in ukraine, to give as many weapons as possible so that it can resist russia, they have already agreed. to the extent that it is necessary to give nuclear weapons to testify about only one thing, ukraine's affairs are going very badly. and the worse things go in ukraine, the more, uh, extravagant ways to save it will be offered by various kinds of western politicians and their uh, tobacco, which is definitely sexy. the russian military during a special operation to protect the donbass destroyed a large warehouse of nationalists all ternopil region. weapons and equipment received by neo-nazis from europe and the united states were stored there, and our aircraft, in turn, attacked three more command posts of the armed forces with high-precision caliber missiles from the black sea. here are the shots of how the crews of ka-52 helicopters strike at the enemy’s stronghold, serious losses per day were destroyed by 150 nationalists, tanks, artillery mounts

, and more than 320 neo-nazis. eliminated the missile troops also destroyed the ammunition depot and fuel several dozen firing positions. and that’s all for now, thanks for being with us, and right now, the film empire peter i, sickening female screams drowned out the battle at the butt bell on the porch of the faceted chamber, first blood splashed, this only embittered the rebels more. clearing their way with spears and reeds, they broke into the palace. one of the leaders was still shouting out a list of

objectionable boyars, when dozens of drunken streltsov rushed to search the premises inside him. everyone who dared to resist the rebels executed on the spot, so that no one would escape from reprisal , they placed guards throughout the kremlin, while the young tsar was hiding from the angry crowd under the hot hand

, his mother natalya kirillov almost got hit. neighbor boyars since then, the moscow kingdom will forever remain for him a symbol of savagery , years will pass, and he will turn the life of the whole country upside down, change the power structure of habit and even the appearance of his subjects, he will go down in history under in the name of peter the great, on the site of old russia , he will build the russian state created by peter about and two centuries during this time it will survive,

political upheavals and military will give birth to a great culture and expand its territory, occupying a sixth of the land the russian empire will become home to more than a hundred peoples to become famous scientists and diplomats, musicians, artists and entrepreneurs. soon it will become one of the leading worlds. in 1682, after the death of tsar fedor alekseevich,

who did not leave a direct heir. in moscow a political crisis erupted. it culminated in the course of the bloody streltsy rebellion , it was resolved after the convening of the zemsky sobor, following its results, two brothers of fifteen-year-old ivan and ten-year-old peter were elevated to the throne at once until they grew up the country was ruled by their elder sister, the princess, the owl woman, she was very, enlightened, smart and domineering lazy peter with his mother in tatar, and kirillovna was forced to move to a village near moscow, preobrazhenskoye. the young tsar did not differ in church books with perseverance. they made him bored. but peter could not tear himself away from colorful and terrestrial publications. hastily leafing through the pages eagerly peered at the

image of fabulous german cities. the unfamiliar life of manila seemed like an eternal holiday. not like the deaf moscow kingdom. at the beginning of the 1680s, the russian kingdom covered an area of ​​14.5 million square kilometers with a population of about 11 million people, less than one person per square kilometer of land. beyond the urals, they remained almost deserted, if in moscow there were 100,000 inhabitants, then in all of siberia there were no more than 20,000 at this time france had twice the

population. despite the fact that at least 20 france would fit on the territory of the russian kingdom, russia attracted neighboring lands like a magnet, starting with the small moscow principality. she turned into an empire when no one called her an empire. it was far from always that the annexation took place peacefully, but step by step, russia grew together with other countries and peoples and did not notice how different peoples occupied a sixth of the land, remaining different, voluntarily or involuntarily , included in the common state and cultural building. they quarreled with each other and rebelled with the authorities and put forward demands for riots, the authorities suppressed. for this, she was not loved by the demand , she was forced to listen for this and respected. in

the meantime, the people and the state of europe existed in cramped quarters and many people, large states. they ran into each other with borders, biting off one or another territory from their neighbors as a whole, without changing the balance of power with a shortage of resources. here it was possible to survive only by developing technology and science, knowledge and skill in western europe learned to appreciate both the land and its reserves, and the great geographical discoveries and the capture of overseas colonies with their enormous wealth. even stronger. pushed the economist. it was followed by the creation of modern political institutions. tsar fyodor alekseevich, the elder brother of peter i, anticipated many reforms according to the western model, carried out a general census of the population, introduced a single taxation, abolished the custom of parochial occupation of positions depending on origin

, approved the project of moscow university, it was planned to introduce a unified system of state officials publication of the first history of russia but tsar fedor died early, and the ruler sophia acted with great regard for the environment and slowly. nevertheless, the moscow society, let slowly, but the country was changing, was transported by european weapons nice clock carriages from poland to little russia. lithuania was hired by the local palace. fashion included new customs, languages, clothing, many nobles preferred the polish kuntush in an old caftan, which was originally oriental clothing, like boyar and peasant caps. however the east still had no less influence on the sea than the west, growing up, peter

spent more and more time with his peers. soon , boyish games in a soldier turned into a real business; cartoon regiments armed and dressed in a foreign manner, under the command of a young king, turned into a real military force. the violent activity of peter was in earnest, frightened princess sophia. she firmly held on to power and was not going to share it with anyone. with her filing in the capital, they started talking that the younger tsar was acting strange, he should not be allowed to manage state. in the meantime, petrush was in his seventeenth year, it's time to look for a bride. after going through several options, natalya kirillovna settled on evdokia lopukhina. girls from the family, though

shabby, but numerous and faithful to their family. the king did not argue. let everyone see that he is already an adult. months have passed. evdokia was expecting her first child. but the young spouse was cramped in a cozy family nest. shke there, far away from the royal chambers, on the free banks of the yauza, reckless friends and new ideas were waiting for him. and his wife increasingly had to alone while away the long summer evenings. meanwhile , the capital was shocked by terrible news, allegedly peter decided to break

into the kremlin with his amusing troops to kill his brother ivan’s older sister and become the sole ruler of sophia, who herself spread this rumor and demanded that the streltsy come to her defense, and depose and arrest peter. the conflict between sophia and peter was reduced to the struggle for power of two aristocratic clans, while both sides relied on an alliance with the western powers sophia and her entourage focused on catholic poland and austria the victory of the princess. it would lead to the strengthening of the influence of the papal church. all this in orthodox russia could cause religious conflicts, and even a civil war. peter will choose as a guide. protestant countries holland germany england his subsequent reforms. few corresponded to the orthodox view of the future of the country. bringing into it the spirit of materialism, but

despite the shock associated with peter's reforms. russia avoided religious wars. sovereign of all the great small whites of russia pyotr alekseevich could not calm down in any way, having learned that his sister was raising streltsov against him. he fled here to the trinity-sergius monastery. i convinced myself. it's not a cane any reasonable person would have done in exactly the same way. now much has changed, he is the king, we are building on his orders, the sergius monastery, the whole court and the amusing troops have already moved. will the moscow regiments obey him, if they choose in the direction of the owls, then again, as in childhood, blood will be shed, now no longer

neighbors, boyars, but peter himself did not let go of fear until last minute, colonel franz jacoblefort arrived. he brought a good one. moscow for peter the sovereign has nothing to fear. franz lefort, a native of the free city of geneva, grew up in the family of a successful merchant, but despised his father's occupation and dreamed of a military career at the age of eighteen, against the will of his family, he went to distant russia , where he entered the military service of tsar fedor alekseevich, and during the years of the actual reign of the princess. sophia rose to the rank of colonel in august 1689, when a conflict broke out between sofia and her younger brother leford unconditionally

took the side of the legitimate tsar peter , remaining his patron. however , young peter remained indifferent to the affairs of state administration. so the most important decision for several more years was made by the inner circle of his mother natalia kirillovna. in february 1690 peter from evdokia, the son of the heir was born, named after the grandfather of tsar alexei mikhailovich, this news did not please peter for long, having completely cooled off towards his wife, he spent more and more time with his new friend franz lefort precisely at the invitation of lefort, peter returning to moscow went to the

german settlement, where he had not previously not a single russian ruler looked in. german sloboda or kukui quarter for immigrants from germany england holland taken out of moscow in russia, foreigners were treated with caution, they were called germans, that is, dumb people who do not speak russian next to experienced officers and craftsmen. losers and adventurers met here. sloboda was considered in moscow a nest of heresy and depravity due to the abundance of distilleries and noisy holidays. dear franz flew up the stairs to meet you, no bows or that crying of the beating of his forehead on the ground, he only said about peter how happy i am. i can't believe my eyes, you are my guest.

the french caftan did not mercifully cut the armpits under the wig, his head itched terribly, but peter was happy. everything here was unusual. unusual noisy merrily deafened the proximity of women in open dresses with high hairstyles ford whispered in his ear. maiden anna mons peter turned to stone, in front of him was a beautiful maiden from his childhood dream. according to russian tradition, communication between men and women outside the family was severely limited at feasts, with the exception of wedding women, who did not sit at a common table in peasant families. first, men ate, then women in wealthy houses had separate meals in different halves of the house of the male and female custom of the german

sloboda, where representatives of both sexes communicated in equals not only amazed the inhabitants of moscow, but also seemed to them a defiant and immoral phenomenon. anna monst captivated peter with unusual manners for russian girls. and the cheerfulness of her temper was the youngest daughter of a native of westphalia, johann georg mons, who moved to moscow in the middle of the 17th century and, being a goldsmith, made a solid fortune here. many contemporaries noted, especially the beauty of anna monst, although ill-wishers assured that they were simply trying to flatter the king one way or another . no reliable portraits have been preserved; the tsar became a frequent guest in the german sloboda, and here between dances and fireworks. the first plans for future reforms were born. peter understood that russia

competed on equal terms with european countries and knowledge was needed. technology skills are necessary to build an empire to break through the exit. to the seas to create a modern army and navy, but where to start? the evidence considers that the defendant's guilt has been proven. caution, the veins are close. i myself will make elagina vera andreevna the seams, you need something. captain pakhomov investigative committee. you know what it looks like a recipe. let him tell me what i should do when my patient is more than ready to jump out the window to prove you want, you understand what advice you received if the committee they want to offer you an alternative to leave, nk how about a job as a forensic scientist. is this yours and what can i do with it? to begin with, the initial examination of all that will notice is missing since 2011 , he died from numerous internal deliveries of these police death robbers, where no

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wars with the turks, informal acquaintance with european culture and technology, led the french embassy ford fyodor golovin and a smart dialogue about coffee will arise. the tsar himself went on a trip incognito under the name of foreman pyotr mikhailovna following peter, three dozen young volunteers from among the tsar's amusements were not sent to europe to study shipbuilding. and when this cheerful company disappeared from view, an unkind whisper swept through the moscow streets. from somewhere a holy fool appeared and for a long time covered the sovereign went to the germans with the sign of the cross,

repent and brothers for the last times have come. abroad, peter walked the streets wearing the clothes of a dutch sailor. and the unthinkable thing worked. he loved manual labor and all his life greedily mastered new professions: he forged, made anchors, worked paper on a lathe. once he worked for several hours in a row in a smelting shop, separating 18 pounds of iron. for which he received 18 lt. and this money, he immediately bought new shoes for himself and showed everyone with pleasure, saying, that he earned them by his labor in europe peter

went to the dutch murphy carpenter first in zande. in his free time, he examined the collections of minerals of coins of weapons, archaeological finds, art galleries and theaters were not interested in him, with the exception of the anatomical theater of professor frederikaryusha, peter bought the anatomical collection of ruishi and, on its basis, created the first russian museum of kunstkamera, the entrance to the museum was made free, and visitors were treated to coffee zuckerbrods and hungarian wine wine, especially attracted men, and they several times went into the cabinet of curiosities, remaining completely indifferent to the very collection of the deputy dam, peter moved to london, where he began to study british industry and government.

he met isaac newton and tried to lure him into the russian service, but without success. one of the tasks of the grand embassy was the recruitment of specialists. the first batch of mercenaries numbered 6072 people for the army of the fleet, weapons were purchased, tools, materials for peter's personal use, mathematical medical drawing tools medicine books. several live parrots, one monkey, as well as two stuffed crocodile and swordfish. it’s not a day that a new convoy from arkhangelsk is being transported a lizard shawn about archers, the salary for six months has not been paid, they said that the frivolous musketeer leford, out of malicious intent, persuaded

the tsar to go to the germans in order to douse him with a potion and replace him and now, they say. tsar peter sits in prison instead of him. the german warlock antichrist peter will soon appear in moscow , he was inspired, as never before, franz from amsterdam wrote to the sovereign several times a day letters, here is the ruler that russia needs now , this huge and rich country is fenced with chisels of age-old prejudices, peter has enough determination to break the superfluous and build the necessary ones. from london, peter went to vienna with his confluence,

and the owner of the house, which was rented for the russian tsar, turned to the british government with a request to compensate for the damage. it was valued at a huge sum of £320 at the time . meanwhile, evil actions came from moscow. hacking comrade arrows four streltsy the regiment marched on moscow to burn the german settlement to burn the supporters of peter to exterminate on the throne to put his sister sophia in a very revolt it went on for a whole month what happened in moscow during this time and who won peter did not know from the hatred and fear of the tsar convulsions beat, there in moscow the hated sophia again

called on streltsov to kill him and trample on everything that was dear to him. his friends his dreams his love home raced, seating the night, stopping only for dinner and changing horses. it was scary to look at the king, he did not sleep for 4 days. peter with trembling hands he received from the end of the mail . the uprising was suppressed, 100 people were executed. when peter and his companions arrived in the capital on the evening of august 25, they had not yet expected him and therefore did not meet him.

without stopping home, he went to the german settlement to him. nobody recognized the king, people on the streets, fireworks shied away and danced with the beautiful, ankhen, there was no more. and never will. the day after his arrival, the tsar staged a demonstration in the kremlin. two jesters cut off the beards of the boyars with sheep scissors. in russia, the beard symbolized solidity and piety. but in in the eyes of peter, she remained a symbol of the patriarchal cosmos, which the tsar was going to sincerely. peter left the right to a beard only to the

peasants and the clergy, as well as to those who pay a beard duty to wealthy merchants 100 rubles. in the year he served them to people and merchants of the middle hand 60 others 30 rubles. 4 days after his return, peter ordered the participants of the rebellion to be brought to preobrazhenskaya, 14 torture chambers worked around the clock. the tsar personally attended the predestination, and at night he spent at the feasts in the german sloboda in the house of lefort oberja even relatives were afraid his. a month later, executions began, the most massive of which took place on october 22, two hundred arrested streltsy were brought to red

square for calves, wives and children ran crying near the kremlin wall. there were bad gallows. the role of executioners, assigned to an associate of the king, came a few foreigners managed to refuse. even before leaving abroad, peter wanted to break with his unloved wife, on behalf of the king, she was persuaded to retire to a monastery, but evdokia opposed. she began to seek intercession from the patriarch, but peter was only more annoyed and now he ordered the exile of his wife, the forces of the heir to the throne will be sent to preobrazhenskoye in the care of the royal sister natalya and now. alexey watched as the guards took away the mother of the monastery. his soul grew

impotent anger at his father. anna mons became the official favorite of peter among the people, she was nicknamed the kukui queen by the patriarch himself. adrian came, speaks with the king, but he insisted on his all moscow was indignant, the king preferred the lawful wife of a german heretic. in the terrible winter of 1699, throughout in moscow, the frozen corpses of streltsov hung, which were forbidden to be removed. clouds of crows hovered over the city only towards the end of february, streltsov began to be buried in mass graves at the entrances to the city, as well.

then, in crowded places, sheets appeared with a royal decree for the glory and beauty of the state of all ranks , people, including the spiritual rank of cabbies and arable peasants, wear hungarian and german dress. traditional russian clothing completely hid the body, which corresponded to the climate, while european clothes emphasized the figure and restricted movement and was very inconvenient for the russians. closely cold and ashamed, but after peter's decrees, everyone who dared to appear in a public place in old russian clothes was put on their knees and their long skirts and sleeves were cut off. peter demanded to completely change not only clothes, but the whole way of life, believing that this was the only way to turn a russian person. in europeans, the european dress

was open and tight, the hair was styled in intricate hairstyles, however, despite the inconvenience of corset dresses. russian ladies, took them willingly. but not everyone wanted to abandon the traditional kiki so as not to look simple-haired, and only later, with great difficulty, changed it to a fountain of starched lace. if earlier the clothes of the boyars of the peasants differed only in the quality of fabrics, decoration, now there was a split, christianity remained in the same clothes, and the nobility dressed in european clothes, but the craving for traditional clothes. remained stronger not even fifty years have passed since peter's death, as a

fur coat with a fur hat returned to the bar's wardrobe and russian felt boots and much more. new outfits and manners had to be demonstrated at assemblies of social events with dances, feasts and conversations. they symbolized the social activity of the nobility and its unity around the tsar, but the case for russia was new and outlandish yesterday 's girls. the recluses quickly got used to the innovations and got into the taste so much that after a few years they easily accepted the courtship of the gentlemen. for the guys bitterly stated the fall of the frame, dishonorable, the girl laughs with everything and talks runs through the streets razin sinuses sits down with other fellows, and men, pushes with his elbows, but does not sit quietly, but sings prodigal songs

has fun and gets drunk drunk at assemblies, where there was a column of tobacco smoke, they drank wine, beer, and coffee, coffee, and in europe only recently entered the water in russia, they didn’t know him at all and spat from bitterness , beer was brewed in russia before that, but they lacked skill and experience, the same was the case with sausage cheese, filling washed intestines with buckwheat, peter who really liked dutch cuisine resolutely planted it in russia sausages and sausages from meat with spices with herring cakes, which were called pies inside out, before in russia they were fine with turnips, but peter ordered to plant potatoes at first a little. who knew that you need to eat tubers and many were poisoned by poisonous berries. yes, we used potato flowers as an

ornament, the sunflower brought by peter was also grown at first as an ornamental plant. oil from seeds began to be made only after 100 years. many in moscow were dissatisfied with the new order. he openly talk about being feared. and how did pyotr alekseevich begin to leave for voronezh, where, not sparing his life, he built a navy that already tongues and unleashed all the troubles, blaming the german lefort janitsa and the fornicator, who led the sovereign astray , a rumor entered, or what? ford came down with a fever from home and does not show many boyars. they openly rejoiced, they say, rather ford had already died, so that our torment would come to an end. peter did not take into account the opinion of the boyars and even

ignored the boyar duma. instead, the neighbor earned the office, composed of the main associates of the king, she became the first step towards the creation of the governing senate, which will begin work in 1711. over controlled the diplomacy of justice, trade, fees and expenses of the state and other issues. the decision was made collectively at the general meeting by taking the minutes and backed up by the signatures of all its participants, so the king delegated some of his powers to the senate, but at the same time placed personal responsibility on its members for the work of the senate, the general followed the prosecutor, who reported directly to the sovereign and was called near the sovereign. instead of a system of orders or departments. peter introduced the colleagues and, according to the swedish model, the scope of each colleague was strictly

delimited; in the collegiums, an advisory or collegial management system was also introduced. catherine ii transforms the work of colleagues for seeing their number up to 12, and in 1802 emperor alexander i will create instead of them. for the first time, the ministry laid down the basic principles of their work, which in fact remain until today. boyaram peter ordered to send his sons and study abroad, military and naval affairs in russia, education was of a humanitarian nature, but engineers and technicians were now more needed in the country. two years later, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences will open in moscow, later the artillery medical engineering and mining school. the maritime academy created free digital schools for children in the

provinces in 1724, the first russian academy of sciences was opened. in 1917 there were 11 universities in russia, 113 other higher educational establishments and 123,745 initial leaving for the voronezh shipyard, pyotr alekseevich now rested his soul. it’s just a pity that france couldn’t come because of illness, i would have admired it. what good fellows, they now arrived in voronezh having studied in holland and england they left dense undergrowth, and they returned as a youth, they need to take an example, they wore a new dress, as if they were born in it, spoke

several languages ​​fluently, drew drawings, mastered the sciences and mechanisms gradually, she began to shift from places for petrified as it seemed to peter thicker than russian life. but how much more had to be done correct change forced europeanization affected all estates, except for the most numerous peasant , the peasant, as 200 years ago, counted only on his labor. to grow in a short northern summer - the same harvest as on the southern black soil. he had to cultivate a 3-4 times larger plot of land; christian life was conditioned by the cold climate. it would be warm boots, in winter bast shoes, shirts do not constrain when working in summer, houses were built from the most affordable material of wood and they insulated the small windows, low doors, as best they could.

peter was aware that it was impossible to turn a russian peasant into a dutch one, however. he regulated the peasant life and his decrees determined how to harvest bread and build huts. how many times a week to drown the bathhouse on the shoulders of the peasantry, the costs of reforms and the endless war fell, in order to increase revenue to the treasury taxes were introduced on private fishing, the yards of the mill , the stables of every hundred yards. they took the recruits of a soldier, the system changed taxation earlier, the tax was taken from the yard, but the peasants began to fence in two or three households in response to this state. introduced a head tax. from each male resident, 74 kopecks. in year. franz yakovlevich, at death

, life was bright, like fireworks for any holiday , does it ever end? oh, what a pity the son of a simple geneva merchant managed to become an adviser and devoted friend to the ruler of the largest country in the world. his mission has been completed. peter will go himself, and he is lefort, who gave peter his word to serve until at the end of his life he kept his word, because the word of franz lefort firmly ordered to bring the musicians to set the tables, fill the goblets, drive away the recalls and send friends. it’s a pity that peter wasn’t around, he would have been able

to appreciate the last holiday at dawn, a mud-stained wagon drove into the yard. the rooms were empty and quietly tired servants were cleaning up the traces of yesterday's holiday. peter knew that now he was alone. those who are around are faithful servants no more. the memory of france fort was preserved in the name of the moscow region, lefortovo and also in the name lane in moscow and streets in geneva and kaliningrad,

his moscow house, later rebuilt and known as the lefortovo palace, is recognized as a cultural heritage site. having buried a friend with military honors, peter returned to voronezh on the way, recalled all the nobility gathered at the magnificently decorated coffin, there was an immortal sorrow for peter knew that many rejoice at the death of franz, he thinks it should be that without him the sovereign will stop freaking everyone out, dressing up everything , redoing fools. they didn’t understand anything, everything had to be changed so that they didn’t just fulfill decree to think in a new way only without regret, discarding age-old customs, you can turn the muscovite kingdom into an advanced european power. peter began to change culture

according to the western model; a new literary language was formed according to the plan of the tsar. russia, which was previously perceived by the people themselves, as the last stronghold of orthodoxy, was supposed to leave the space of church culture to become a secular state; church font, according to peter, was inconvenient for quick reading. peter left it only for the god of service books and personally developed new civil court, to which letters were written, documents were written, books, textbooks and newspapers were printed. under peter, four and a half thousand new words, borrowed from european languages ​​​​and used to this day, entered the russian language, for example, the ball system barrier, compliment, politics, portrait secret, military vocabulary was completely updated. admiral trench uniform, pistol,

parade and much more all naval terminology entered the russian language from dutch under peter just as quickly and extensively updated language will occur in russia only in the 20th century with the coming to power of the bolsheviks, who will also radically change their way of life, and with it new words and concepts will be introduced into circulation. there used to be a lot of people living here. here at this place was a cafe, where they brought ice cream by weight. hi nastya found out. what can you tell me, just hello, symptoms of hypoxia and accumulation

of products, this is the best neurosurgeon in st. petersburg and now we are after the operation, maybe he and his father here in our office do not remember opening a check, he does not remember anything remembers who he was carefully me, look, everything became bitter. it even seemed to me that it was my old woman who was preparing the separated bladder, all that instead of the eyes of an ultrasound or something? whose eyes do not close, what was, it was to live again. maybe it's better, i'm nobody, you know, no, you save people for me, you do n't help. eat tomorrow at pervy marina

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your investments. hello, my love. it's just that i'm so dreary here. john all the time in moscow i don't go anywhere, except for these boring evening parties. i got a map of eleanor. here it is. he said that this is a picture of a man, and a heavy smoker by the nose russian rollercoaster premiere of a serial film. cinema 1tv

presents i'm getting married today for real , i just want you to be happy. this is understandable. you don't believe what's going on there at all for the first person you meet, if i leave, now, i'll leave forever movie one tv presents packing things to leave, like going home. i'm not going to jail because of this freak. it was necessary to bang him right there in the restaurant. so, if anything, you followed my

order. do you understand? the first newspaper in russia appeared under tsar mikhail fedorovich in the embassy the order compiled handwritten short summaries of chimes, which included articles from foreign newspapers and other information intended only for the tsar and the boyar duma. peter began printing the public newspaper vedomosti, its first version was published on january 13, 1703. that is why now january 13 is celebrated as the day of the russian press. before peter, the day was divided into day and night hours, and the clock faces had 17 trees. there used to be such a dial, and a watchmaker worked on the spasskaya tower in the tower , who at voskhod manually set at one o'clock in the afternoon, the bell notified the townspeople that it

did not start according to the julian calendar, as is sometimes believed, but according to the byzantine calendar, which the great indiction was based on the creation of the world, and the new year was coming, on september 1, the days and months were reported from orthodox holidays and fasts. peter introduced the byzantine calendar, two innovations. the chronology was now conducted from the nativity of christ about the new year came on january 1 in 1917, after the february revolution in russia, the gregorian calendar was introduced, the difference between calendars was 13 days. that is why today christmas in the orthodox church differs on january 7, that is, after the new year, decrees were hung all over moscow to consider the new year 1700

from the nativity of christ from january 1 in honor of the new year. these decorations made of gels amuse children on sledding from the mountains, and for adults, drunkenness and scuffles do not make other days enough. previously, the new year was celebrated with a festive prayer service and procession. peter ordered. after the prayer, organize mass festivities for during the entire festive week from january 1 to january 7, the students ordered the students to shoot from cannons and rifles at night, burn bonfires, make illumination at home and decorate the houses with pine branches and peasants. the new year holiday with christmas trees and firecrackers, which is familiar today, was started by peter the first, as well as the tradition of secular holidays in general, decorations from spruce branches did not take root at first, only from the second quarter of the 19th century did a steady custom appear to decorate the christmas

tree, which under soviet rule again became known as the new year tree, as in the days of petra village was in full swing. and peter did not take his eyes off his beloved. again i remembered pictures from the cherished book of his childhood knights in shining armor, magical cities, a beautiful maiden from life a whole life, like an eternal holiday. why delay, unless it is better for him to find a wife, if she loved him as much as he did sincere passion, she answered with a trained polite smile, behind which

one could read coldness even what the king sometimes noticed in the faces of foreign advisers, endowed with plans to transform his homeland according to european sample. so maybe everything he was aiming for was a mistake. the holiday ended with him , all doubts evaporated, the sovereign again departed for voronezh, there was a big war ahead , the fleet had to be rebuilt, the army and the whole country did not look back at moscow. i saw the new city in the distance , the streets as straight as the arrow, the canals, the palaces, and the huge ships in the port. he did not yet know where this city would be, but firmly believed that it would be? since

peter became the sovereign ruler in moscow , the tsar has hardly been seen. he carried out funny maneuvers regiments built a wooden fortress. and he took them himself, he already had a full box. finally, the door slammed open. the sovereign of all russia burst into the chamber, snatched out a scroll at random, it seems that the meaning is written in russian, go again, take it to the militant. a board of mortal grief in a country whose ruler is insane? what will happen to the russian kingdom

if the sovereign behaves like a child and plays soldiers like an obsessed one, but it is precisely these children's games that will lead to the appearance in russia of a new type of regular army in order to create it peter the great will reshape the entire state system and economy, then his army into battle against the most powerful military force. the army at all times, remained the guarantor of the country's security, the troops defended the borders, the troops suppressed rebellions and riots in the army, the faithful sovereign, held on, the throne, the army relied on the power at the time of peter's accession, the

russian army was numerous, but its heterogeneous basis was made up of the noble cavalry of the streltsy infantry and soldier regiments and ground order nobleman. on terms of military service. the king received a plot of land on the estate, and on income. from him he acquired horses weapons and equipment on demand. the noble cavalry stayed at the collection points for military reviews or went on a campaign; the basis of the russian infantry were archers, archers, they underwent combat training, they lived in separate settlements. together with their families in peacetime, they carried out guard duty to put out the fire, many holding. the shops were engaged in trade or other private trade, a separate part was formed by the so-called regiments of foreign building at first their foundations were foreign officers and soldiers who served as the personal guard of the king.

according to an old tradition, each russian tsarevich had a set of weapons and armor, as well as his own troops, recruited from boys of the same age, who were called poteshnaya pro petro alekseevich, it took all the real uniforms, weapons, contentment and even cannons, and for them the gunpowder cores, the master had in store cannon battle and experienced officers in 1686, well-trained troops were at the disposal of the young king. in no way inferior to the present army, it was the troops of the foreign system that he took as a model for his young army. tsar peter formed amusing two regiments of preobrazhensky and signals. peter compiled a curriculum, the program of which he himself steadily followed;

foreign mentors taught the german dutch to the tsar. after all, all the important military books were not written in russian, geometry, astronomy , fortification. the same sciences studied his amusing ones. then again the drum and again firing the storming of the fortresses, marches, left right left right 10 years old, the former boys from the amusing regiments will become the most combat-ready and professional military force in russia the russian army has long needed serious reforms, it was effective for the war with the old opponents of the crimean khanate and the commonwealth, but peter faced problems that until recently seemed insignificant

katarkhangelsk, to the volga, foreign trading companies were in charge of russia. the english , the dutch, the swedes, the danes bought russian goods for next to nothing, exporting them to europe on huge ships. hearings were held in the english parliament on the topic of whether to turn the lands along the volga into a british colony at the court of the polish kings, the question was discussed that russia should become for poland the same as the american colonies for england, russia had neither a fleet nor even exits. the swedes did not let the seas to the baltic, setting up fortresses along the entire coast from a blizzard to moscow, propping up turkish bastions blocking the way for merchants to the black sea. the russian state, with all its vast expanses, in a matter of years could turn from a great kingdom into a colony like an african one. peter decided to

make his way to the seas. whatever it takes to build their ports there, ships to create a fleet, their main goal, the king set access to the baltic and this meant a war with the strongest army of europe at that time, the army of the swedish king charles 12 in the swedish king was 15 years old in europe, they believed that he was not on that is not capable behind the eyes of karl was called a boy who fell into his father's over the knee boots. peter concluded a military alliance with poland and denmark and set about strengthening his army recruited recruits and foreign officers. he spared no expense, he bought guns, guns and ammunition, and finally, he decided to mark the beginning of the military

campaign, they organized a celebration, peter did not take his eyes off his beloved, she was as beautiful as ever. just followed one after another for his majesty. for each general separately for the artillery, the infantry for the allies appeared with two hips on his feet , depicted carl on the table, threw him at him. what will come to hand? while the feast was going on, peter was handed a dispatch and all his fun, as if removed by hand. the news was worse than ever. charles of sweden swiftly brought both the polish and danish kings out of the war. russia left without allies?

in september 1700, the advance detachment of the russian army approached the swedish fortress. narva, meanwhile, intelligence reported to peter the king. karl is already moving towards reinforcements. the sovereign hastily left for novgorod to organize the transfer of lagging troops and artillery, according to all calculations, before the arrival of the enemy army. there was a week left to plant. soldiers were waiting for narva. when will finally begin, the real thing is a big battery, and so far it has not appeared. tsar peter with a reserve and cannons can pass the time of the battle, jokingly. this is where the joke ends. the calculations on which the

sovereign relied turned out to be incorrect. charles of sweden appeared at the walls, narva earlier than expected and brought down the full power of his troops on the russian regiments. captain mikhail golitsyn understood that this was the end. close ranks. the attack of the swedish infantry broke through the front in three places at once, the russians fled in disarray the mercenaries were immediately captured or were killed by their own at that time the farm was in novgorod as a soldier, he did not see how his army perished in the snowy whirlwind, how the recruits sagittarius rushed about, distraught with horror, and how three regiments stood as if rooted into the ground on the right flank, the preobrazhensky bullet

pierced his leg, the loader stopped the second volley. nula in the shoes, the second bullet tore the caftan, hitting the shoulder, the battle was already lost, but they held on, stand literally knee-deep in blood. yesterday's amusing future guards of the russian army later in memory of this in uniform guards regiments will include red stockings, but then under the narva from the entire encircled russian army. only these three regiments, king. karl allowed to leave the camp with weapons and banners to the beat of drums. out of respect for their courage and ability

to fight. peter met in novgorod the remnants of his army, stretched along the entire road to the force of dirt, roadless, ragamuffins. his army was no more and suddenly the silence was broken by the drumbeat, their uniforms from the blood with difficulty, holding, the preobrazhenians and semyonovtsy, who had gone beyond orders. explanatory we form with weapons the banners of his undefeated guard. did peter understand what to do? now the entire russian military army should become such a guard, which will be able to fight with any enemy and in any circumstances, without counting on anyone's help. and to win the events near narva

showed that the russian army lacked not only experience and training, but also discipline had to be severely suppressed. peter was especially merciless to the scribe officer. peter introduced discipline in the russian army,

regulated by the military regulations for his violation provided for a system of punishments from sitting under arrest and flogging with batogs to the death penalty for treason for theft they burned a shameful stigma on their faces for cowardice and desertion. for blasphemy against the sovereign and commanders, as well as looting from cutting the head or quartering, the final version of the charter appeared in 1716 later, even when solving criminal cases. they often turned to the military regulations of peter i. by the time of peter's reign, military affairs in europe had changed dramatically infantry, cavalry and artillery acted in battle as a single mechanism . commanders were required to know the tactics of topography , mathematics from soldiers. discipline and military skill, which was achieved by training and exercises. russia

needed an army, not just a large one, but a regular and professional one, capable of defending the country at any moment, peter began its creation, using the experience of the regiments of the foreign system and the former amusing ones, he announced the recruitment of free people for military service, and streamlined recruitment duty, call for serfs one recruit from several dozen yards, so that the conscripts do not scatter them. they immediately shackled a gunpowder tattoo in the form of a cross into the stocks on the left hand if the recruit ran home. he could not return, and the peasants of his community put up a new person. the age of conscripts ranged from 20 to 35 years old, military service was announced for life. and relatives mourned the conscripts as if they were dead. thus,

29 infantry and two dragoon cavalry regiments were formed with a total number of 32,000 people. passing by peter alekseevich major of the guard mikhailo golitsyn fought his poor fellow with newly recruited soldiers, it was painful to look at it . no one knew how to handle ammunition with weapons; the officers were terribly afraid. golitsyn lost his voice, giving the command, but all in vain. the recruits did not understand what right and left are. hay, right dining room peter ordered to tie a bundle of hay

to the left leg of each recruit to the right, a bundle of straw, and when instead of the usual left right, hay was heard, straw was immediately went well. ena and piotr went on in a good mood. now it's time to create your own russian officer corps. and i command peter to send letters to the governors to make a list of all the court for their children, of which the tsar chose those fit for service and personally painted them on the shelves. sheet rushed to all ends of russia

. in 88 cities, the authorities recognized 11,147 landowners fit for service, the rest of the nobles were ordered to remain in readiness and appear in service at the first call. the rank of officer implied not only noble origin, but also knowledge at first, peter sent young people to study abroad, but soon he established officer schools, including artillery engineering, where they taught mathematics, ballistics, topography, tactics. for the first time in russia, military education appeared a year after narva in the officers of the semenov regiment. there were not a single foreigner, and in the preobrazhensky only troy, only 206 russian noble

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barely managed to carve out at least an hour peter came to the german settlement to his annushka in a big beautiful house, which he himself gave her home comfort, delicious food and radiant eyes of his beloved. pyotr loved her to meet him according to the old russian custom, with a glass of vodka, a pie and a kiss. and he also loved noisy feasts, brawls, rude jokes, drunken

soldiers, and she so wanted the beauty of the tenderness of flowers, danilovich's flowers are so alive. menshikov, as always, turned around in a moment. oka flowers seemed familiar, because their just stripped from her own flower bed. peter did not delve into such trifles. he was fascinated by the new infantry weapons and the rest. will wait

the basis of the army was the infantry from the attack of the cavalry, the infantry formation was defended by pekingers with long peaks aimed at the enemy. over time, instead of pikes, guns with springy long bayonets began to be used, cartridges were stored in pouches. a round bullet and a portion of gunpowder wrapped in paper cartos, following the commands of the soldier, he bit off the paper and poured some gunpowder onto the shelf of the gun lock. the rest is gunpowder. got enough sleep into the stem. where they sent her a bullet, scoring, the charge of the show, the first rank fired at the same time and moved back, the second rank advanced and gave the next hall, on average, reloading in battle took the unit 20-30 seconds. that is, two or three shots per minute to achieve this, and sometimes a higher rate of fire. only

well-trained soldiers could thus during the battle on the enemy along the entire front , a continuous avalanche weapon of a different kind of fire at that time fell upon the enemy. it was considered the most progressive and effective. combat method peter's preparation paid off, the turks and persians believed that the russians were shooting directly from their fingers after the battles they examined the hands of the dead. are they people of all the military branches, peter especially singled out artillery, and therefore the gunners of the semyonovsky regiment were preparing for the royal review. especially carefully his military service. the tsar started in the bombardment company. since then, he loved to shoot himself. once, with an unsuccessful shot, he almost lost his sight and life itself.

well , this did not affect the passion for artillery. peter studied the methods of pointing guns, the properties of gunpowder

, the design of guns and gun carriages in 1697. having completed a course of gunners in königsberg, he received a certificate everywhere for the serviceable, cautious benefit of a skillful and fearless firearms master. and the artist may be recognized. since then , the tsar demanded that they address him only as mister scorer and sometimes signed letters in three syllables-bar. returning to moscow, peter went straight from the road to the sock. on purpose, he did not warn of his arrival by a surprise outside the door. someone's unfamiliar male voice was heard speaking german. that's really the truth of the surprise franz kenneksak. the envoy of the polish king august of the former ally is healthy or step by step brother. zdorov

assured koenigsek, however, he is very sad that there are not enough funds for the war with charles of sweden . you say, peter interrupted him, you see, all the funds were spent on this construction for the health of my brother august. oh, your majesty murmured koenigs. there is only a modest offering beautiful with both, whose hospitality? well come on the health of my brother august. unix didn't last an hour and nothing comes to its senses. will

know how to wear a bouquet. 2 years have passed since the defeat near narva, but peter's determination to win back access to the baltic from the swedes only strengthened this time. the russian command acted more consistently. before going to narva, it was decided to take the fortress, this fortress stood at the mouth of the sky, and its capture would allow the river to be used for transporting goods and supplying the russian army. the walls collapsed as they crossed the river. the russians

tried to break into the fortress through this gap, but the garden stairs turned out to be too short. the swedes threw grenades at the russians. standing on the cape of the silent battery, peter looked at the disorderly dump of walls, well, the time had come for the guard lieutenant colonel mikhail golitsyn, having received the order , rushed to the shore. his semyonovites, bending the oars in an arc, flew on the boats of the fortress, probably death. having landed, golitsyn ran and led his men to the storms. the soldiers stubbornly climbed the walls under in a flurry of buckshot and grenades of stones, but did not advance without breaking into the sixth hour of the battle,

peter could not stand it and sent an order. do not destroy people, retreat sheet brought. golitsyn's answer now i do not belong to you, sovereign, by one tokmakh. the theater managed to see how the stubborn mishka pushes the boat into the river so that no one would be tempted by the opportunity to retreat, the madness of the brave was direct suicide, but menshikov caught the golitsyn boats, put his reserve on them and, without waiting for the order, went to the rescue. after 12 hours assault, notaburg, threw out a white flag. this is an ancient russian fortress on a nut island before it was captured by the swedes, it was called a nutlet. peter ordered to name it and they made a mistake. god is the key, the city. this victory became really key and allowed a few months later to seize the fortress of nen, a chance was laid 50 km from shlisselburg

the capital of the russian empire, the city of st. petersburg. shlisselburg really became a kind of key to the northern capital. in 1941, the capture of this city by german troops marked the beginning of the blockade leningrad, which lasted 872 days, the oreshek fortress itself on the island resisted for 500 days, and did not allow the enemy to cross to the right bank of the neva and cut the road of life, only the liberation of shlisselburg in 1943, it allowed first to improve the supply of the northern capital, and then completely eliminate the blockade. mikhail golitsyn survived by a miracle. and as soon as he recovered from his

wound, peter promoted him to colonel. all surviving semenovites were generously awarded. and now they greeted the king with a drum beat, standing under the banner of his fist. by peter's decree , all military units had company colored banners with an eagle, regimental white for leaving the banner in battle, the death penalty was due, if after the battle there were several people left from the entire regiment, but the banner survived, the regiment continued to exist and was recruited again. in just a couple of days, peter escaped from the front home. first of all, i went to my anushka. already very bored retinue sent. i wanted to be, finally, alone with my beloved without all this crowd of faithful drunkards brawlers, but

no one seemed to be waiting for him. here it is as long as his faithful drunkard and brawlers stood up for him to death. and the woman whom he trusted most of all betrayed him simply and casually. i had to learn to live with this. the next day, they found a koenigsek in the neva in the very shallow water; they reported that he drunkenly slipped on a stone and broke his head. anna monst was deprived of all the privileges and property donated by the egg. i was placed under house arrest and only two years later after

numerous requests. they were allowed to go to the lutheran church once a week. it's been 4 years after the disaster near narva, peter was approaching his main goal to clear the shores of the baltic from the swedes, the fortress, narvas, which started it all, remained one of the last strongholds of the enemy. in the summer of 1704, the russian army besieged narva for the second time. the russian forces outnumbered the garrison by almost 10 times; the fortification of narva was practically impregnable. in addition, there was a rumor that the 7,000-strong corps of general schlibin bach was coming to the aid of the fortress, and then peter came up with the idea all night in regimental sewing awls made of blue

cloth swedish uniform peter in a feverish excitement rushed around the camp and did not explain anything to anyone. the soldiers were ordered to change their combat charges to blanks, put on blue uniforms and advance into the nearest forest. for some reason, the tsar himself dressed up as a swedish general. he was clearly on to something and was very pleased with it. four russian regiments disguised as swedes pretended to attack the troops of menshikov and repnin. the mandant of the fortress believed the deception and sent a detachment under the command of lieutenant colonel markvart to help the mummers. russians they immediately tried to cut off the swedes from the fortress, but the trick was discovered; most of the swedish

infantry managed to return to narva; nevertheless, part of the swedish cavalry was cut down, and the detachment commander was captured. that night, the russian generals, led by peter, had plenty of fun, remembering how menshikov’s team almost fell off his horse with laughter in a fake battle and what kind of faces the swedes had when they discovered the whole masquerade ura ura however, it had to be admitted that the maneuver fell into narva impudently, it was not possible to break into should have started correctly besiege. for two months, russian cannons fired at the fortress in narva, fires did not stop and famine began, but on the proposal to surrender the commandant, the horn answered an insult. peter ordered that the

narva garrison fought with wild tenacity. and two russians managed to climb the rampart, the swedes blew it past, destroying both their own and others, when bloodied stones stopped falling from the sky. the russians burst into the city in such a bestial fury that there was no mercy for anyone from the screams ringing in the ears , the officers could not stop their chirped peter finally entered the city, as befits a winner. the first thing he saw was a russian soldier dragging a woman by her hair. in a rage, the king hacked to death the marauder in front of his eyes, the rest of the pogrom stopped the commandant of the forge with difficulty managed to snatch from the hands of the

angry soldiers and escort him into captivity along with the remnants of his garrison. that is, the onset of autumn, the army went to winter quarters ; three people on the basis that two will sleep on it, and the third is busy on guards per day, an ordinary was supposed to be 400 g. lamb or beef meat 800 g of rye bread two cups, wine or vodka and about a liter of beer, also relied on one person 350 per year kg flour. 160 kg of buckwheat or oatmeal 11 kg of salt peter

personally approved the daily portion, after that he ate exclusively soldier food for a month, not allowing himself the slightest indulgence, but on the campaign food supplies were often late, sometimes due to the fault of the commissaries treasurers, the products arrived stale. hungry time was saved not only by crackers, but also by the usual theft from local residents, despite severe punishments, the soldier never let go of the opportunity to steal a goose or chicken, a gaping washer, the salary of the military was quite decent, although its payment was often delayed, the cost of living was 2 rubles. in a year, this money could buy 80 kg of wheat flour or 40 kg

of beef or 80 kg of herring, while the colonel received 300 rubles. per year captain 100 private 24, of of which half was deducted for uniforms. the troops were supplied with everything necessary according to uniform patterns; the uniforms were regulated down to the smallest detail ; the blue dragoons of the red gunners have a camisole with short pants to the knees, and two pairs of stockings, a tie, two pairs of shoes on the campaign, low, shoes, boots on guard, among the dragoons. high over the knee boots with spurs, two pairs of linen, in winter a cloth cloak was worn, japanese. the supply of the army has always been a tasty morsel for merchants and breeders, the manufacture of weapons,

ammunition, uniforms brought considerable income and often became the subject of theft and treasury. peter used to have tentacles, but soldiers' uniforms and raincoats to inspect the shoes, if they turned out to be of poor quality, the entire power of royal fury fell upon the guilty. caught stealing peter ruthlessly sent to siberia tore their nostrils or simply hung them up. if the value of the stolen exceeded the price of the rope in army life, medicine was also regulated by the regimental the doctor was given bags of the monastery with a set of tools and consumables. knives, files, tourniquets, sponges, threads, needles soaked in wax sprayed syringes and a copy of the prototype of cotton wool from cotton

threads. foreigners usually went to doctors for the treatment of infectious diseases and the prevention of epidemics. they were rarely involved, considering the main task of the operation to remove bullet fragments, the treatment of wounds , the amputation of limbs, with the most common diseases. in the army, it was intestinal infections that at times subsided from them reached half of the troops to visit their camping house. what did he need you for, you see? a new housekeeper served them at the table. peter wondered who she was? the prisoner from marienburg explained to menshikov the plant of march katarina, the widow of the officers, johann, prose spoke, something peter

did not listen to him anymore. housekeeper. it was like he was bewitched. are you saying that katya will stay the night? in the evening you will bring me a candle in the bedchamber. i’ll bring it quietly, answered march katarina, peter left in the morning, and the next day he arrived, and took his orderly officer's widow martha catharina crusoe with everyone with carb for good. in 1.704, the russian army conquered almost the entire southern coast of the baltic sea from the swedes; peter's strategic task seemed to be completed at the mouth. it was not you that was built, st. petersburg, marinas, ports, military

merchant ships were built. russia was preparing to join world trade, its army made it clear that there would be no colonies on russian soil. neither peter nor his generals knew that the main test for the army and for the country was yet to come. loss the baltic coast forced the swedish king charles the twelfth to pay attention to events. in the east, the commander, who has already defeated all the allies. tsar peter decided that it was time to deal with the russian problem in june 1708 in st. petersburg. stunning news came. karl , at the head of his entire army, was moving to moscow. the very existence of the russian state was under threat, and peter understood. it's one thing like no other to take separate fortresses, and another

to fight the main forces of the best army in the world on western border hastily. fortifications were erected. moscow was preparing for defense, and moscow was repairing the walls of the earthen city. in china, the city and the kremlin, where 2,000 guns were installed, russian diplomats tried to achieve at least a truce, but karl did not want to hear about it. in july 1708, his troops approached the town of golovchin near mogilev , less than 600 km remained to moscow. a letter came from moscow from ekaterina vasilevskaya. so now his march was called. katarina peter was alarmed, so he ordered katerina to be taken away from the city to a safe place, who dared to obey the sovereign

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ural mountains mikhail zharov tsarevich alexei hates his father and all his affairs are english. they promised me money until the turks would push from the crimea, and the swedes would push everything. as i want nikolai cherkasov nikolai simonov in the legendary film based on the novel by alexei tolstoy peter i today on the first and true it was known that the swedish army after a long campaign was experiencing big problems with supplies, that a huge convoy of food and ammunition had left riga towards the army of charles 12 accompanies the corps of general levingalt. peter made a decision levingaupt find attack convoy intercept.

the battle was long. the soldiers of both sides were so tired that they sat down to rest right on the battlefield. but it happened incredibly for the first time in an open battle, the russians defeated the swedes, who outnumbered the russians. barely catching his breath

after the battle of mikhail golitsyn, petrov arrived peter immediately handed him the lieutenant general deserved mishka now they fought on the side, and peter was inferior in the rank . victory in the forest was the turning point of the entire war. the russians captured a huge convoy of food, uniforms and ammunition, which was supposed to provide the swedish advance on moscow. this forced karl to stop advancing towards the russian capital and turn in ukraine to wait out the winter, he moved to the small ukrainian town of poltava. where he had to decide everyone was in their

places, cavalry commander general alexander menshikov artillery commander, lieutenant general. jacob bruce commander of the army center general nikita repnin commander of the guards, general lieutenant mikhail golitsyn, they went with him all this way from the village of preobrazhensky to poltava and now they were ready to die for him, like the whole huge army from the general to the private. peter is not loud, as he would say to himself. do brothers, how will i do? and all the help of the almighty will be kind. silence hung over the ranks

. suddenly the king raised his voice, so you should not think that you are fighting for peter, but for the state the battle began still dark at two o'clock in the morning. cavalry menshikov’s artillery flew into the attack, bruce’s artillery poured grapeshot on the swedish infantry. repnin, with

his last strength, held the center with a frontal wave, and the russians began to retreat on the verge. breakthrough in front of the lines of infantry, peter appeared. he saw how on the left flank, the battalion banner trembled and tilted under a flurry of rifle fire, the king rode along the entire formation, the infantry closed ranks and went forward. we were hostile, pierced by bullets, ensign. falling managed to stick the shaft deep into the ground. and held him by the weight of his body in this time guard. golitsyna crushed the left flank of the enemy. and they ran. by noon the battle was over. the swedish

army ceased to be the strongest military force in europe. it was defeated by an army that no one had heard of before. russian army. he will expand the borders of russia from the baltic to the black sea, he will defeat napoleon and in 1814 he will enter paris; in 1945 he will defeat hitler and raise his flag for three flocks. the battle of poltava will be the first in that list of great victories. from poltava, peter immediately went to the village of kolomenskoye near moscow, where his unmarried wife ekaterina was waiting for him, she simply shone with happiness at home. comfort, delicious food and

radiant eyes of her beloved. what else does a tired soldier need? and i have already been tested, the old english botek, which the tsar unearthed in izmailovo, among all rubbish, swayed on sleepy water.

and as if some kind of force picked up the ship, tackles creaked and splashes flew in the face. battle flags were brought and cannons rumbled, enveloping huge ships in smoke. there, beyond the horizon, where the young king was carried away by a small river cat. with an iron will peter the great, russia will become the only country in the world that will build a navy literally from scratch because the term of one human life will make up for 300 lost years, but the tsar is not eternal, who will continue the great reforms

when he is gone, to whom to pass on his legacy the fleet of the empire for many years, the sovereign will pin his hopes on his son alexei however, fate will decide otherwise from time immemorial, the slavs used the seas to build flat-bottomed boats with sheer sides on the river struga. in the white sea, russian coast-dwellers hunted fish and animals on sailing boats, their hull was shaped like a

nutshell, because the ice did not squeeze the ship, but seemed to push it to the surface. european shipbuilding made a giant leap forward three-masted ships carried huge loads, withstanding ocean storms sailors discovered new lands 150 years before the birth of peter i ferdinand magellan had already completed the first circumnavigation of the world travel. the russian kingdom remained a land power, access to the baltic sea was blocked by sweden to the azov and black ottoman empires. by the time peter ordered to establish a rope under re-explained, russian shipbuilding lagged behind the european one by 300 years. the king spent all his free time on pleshcheevo lake. the flesh of nothing and personally led the digging of the canal from his favorite pastime, he was briefly

distracted by his marriage to evdokia, lopukhina and the birth of the first-born tsarevich alexei, but peter himself was only 18 years old in little son, heir. i didn't see the throne. yes , i am in the heritage itself, until i thought there were more important things, the rivers barely opened and the tsar hurried upstairs. to prepare for launching the first russian flotilla behind the preobrazhensky regiment, where his elder brothers served, twelve-year-old naum sinyavin tagged along, the brothers were told to sit still and not stick out. but how are you sitting here? here

in the distance the voice of the sovereign sounded, let them go down to the water one after another. meanwhile , the world was ruled by sea powers, the power of the british and ottoman empires, the wealth of holland spain portugal was founded on maritime trade, the russian kingdom had only one seaport, arkhangelsk on the white sea, caravans of merchant ships came there only in the summer months, when the honey receded. russian trade was reminiscent of colonial exports of fur, wax, honey, hemp, flax, valuable species of fish, caviar, forest grain, and imported weapons

, fabrics, luxury items, conditions and prices were dictated by visiting merchants, which meant foreign control over foreign trade. peter understood that economic control would be followed by control the political russian tsar went to arkhangelsk to see with his own eyes the real sea ships, the english dutch ships saluted the small prison on which peter and st. peter ordered to moor to a huge frigate. the forest is everywhere, everything was enough by hand. he poured questions in broken dutch young, the officer asked. why does his royal majesty need to know how

the ship is arranged and controlled. and then that i want to build the same ships, no, not like that anymore and built russia is going to fight the seas. and this means that the navy is needed. at the end of april 1695, the 22-year-old sovereign peter alekseevich went on a campaign against the turkish fortress of azov, which closed the exit to the azov and black seas, and 7 months later. he returned to moscow alone, the defeated russian army slowly moving across the hushed steppes. but peter already had a plan, the besieged fortress supported the turkish fleet, supplying the call with reinforcements and

provisions, without ships, the russians could not interfere with the turks, which means that the creation of their own fleet from childhood dreams became an urgent need. the games were over, work began in voronezh on the banks of the tributary. the don was laid a large version where peasant craftsmen from neighboring villages were brought from all over the country, driven to cut wood, a disassembled battle mount bought in amsterdam was delivered to preobrazhenskoye near moscow, where all the elements were copied and sent to voronezh galera sail on a mushroom ship with a long and narrow hull and small draft weapons were 1-3 cannons on the bow platform and one or two light cannons, in the center of the deck, they had two or three masts, usually with an

oblique latin sail, the speed at oars was 6-8 angles, that is, about 11-15 km / h. by order of the king, secular church lands, the owners united in a partnership of kumpanism and pooling financed the construction of ships for the compacts organized the hiring of foreign specialists hundreds of carpenters led by the dutch and the british built the galley fleet lived in tanks in the cold and damp mortality. reached up to 100 people a day, those who tried to escape were caught and hanged the case was badly staged. hastily hired foreigners turned out to be not the best specialists. the ship timber deteriorated in the open air, and the compacts sought to reduce their costs, sometimes buying low- quality raw materials on the cheap. in 1696, in just a few

months, 23 galleys, 36 cannon golias apostol peter, two fireboats of incendiary ships and 1,300 strict large boats for transporting infantry were built. contrary to fears, the ships not only did not sink, but confidently went on a campaign and reached. truth with difficulty i had to stop every now and then for repairs, but on may 27, 1696, the russian flotilla appeared in the sea of ​​\u200b\u200bazov, the turks did not believe their eyes and, seeing the entrance to the russian mountains, did not dare to enter zarina, azov was taken into a complete siege. with land from the sea on july 18, the garrison of the fortress capitulated without an assault on a rocky messi called taganrog . peter chose a place for the harbor, which was to

become the first russian naval base in the sea of ​​azov. peter considered only a springboard for advancing to the black sea. and maybe even further. needle to all specialists, doing state affairs, the tsar for years did not see his son alexei rose a child closed and distrustful, and at the suggestion of the maternal environment. everything that was associated with the name of peter and his reforms was intolerable, unlike his father, the tsarevich did not show zeal for either practical matters or sciences, and when teachers were sent to him, he beat them with a stick and pushed them away by the hair. then peter ordered to write out the best foreign teachers for his son. however, even they failed to force the heir to take up mind, in one of the letters peter wrote to his son, god

did not deprive you of the ability of the princes and really got it to learn the wisdom of the studied sciences. yes, only the mind of alexei was extremely passive and lazy, unlike his father, who, in order to obtain the necessary knowledge, was not too lazy to go to holland himself as part of the great embassy. the official purpose of the grand embassy was to find allies against the ottoman empire; they were the official recruitment of shipbuilders and sailors for the russian fleet. the king arrived incognito under the name sergeant pyotr mikhailov, as part of a group of volunteers, the small town of zandom was one of the centers of dutch shipbuilding

, fifty shipyards worked here day and night. the average ship was built in 6 weeks, which is why peter strove here to learn how to build ships himself. peter stopped at an old acquaintance of the blacksmith gerit kist, who used to work in moscow on the same day, the tsar bought tools for a wheelbarrow and was hired as a carpenter for a private century. then moved to amsterdam for a red carpet the burgomaster informed peter that his honor at the shipyard company was laid down by the frigate saints apostles peter and paul, 100 feet long, a three-masted warship

with full sailing equipment. unlike the mountain, it had a wide hull and a large draft. what made it more stable artillery armament up to 44 guns located on the gun decks along the sides were built only at specialized shipbuilding. at first, all the details of the ship were drawn in full size on the slipways to the keel, vertical the stalks of the timber and the ribs were installed with a skewer, then the frame was sheathed with boards inside and out and all the cracks were sealed to protect against decay ; after that, the rangol masts

were installed, the tekilash rope system was mounted, and the sailing rig . peter worked in amsterdam for 3 months and received a certificate from the ship's master gerit of the floor class, i certify truly that peter mikhailov studied ship architecture and drawing plans thoroughly, how much do we understand them ourselves? peter persuaded cornelius to go to russia. chris is a norwegian captain well known among dutch sailors. april 9, 1698 cornelius cruz entered the russian service. in the same year, a soldier of the bombardment company of the preobrazhensky regiment of sciences, sinyavin, began his service. many times i

re-read the letter of brother ivan to my mind and wrote that having entered the dutch ship as a sailor, he had already seen france, denmark, and now after the sovereign was going to england to the brother of science to the sea. and you're on my mind, march until you're blue in the face. yes, they fired cannons. petrut failed to find allies in the war against the ottoman empire, but on the way back to russia , the tsar agreed with the polish king in august to jointly oppose the swedes. plans have changed, the king was going to fight not the black sea but the baltic sea, having not completed his diplomatic task of the great embassy. completely coped with the second, hundreds of foreign

specialists, shipbuilders, gunsmiths, sailors, went to moscow. cornelius crews arrived in voronezh but she looked up and reported to the tsar what? everything has to be started anew. built ships are suitable only for firewood wood should be dried in covered boathouses nails use iron workers to feed meat and build houses for them instead of bad craftsmen hire good and dozens of requirements of the conditions of peter's instructions impossible, but the stubborn sailor stood his ground for the spring under his leadership 58 ships were repaired and laid down 60 new

companies were abolished, and instead they introduced a single a tax on the construction and repair of ships so, 500 km from the sea in voronezh, a huge ship factory began to work, modeled on which the rest of the country's shipyards will grow. fedor matveevich opraksin, one of the creators of the russian navy and the first president of the admiralties in the collegium of the supreme governing body of naval affairs, headed the project of the country's main shipyard, the st. petersburg admiralty. peter himself drew it. in the yard there were slipways, a room for building a ship with when the ship was launched into the water, dry docks were built with shutters, the ship was docked, placed on supports, and then pumped out of the pool into the water, as

a result, workers gained access to the outer part of the hull for repairs. the building itself housed warehouses, forge workshops and various services. occasionally the sovereign visited preobrazhenskoe. since his wife evdokia, on his orders , the son tsarevich alexei was imprisoned in a monastery . peter understood. holds a grudge for his mother. but there was something else in his eyes. what he couldn't figure it out. peter tried to captivate his son with stories about long voyages and sea battles. and he looked past the levoron, he thought outside the window, or he was plotting something unkind, the

formation of the army, the construction of the fleet, remained the first concerns of the king. he left as suddenly as he appeared. in 1699, the azov flotilla went on the kerch campaign to declare to the ottoman empire the strength of the russian fleet, the ship, where the king himself was the captain, bore the name opened by the sailors. on it were the soldiers of the preobrazhensky regiment among them and naum sinyavin. yesterday's soldier found it hard to get used to his happiness with only his palms, worn out by the ropes in the blood, and the worst thing was that his knees trembled with excitement when the boatswain ordered

to climb the mast, and the sovereign pyotr alekseevich himself looked at the young sinyavin, as if by the branches of a tree to his mind. step by step, he climbed the phantoms, raising his head higher even higher. when he got to bram rei, the king broke into a satisfied smile, well done. he stood in 12 burnings above the water. happiness did not fit his chest away, he saw the sea. day of russia from kamchatka

to kaliningrad, the country celebrates the main state holiday with concerts, sports competitions and mass celebrations, we will show the brightest shots. flags of russia in the donbass celebrations in the donetsk and lugansk people's republics and a holiday in the kherson and zaporozhye regions in those areas that have already been liberated from neo-nazis. inconvenient, true volunteers from france adrian bouquet in the donbass collects evidence of the crime of ukrainian nationalists in order to tell about them in europe to strengthen the husband of the russian naval the fleet today is full of six ships corvettes for a submarine two research ships and a mine defense ship my loved ones love mahija jam pie, it's really very tasty gemma hay 100% natural what to do

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they weren't the motive money conclusion premiere of the serial film from june 14 at first i didn't ask, and now i'm risking my career, which what do you think, at first the crew of the ships were recruited by foreigners, as well as officers and soldiers of the preobrazhensky and semyonovsky regiments, the officers gave orders in three languages, russian dutch and english, then recruits began to be recruited to the fleet most often from the archangel of the city province. since the pomors knew the sea since childhood, in 1700 at

least a thousand russian sailors served in the fleet, and by 1715 there were no mercenaries among the lower officials at all, but the terminology remained dutch. and this is one of petrine tradition that exists. until now , all naval terms mast, yard rangold, sting's rigging and hundreds of others are distorted dutch words. so famous palundra. what does watch out mean comes from the dutch phalandes, literally falling down so warned of falling cargo or debris from the masts during battle? the sailor was supposed to comprehend the structure of the ship for 5 years. but in fact, learning happened faster. each recruit chose his uncle from the old- timers, who taught him the maritime

profession, a young sailor. plemyash, washed clothes uncles was on his parcels. the most dexterous were identified as sailors on mars, who worked at high altitude, climbed phantoms, calm and moved along the river in a storm, removed and set sails. start, the most intelligent became helmsmen, they recognized the points of the compass, knew how to rule on them and keep the indicated course. all sailors had to knit knots with splash, that is, connect without visible ones. nodes. torn ropes, sewing sails to control the boat on oars and under sail, and much more. the sailor

on the mind of sinyavin went through several battles, it was hard wounded and at the age of 28, rose to the rank of lieutenant , already commanded a two-masted galley as part of the mushroom flotilla guarding the retreat to st. petersburg. the task of the flotilla was set by tsar peter himself to prevent the swedes from crossing it in the area of ​​the tosnaya river. we started to build a fortification upstream and all the russian ships went there, leaving a detachment on duty, dragoons up to two galleys. one was commanded by the english officer lawrence, the other was naum sinyavin.

he peered into the fog, and to his horror he realized that the swedes, having deceived the russians, began the crossing. both the ship rushed to the shore and hit the swedish coastal battery and the first core. crashed into the side. lawrence turned around and left, leaving sinyavin alone. the cannonball was knocked down by the hail, the mast of the bow cannons, the galleys were red-hot, the vinegar to cool the barrels was over. and then the whole argument came out not to justify the tsar's trust worse than death

. lead your team. your attack made the enemy refuse to march on st. petersburg, but confront the swedes at sea. russia was not ready yet. having decided to create a fleet. peter sent 35 young noblemen abroad for training, and in 1701 he founded a school of mathematical and navigational sciences in moscow. nevertheless, every year a young man from the most noble families went to study maritime affairs in holland, england, and spain. despite all the efforts of peter, the young nobles did not want to go to heavy naval service. in addition, it was known that russian midshipmen abroad did not live well. they themselves

talked about it in letters home. content the treasury paid but the money came with great delays the young men wandered around the city in search of a part-time job, now and then getting into unpleasant stories. the son of the kaluga landowner maxim spafaryev took with him to holland the service of a kalmyk boy named denis barin led a cheerful life, and studied and went to sea. his servant, on the return of the officers , was examined by the king himself. fariev did not know anything when denis began to prompt the master peter noticed this and undertook to examine the servant. of the fifty people passed the exam only 10 times, including denis peter

ordered to write to the sailors. and what became of him was unknown, and denis peredanovich kalmykov will become a captain, receive the nobility and rise to the rank of rear admiral and commander of the kronstadt port. thanks to peter's efforts, the first generation of its own naval commanders grew up in russia, and one of them was naum sinyavin, signing an order to appoint him a captain. the king had no doubts about his decision. she mind receives the sovereign's document did not believe his luck, the captain is the sovereign commander of the king and god for the entire crew. on him

responsibility for the fate of the ship and crew members . he enters the battle last leaves the board, in the event of the death of the ship. a ship is also a huge economy, and for the captain of a mountain of orders, statements and cash accounts, everything from cannons and gunpowder to the last cracker and piece of rope is counted, checked, written down and laid in its place. having lined up the team, the captain goes to inspect the ship, climbing into its bowels, where sometimes there are not even questions. the lower ranks were located in the tank, that is, the bow. there was also an infirmary and a campus.

ship kitchen. at night, in the section of the lower deck, bunks were hung from spring hammocks with hooks. in the morning, the bunks were rolled up and laid in bed nets. along the sides. the stern part was the officer's, there was a mess-company. the officer's canteen and the lieutenants' cabins midshipmen huddled in a small enclosure in the neighborhood . tons of gunpowder were contained and emergency measures were taken on wooden ships . fire-fighting measures for lighting lanterns and kindling the stove required the permission of the watch officer smoking was allowed only during the day on the tank near the sawn-off shotgun with special safety water burned in strictly designated places. in the holds were stored

supplies of drinking water and provisions of solanine in barrels of crackers and cereals butter at the level of the waterline in a natural refrigerator for a long trip on board they took livestock and poultry, which were transported in stalls and cages in the deepest holds. the water was always splashing all the wooden ships were leaking and the ship's carpenters made sure that the water level did not exceed the allowable rate. by order of the king, captain lieutenant naum sinyavin took under his command the ship of the line devonshire. while the loading was going on, the commander was busy with paperwork. here the adjutant general anton dar, peter's favorite, menshikov's son-in-law, and in general an important person, got on board. unaccustomed to objections.

he immediately began to chastise and spread a mess on the ship. well, this is not how peter raised his captains so that they meekly listened remarks from outsiders who be. r later wrote to peter's secretary alexei makarov. i lay in bed for more than a week, so that i can’t turn around from the beatings to complain to the sovereign of dovre himself i didn’t dare. meanwhile, the new wife of peter, catherine, gave birth to the king's two daughters, anna and elizabeth, the nineteen-year-old alexei son from his first marriage, remained the only contender for the role

of heir to the throne, but could he continue his father's undertakings tsarevich spent more time in riotous companies over a glass of wine, to introduce his son to state affairs peter