparent in the twentieth century. in 1956, the soviet union and japan officially ended the state of war , andrei gromyko, who took office, worked on a joint declaration first deputy minister of foreign affairs of the ussr however, japanese politicians continue to claim the south islands of the kuril chain today. the government of the russian federation rightly believes that these claims have no legal basis, and one of the islands has been named after andrei gromyko for several years, yalta and the potsdam agreements led to the creation of a sphere soviet influence in eastern and central europe pro- communist governments were proclaimed in poland czechoslovakia hungary romania bulgaria gdr

albania in 1955, after the conclusion of the warsaw pact between the states of the eastern bloc, a military and economic alliance finally took shape. by that time, the ussr was a nuclear power, one of the centers of the two polar worlds and a counterweight to the united states in the international arena. stalin died in 1953 and nikita khrushchev became the head of the communist party in january 1954. a regular meeting of the presidium of the central committee of the cpsu was held in moscow on the initiative of the new soviet leader, the issue of transferring the crimean region of the rsfsr ukraine, the discussion lasted only 15 minutes. all participants in the meeting voted

for themselves. official documents spoke of the territorial gravity of the crimean region of the ukrainian ussr, as well as the boundless trust of the great russian people to the ukrainian people in those years, the transfer of crimea turned out to be a pure formality. february 12, 1991 the crimean region was transformed into the crimean assr as part of the ukrainian ssr in 1992, the autonomy was renamed the republic of crimea and then the autonomous republic of crimea in the spring 2014, following the results of the general crimean referendum and in accordance with the agreement on the admission of the republic of crimea to the russian federation, crimea again became part of russia. meanwhile,

andrei gromyko continued to defend the political interests of the soviet union with one of his main achievements as the soviet minister of foreign affairs, which gromyko occupied in 1957 was the signing of the famous helsinki accords. this document consolidated the territorial results of the second world war and proclaimed the principle of the inviolability of european borders. 1982 ussr celebrated its sixtieth anniversary throughout the country , festive events were held, commemorative coins were issued, stamps, photo albums by this time, almost no one doubted the validity of the words of the soviet anthem, the union of non-ruin free republics rallied forever great russia, the unity and power of the ussr seemed unshakable. the most beautiful

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one tv presents make way taiga prokhor gromov is coming. i can't. i don't want to be like that.

1tv movie river presents we are losing one agent after another in russia and we don't know the reason why we can't put agent a-21 under attack. she's too important. i hope that vladimir could not love so heartlessly the person you are trying to appear as hari and so you agree with the second bureau one tv represents he has already come to you. who resurrection plant me like that?

you can rely on the soviet people. although the soviet leadership successfully smoothed out gently national contradictions, sometimes they broke through to the surface. in 1968, clashes between the uzbek and russian population took place in tashkent. ten years earlier in grozny armed clashes between russians and chechens nevertheless, in the mid- eighties, soviet society was experiencing period of stability, however, the administrative system has lost its former efficiency, the pace of economic growth has slowed down in the country, there is a need for reform.

in march 1985, the new general secretary of the central committee of the cpsu, mikhail gorbachev, announced the beginning of perestroika and new thinking. upon learning of his resignation, andrei gromyko did not object. for 28 years he headed the ministry of foreign affairs. in this post, he loudly consolidated the position of the soviet union as a world superpower, with which the most strong and irreconcilable opponents. today he was thinking about one thing. god forbid that the young reformers keep everything that he has achieved in his post. in the second year of perestroika, the first mentor of the loud speaker, vyacheslav molotov, died long removed from power in the life of the country, the whole era was ending.

perestroika was conceived as a renewal of the country, but turned into a severe social and economic crisis, the ruble began to depreciate from stores , goods disappeared, the standard of living, catastrophically decreased. intensified interethnic relations in in 1988 , nagorno-karabakh became the first hot spot on the territory of the soviet union. clashes between armenians and azerbaijanis who inhabited this region led to mass pogroms, and then to a full-fledged war. soon, conflicts broke out between the kyrgyz and uzbeks in the fergana valley , russians and moldovans in transnistria on the territory of the georgian ussr, two large centers of tension arose at once. after the

georgian authorities abolished the national autonomies of abkhazia and south ossetia, local residents took up arms. soviet republics including the rsfsr proclaimed the supremacy of local legislation over the all-union, refusing to pay taxes to the state budget on march 11, 1990. the supreme soviet of the lithuanian ussr restored the operation of the lithuanian constitution of 1938. this meant that the republic unilaterally seceded from the soviet union , lithuania followed the example, latvia and estonia mikhail gorbachev tried to restore control over the rebellious republics by force, but did not dare to take extreme measures soon declared their sovereignty, georgia, armenia and moldova

state stitched, on a national basis. pulled apart at the seams. under these conditions, the soviet leadership took an unprecedented step in march 1991, an all-union referendum on the preservation of the ussr was held; more than seventy-six percent of a person of any nationality participants responded positively. however, the three baltic republics, as well as moldova, georgia and armenia, boycotted the referendum; they held their own votes on the issue of state independence; the majority of the population supported the secession of the ussr. the kremlin

leadership had to either accept this fact or risk bloodshed and the risk of civil war. gorbachev chose the first at the initiative of the soviet president, preparations began for a new union treaty, it was assumed that, in addition to russia, ukraine and belarus, this document would be signed by azerbaijan kazakhstan and four central asian republics. a state of emergency, meanwhile, several members of the top soviet leadership made a desperate attempt to stop the collapse of the ussr on august 19, 1991, the day before the conclusion of the union treaty, the country learned about the creation of the gkchp

of the state emergency committee , headed by soviet vice president gennady gennaev. the president himself, gorbachev, his family and closest aides were blocked in the crimea at the foros dacha. gkchp. together with the whole country they watched on tv. the conspirators suspended the activities of all political parties and movements imposed a ban on rallies, demonstrations, strikes, troops and armored vehicles entered moscow. but muscovites - this did not stop the russian capital filled with tens of thousands of protesters. they held processions, stood up in pickets, built barricades and human chains

around the center of resistance of the white house on krasnopresnenskaya embankment. russian president boris yeltsin became leader of the opposition who urged not to obey the decisions of the gkchp, on august 21 , the minister of defense of the ussr dmitry yazov ordered the withdrawal of troops from moscow, the speech of the gkchp. the conspirators ended in failure , yeltsin was arrested and his supporters celebrated their victory. freedom to mikhail on the night of august 22, mikhail gorbachev and his family flew from the crimea to moscow, along with the president, his assistant

anatoly chernyaev also flew before the tu-134 gained altitude. gorbachev told him a short phrase, we are flying to the new country, at that moment no one knew yet what will this new country be like and will there be a place for a soviet president in it? 3 days after the failure of the august coup, ukraine declared state independence , followed by belarus, then uzbekistan kyrgyzstan tajikistan, the authorities of the russian federation refused to obey the union government, then mikhail gorbachev signed a decree dissolving the cabinet of ministers of the ussr western journalists directly asked the president. what country is he ? a clear answer to this question no longer existed. gorbachev understood save the ussr in

the previous form will no longer work, you can only collect it again. in the autumn of 1991, the development of an agreement on the creation of a confederation of the union of sovereign states or the sug began at the state residence of novo-ogaryovo . however, the leaders of the former soviet republics, including the russian president. boris yeltsin was not dismounted by signing it. anatoly chernyaev entered a diary, starting from the first days of perestroika, the faster events developed, the less illusions about the future.

on november 14, 1991, he wrote down the union treaty, which will not be on the agenda in novaya ogoreva, nevertheless, that day the meeting participants agreed to the creation of a confederation on november 15, the izvestia newspaper came out with the headline get used to the words union of sovereign states. among the participants in the new ogaryov negotiations was no longer the chairman of the supreme council of ukraine leonid kravchuk on december 1, a referendum of independence was held in ukraine. and the presidential elections, in which kravchuk won, the viability of the ussr, under the chairmanship of gorbachev, was in great doubt. russian president boris yeltsin began to conduct secret consultations with the leaders of ukraine and belarus,

leonid kravchuk and stanislav shushkevich on december 7, 1991, three politicians gathered at the viskulia residence in belovezhskaya pushcha. the official pretext for the meeting was the issue of russian gas supplies. participants appeared in front of cameras, without going into lengthy explanations, they put their signatures under the agreement on the creation of the commonwealth of independent states. this document was opened with the following words: the union of the ussr as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist. a short entry appeared in the diary of anatoly chernyaev. that's all.

the stormy year 1991, rich in dramatic events and unexpected turns, heroic deeds and unfulfilled hopes, was coming to an end along with he ended the history of the ussr, the great power of the heir to the russian empire on december 25, mikhail gorbachev resigned as soviet president. i cease my activities as president of the ussr a red flag was lowered over the kremlin. the history of the soviet union ended , the history of 15 independent states began, and among them the new democratic russia, over the centuries-old history of russia, various lands and territories were joined and separated from it

, alliances were formed and disintegrated around it and state associations, incredibly, having gone through the troubles and tensions of the warriors and the revolution, it remains the largest state in the world to cross it from east to west. it takes 12 hours to fly on a modern jet liner 12 hours of flight, and at the bottom of the river there are mountains of forests, fields, and that's it. this is russia 12:00 flying over cities and villages, where representatives of about 200 different nationalities live, and that's it. this is also russia where they speak many languages ​​​​and understand each other, the russia that our ancestors passed on to us, which we put to our descendants. the first written mention of the term russia is found in the

byzantine writings of the 10th century, as the greek name for russia at that time, a prince ruled a small kiev principality. igor, the son of the famous rurik, will pass 100 years and igor's great-grandson, the faithful grand duke yaroslav the wise, will leave his children a parting word that is relevant until today. if you live in love with each other, then god will be with you. he will subdue all your enemies and you will live in peace. if you begin to hate each other quarrel, then you yourself will perish and destroy the land of your fathers and grandfathers, which they acquired with their great labor.