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the battle at the butt kol on the porch of the faceted chamber splashed first blood, this only embittered the rebels more. clearing their way with spears and reeds, they broke into the palace. one of the leaders still shouted out a list of objectionable boyars until dozens of drunken streltsov rushed to search the premises inside them. all those who dared to resist were executed by the rebels on the spot, so that no one escaped from the massacre and posted guards throughout the kremlin. the repentant tsar was hiding from the

angry crowd. under the hot hand, his mother almost got. is it necessary ? years will pass, and he will turn the life of the whole country upside down,

change the structure of power, and even the appearance of his subjects, he will go down in history under the name of peter the great on the site of old russia, he will build a russian one. the state created by peter will last two centuries during this time it will survive political upheavals and the military roam great culture and expand its territory, which occupied part of the land. the russian empire will become home to more than a hundred nations, become famous as scientists and diplomats, musicians, artists and entrepreneurs. soon he will become one of the leaders of the world war.

in 1682, after the death of tsar fedor alekseevich, who did not leave a direct heir. a political crisis erupted in moscow. it culminated in the course of a bloody streltsy revolt, which was resolved after convening its results . two brothers, fifteen-year-old ivan and ten-year-old peter, were immediately elevated to the throne until they grew up, the country was ruled by their elder sister, princess sophia, a woman. she was very, enlightened, smart, power-hungry

peter and his mother kirillovna were forced to move in a suburban village. preobrazhenskoye young, the king of perseverance church books. they made him bored. but peter could not tear himself away. from colorful foreign publications, he hurriedly flipped through the pages and eagerly peered at the image of fabulous german cities. the unfamiliar life of manila seemed like an eternal holiday. not like the deaf moscow kingdom. at the beginning

of the 1680s, the russian kingdom covered an area of ​​14.5 million square kilometers with a population of about 11 million people, less than one person per square kilometer of land. behind the urals remained almost deserted, if in moscow there were 100,000 inhabitants, then in all of siberia there were no more than 20,000 at that time france had twice the population. despite the fact that at least 20 france would fit on the territory of the russian kingdom, russia attracted neighboring lands like a magnet, starting with the small moscow principality. she turned into an empire when no one called her an empire. by no means always did the annexation take place peacefully, but step by step russia grew together with other countries and peoples and itself did not

i noticed how different peoples occupied a sixth of the land, remaining different, voluntarily or involuntarily , were included in the general state and cultural construction. they quarreled with each other and rebelled with the authorities and put forward demands for riots, the authorities suppressed. for this, she was not loved by the demand , she was forced to listen for this and respected. in the meantime, the peoples and the state of europe existed. in crowded and crowded, a large state rested against each other with borders, biting off one or another territory from its neighbors. in general, without changing the balance of power in the face of a shortage of resources. here it was possible to survive only by developing technology and science, knowledge and skill in western europe learned to appreciate both the land and its reserves, and the great geographical discoveries and the capture

of overseas colonies with their enormous wealth even more pushed economic growth. it was followed by the creation of modern political institutions. the elder brother of peter i anticipated many reforms according to the western model, carried out a general census of the population, introduced a single taxation, and abolished the usual parochialism. the occupation of positions depending on origin approved the project of moscow university planned the introduction of a unified system of state officials, the publication of the first history of russia . nevertheless, the moscow society, let it be slowly, but the country was changing, was carried by european weapons to nice and carriage clocks from poland to little russia.

lithuania was hired to serve local fashion, new customs, languages, clothing, many nobles preferred the polish kuntush to the old caftan, which was originally oriental clothing, like boyar throated hats and peasant. however, the east still exerted no less influence on the sea than the west, growing up, peter spent more and more time with his peers, soon boyish games in a soldier turned into a real business, amusing regiments armed, trained and dressed in a foreign manner, under the command of the young tsar, turned into a real stormy force deya petra seriously frightened princess sophia. she firmly held on to power and was not going to her with anyone. to share with her presentation in the capital, they started talking that the

younger king was weird, he should not be allowed to govern the state. meanwhile, peter was walking, the seventeenth year is the time to look for a bride, after going through several options, natalya kirillovna settled on evdokia lopukhina. girls from the family , though shabby, but numerous and faithful to their family. the king and the speech did not let everyone see he is already an adult months have passed evdokia was expecting her first child. it was crowded on the young spouse in the cozy, semey there,

far away, the royal chambers on the free banks of the yauza, his waited, reckless friends and new ideas. and his wife more and more often had to spend alone, the long summer evenings, meanwhile the capital was shocked by terrible news, allegedly peter decided to break into the kremlin with his amusing troops to kill his brother ivan’s older sister and become the sole ruler sophia, who herself and dismissed this rumor demanded from streltsov to defend her, and peter to depose and arrest the conflict between sophia and peter was reduced to the struggle for power of two aristocratic clans, while both sides relied on an alliance with the western powers. her entourage was guided by

catholic poland and austria pobeda tsarevna. it would lead to the strengthening of the influence of the papal church. all this in orthodox russia could cause religious conflicts. peter will choose the protestant countries holland germany england as a reference point for the civil war, his subsequent reforms did not correspond much to the orthodox view of the future of the country, introducing the spirit of materialism into it , russia's transformations and fled the wars of religion. all the great small and whites of russia, pyotr alekseevich, could not calm the arrow in any way. when he learned that his sister was raising streltsov against him, he fled here to the trinity-sergius monastery. and waiting for himself is not a cane any reasonable person

would have done exactly the same. now much has changed, he is the king, we will be tripled by his order, the sergius monastery, the whole court and the amusing troops have already moved. will the moscow regiments obey him, if they choose the side of the owls, then i again like in childhood blood will be shed, now no longer near boyars, but peter himself did not let go of fear until the last minute , colonel franz arrived like a blanket, he brought good revenge moscow for peter the sovereign has nothing. franz leford, a native of the free city of geneva, grew up in the family of a successful merchant, but despised his father's

occupation and dreamed of a military career at the age of eighteen, against the will of his family, he went to distant russia, where he entered the military service of tsar fedor alekseevich, and during the years of the actual reign of the princess. sophia rose to the ranks to the rank of colonel. in august 1689, when a conflict broke out between sophia and her younger brother, leford unconditionally occupied the side of the legitimate tsar peter, the transition to the side of peter the moscow regiments became decisive in the fight against sophia , the matter did not even come to a direct military clash, the princess was imprisoned in the novodevichy convent, and painful ivan voluntarily gave all power to his younger brother formally, remaining his co-ruler. however , young peter remained indifferent to the affairs of state administration. so that the most important decision for several more years was made by the inner circle of his mother,

natalya kirillovna. in february 1690, peter from evdokia, the son of the heir was born, named after the grandfather of tsar alexei mikhailovich, this news did not please peter for long, having completely lost interest in zhenya, he spent more and more time with his new friend franz lefort, precisely at the invitation of lefort, peter returning to moscow went to the german a settlement where no russian ruler had ever looked before. german settlement or kukui quarter for natives of germany, england, holland, who were taken out of moscow in russia, were treated with caution; they were called germans, that is, dumb people who did not speak russian next to experienced officers and masters.

losers and adventurers met here. sloboda was considered in moscow a nest of heresy and depravity due to the abundance of distilleries and noisy holidays. dear franz flew up the stairs towards you, no bows to you or that crying beating of his forehead on the ground said only about peter how happy i am. i can `t believe my eyes. you my guest and it was clear that he was not lying. the french caftan did not mercifully cut under the arm under the wig , his head itched terribly, but peter was happy. everything here was unusual. unusually noisy merrily deafened the proximity of women in open dresses with high hairstyles ford whispered in his ear. the maiden peter turned to stone, in front of him was a beautiful maiden from

his childhood dream. according to russian tradition, communication between men and women outside the family was severely limited at feasts, with the exception of wedding women, they did not sit at a common table in peasant families. first, men ate, then women in wealthy houses had separate meals in different halves of the house of the male and female custom of the german sloboda, where representatives of both sexes communicated on an equal footing, not only struck moscow residents, but also turned out to be a defiant and immoral phenomenon. anna monst conquered peter with unusual freedom of manners for russian girls, and she was the youngest daughter of johann georg mons, a native of westphalia, who moved to moscow in the middle of the 17th century and being a goldsmith made a solid

fortune here. many contemporaries noted, especially the beauty of anna monst. although ill-wishers assured that they were simply trying to flatter the tsar, one way or another, her reliable portraits were not preserved, the tsar became a frequent guest in the german sloboda, and here, between dances and fireworks, the first plans for future reforms were born. peter understood that russia should compete on equal terms with european countries. she needs knowledge, technology skills, she needs to build an empire to break through the exit. to the seas to create modern army and navy where do we start? award-winning chefs and recognized culinary masters after testing mahei products, take off their hats and congratulations on being awarded an excellent course, mahei makes your dish taste better, 11 silent male

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in the liga bets application and flies into the chat. watch live broadcasts of liga stavok together to win leford invited peter to see how european countries live. thus the idea of ​​the great embassy was born. the official goal of the great embassy was to find allies for the war with the turks. an unofficial acquaintance with european culture and technology was headed by the embassy franz leford fyodor golovin and the duma clerk prokofier and the driver, the tsar himself went on a trip incognito under the name of foreman peter mikhailov. peter, in the tail of a huge embassy boss, walked

three dozen young volunteers from among the royal amusing ones who were not sent to europe to study shipbuilding. and when this cheerful company disappeared from view, an unkind whisper swept through the moscow streets. a holy fool appeared from somewhere and covered himself with the sign of the cross for a long time, the sovereign went to the germans, repent and brothers, for the last times have begun. abroad, peter walked the streets wearing the clothes of a dutch sailor. and the unthinkable thing worked. he loved manual labor and throughout his life, he greedily mastered new professions.

he forged, made anchors, worked paper on a lathe, tore his teeth. the courtiers sometimes took the surgeon's scalpel. once he worked for several hours in a row in a smelting shop, allocating 18 pounds of iron. for which he received 18 liters. and this money he immediately bought new shoes for himself and showed everyone with pleasure, saying that he had earned them with his labor in europe. peter went to the dutch world, first in a sandam, then in amsterdam. he was not interested in archaeological finds, art galleries and theaters, with the exception of the anatomical theater of professor frederikaryush, peter bought the anatomical collection of ruyshi and based on it

created the first russian museum of kunstkamera, the entrance to the museum was made free, and visitors were treated to coffee, zuckerbrods and hungarian wine wine, especially attracted men, and they went into the kunstkamera several times, remaining completely indifferent to the collection of samsterdam itself. peter moved to london where he studied british industry and government . he met isaac newton and tried to lure him into the russian service, but without success. one of the tasks of the grand embassy was the recruitment of specialists. the first batch of mercenaries numbered 672 people for the army of the fleet ; weapons, tools, materials for peter's personal use, mathematical, medical

drawing tools, and medicine books were purchased. several live parrots, one monkey, as well as two stuffed crocodile and swordfish. what a day a new convoy out arkhangelsk is being transported the shonach lizard, and the archers were not paid a salary for half a year, they said that the musketeer frantish california, through malicious intent , persuaded the tsar to go to the germans in order to cover him with a potion and replace him and now, they say. tsar peter is sitting in a dungeon instead of him, a german will soon appear in moscow. the warlock peter

was inspired as never before, and franz from amsterdam wrote letters to the sovereign several times a day, here is the ruler that russia needs now this country is huge and rich, fenced with chisels of age-old prejudices, enough for peter determination to break the excess and build the necessary from london, peter sent with his merged, and the owner of the house, which was rented for the russian tsar, turned to the british government with a request to compensate for the damage. it was valued at a huge sum of £320 at the time . meanwhile, evil actions came from moscow. not comrade streltsy four streltsy

regiments marched on moscow in order to burn down the german settlement of peter's supporters, exterminate them on the throne, put his sister sophia in a very riot, it went on for a whole month. happened in moscow during this time and who won up peter did not know? no, hatred and fear from the tsar were convulsing, there in moscow the hated sophia again called on streltsov to kill him and trample on everything that was dear to him. his friends of his dreams raced home, seating the night, stopping only for dinner and changing horses. and the king was scared to watch, he did not sleep for 4 days.

with trembling hands, peter received the mail from moscow to the end, reporting that the uprising was suppressed, 100 people were executed. when on the evening of august 25, peter and his companions arrived in the capital, they were not yet waiting for him and therefore did not meet. without stopping home, he went to the german settlement canne mons. nobody recognized the tsar, people on the streets shied away, and no wonder. here peter, who set off fireworks and danced with the beautiful, ankhen, was no more. and never will. the day after his arrival

, the tsar staged a demonstration in the kremlin. two jesters with sheep scissors cut off the beards of the boyars , which symbolized solidity and piety, but in the eyes of peter she remained a symbol of the patriarchal cosmos, which the tsar was going to sparkle. the right to a beard peter left only peasants and clergy, as well as those who pay a beard duty to wealthy merchants 100 rubles. in the year she served people and merchants of the middle hand 60 others 30 rubles. 4 days after his return, peter ordered the participants of the rebellion to be brought to preobrazhenskoye. 14 torture chambers worked around the clock, the tsar personally attended the

predestination, and spent the night at feasts in the german sloboda in the house. he behaved like a possessed and even his relatives were afraid of him. a month later, executions began, the most massive of which took place on october 22 . two hundred arrested streltsov were brought to red square behind carts, wives and children ran crying near the kremlin wall, there were chopping blocks and merrymakers. a swarm of executioners was assigned to the king's ascetic, who came to the fort among the few foreigners. it was possible to refuse even before leaving abroad, peter wanted to break with his unloved wife, on behalf of the king, they persuaded her to retire to a monastery. and

evdokia opposed his wife, they would send her to the preobrazhensky care of the royal sister natalya monastery. his soul to relax strong anger at anna mons became the official favorite of peter in the people she was called the kukui queen by the patriarch himself. adrian came, speaks with the king, but he stood his ground all moscow was indignant, the king preferred the

lawful wife of a german. in the terrible winter of 1699, frozen corpses of streltsy hung all over moscow, which were forbidden to be removed. clouds of crows hovered over the city only by the end of february. streltsov began to be buried in mass graves at the entrance to the city. then sheets with royal flour appeared in crowded places for glory and beauty of the state of all ranks, people of the spiritual rank of cabbies and arable peasants wear hungarian and german dress. traditional russian clothing completely hid the body, which corresponded to the peculiarities of the climate, while the european

one emphasized the figure and limited movement, and for russians it was very uncomfortable, closely, cold and ashamed, but after peter's decrees, everyone who dared to appear in a public place in old russian clothes was put on their knees and cut off long the floors and sleeves of the theater demanded a complete change not only clothes, but the whole way of life, believing that this is the only way to turn a russian person into europeans. the european dress was open and tight; the hair was styled in intricate hairstyles, however, despite the inconvenience of corset dresses. russian ladies accepted them willingly. but not everyone wanted to abandon the traditional kiki so as not to look simple-haired, and only later with great difficulty they changed it to a fountain ш made of starched lace,

if earlier the clothes of the boyars of the peasants differed only in the quality of the fabrics and decoration, now there was a split, christianity remained in the same clothes, and the nobility dressed in european clothes, but the craving for traditional clothes remained strong, and fifty years after the death of peter, a fur coat with a fur hat and russian felt boots and much more returned to the bar's wardrobe. new outfits and manners had to be demonstrated at assemblies of social events with dances, feasts and conversations. they symbolized the social activity of the nobility and its unity around the tsar, but the case for russia was new and outlandish yesterday

girls. the recluses quickly got used to the innovations and got into the taste so much that after a few years they already easily accepted the courtship of the gentlemen. tsar peter bitterly stated the decline in morals, the dishonorable girl laughs with everyone and talks, runs through the streets opening her bosoms , sits down with other good fellows, and men, pushes with her elbows, but does not sit quietly, but sings prodigal songs to have fun and get drunk drunk. at the assemblies, where tobacco smoke was a pillar, they drank wine, beer and coffee , and in europe it has only recently come into fashion for russ didn’t know him at all and spat out of bitterness, they brewed beer in russia, and before that, but lacked skill and experience, the situation was also from cheeses, sausages were prepared by filling washed intestines with buckwheat, peter,

who really liked dutch cuisine , resolutely planted sausages and sausages in russia from meat with spices, salted herring, cakes, which were called pies inside out, used to be fine in russia with turnips, but peter ordered to breed potatoes at first a little. who knew that you need to eat tubers and many were poisonous berries. yes, we used potato flowers as an ornament, the sunflower brought by peter was also grown at first as an ornamental plant. oil from the seeds began to be made only 100 years later, although the idea of ​​​​anna john's time was fixed in history as a gloomy era. it is in many ways unfair that it was during the years of her reign that the construction continued, then the empire that peter i conceived was restored, the work of the senate was taken, measures were taken to reduce the tax from the peasants,

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many in moscow were dissatisfied with the new order, but they were afraid to speak openly about it. and how pyotr alekseevich began to leave for voronezh, where i do not regret building a military fleet . the german, lefort, was blamed for all the troubles, a drunkard and a fornicator, who led the sovereign astray from the true path, there was a rumor that the leford fell ill with a fever from the house, and many boyars do not show their noses. they openly rejoiced, they say, rather ford was already dead, so that came, the end of our torment, peter did not take into account the opinion of the boyars. and he even ignored the boyar duma. instead, the nearest office, made up of the main associates of the king, earned, it became the first step towards the creation of the ruling

senate, which will begin work in 1711. the senate controlled the diplomacy of justice, trade, fees and expenses of the state, and other matters. the decision was made collectively at a general meeting with a vision of the protocol and supported by the signatures of all its participants, thus the king delegated part of their powers to the senate, but at the same time assigned to its members personal responsibility for the work of the senate was monitored by the attorney general, who reported directly to the sovereign and was called near the sovereign. instead of a system of orders or departments. peter introduced the colleagues and, according to the swedish model, the scope of each colleague's activity was strictly delimited in the collegiums; an advisory or collegial management system was also introduced. catherine ii transforms the work of a colleague. bring their

number to 12 and in 1802 emperor alexander i will create in their first ministry laying down the basic principles of their work, which in essence remain until today. m. peter ordered to send his sons and study abroad, military and naval affairs in russia, education was of a humanitarian nature. the country now needed more engineers and technicians. two years later, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences will open in moscow, later the artillery medical engineering and mining school. the maritime academy created free digital schools for children in the province in 1724 the first russian academy of sciences was opened. in 1917 in russia there were 11 universities, 113

other higher educational institutions and 123,745 elementary schools . it’s just a pity that france couldn’t come because of illness, i would have admired it. what good fellows, they arrived in voronezh now, having studied in holland and england, they left dense undergrowth , and returned as a youth, they need to take an example, they wore a new dress, as if they were born in it, they spoke several languages ​​​​fluently, drew blueprints, mastered the sciences and mechanisms. little by little, she began to move from her place beyond the petrified, as it seemed to peter, thicker than russian

life. but how much more had to be done to change the forced europeanization affected all classes, except for the most numerous peasants , the peasant, as 200 years ago, counted only on his work. to grow in a short northern summer the same harvest as in the southern black soil. he had to cultivate a 3-4 times larger plot of land, christian life was conditioned cold climate, sheepskin coats, felt boots are warm, in winter bast shoes and shirts do not constrain when working. in the summer, houses were built from the most affordable material of wood and insulated as little as possible, small windows, low doors. peter was aware that it was impossible to turn a russian peasant into a dutch one, however. he regulated the peasant life and his decrees

determined how to harvest bread and build huts. how many times a week to drown the bathhouse on the shoulders of the peasantry, the costs of reforms and the endless war were laid down to increase revenue to the treasury taxes were introduced for private fishing, and the yards of the mill, the canoe stables in each of the hundreds of yards. they took away the recruit of a soldier, the taxation system changed before the tax was taken from the yard, but the peasants began to fence in two or three households in response to this state. introduced a head tax. from each male resident, 74 kopecks. in year. franz yakovlevich at death, life was bright, like

fireworks, but any holiday someday ends. what to regret the son of a simple geneva merchant managed to become an adviser and a devoted friend ruler of the largest country in the world. his mission is completed, then peter will go on his own, and he leford, who gave peter his word to serve until the end of his life, kept his word, because the word of franz lefortovoda. he ordered the musicians to be brought in, to set the tables, to fill the goblets, to drive away the recalls, and to send friends. what a pity that peter was not around, he would have been able to appreciate the last holiday. at dawn, a cart covered with mud drove into the yard. the rooms were empty and quietly tired

servants were cleaning up the traces of yesterday's holiday. peter understood that now he was alone those who were faithful around servants. the memory of france fort was preserved in the name of the moskovsky district, lefortovo, as well as in the name of a lane in moscow and streets in geneva and kaliningrad, his moscow house, later rebuilt and known as the lefortovo palace, was recognized as an object of cultural heritage. having buried a friend with military

honors, peter returned to voronezh on the way, recalled all the nobility gathered at the magnificently decorated coffin on their faces, there was immense grief on peter knew that many rejoice at the death of franz, they think it must be that without him the sovereign will cease to be weird to everyone change clothes remake fools. they didn’t understand anything and everything had to be changed so that they didn’t just follow the decrees, but in order to think in a new way , only without regret, discarding centuries-old customs , you can turn the muscovite kingdom into an advanced european power. peter began to change culture according to the western model, a new literary language was formed according to the plan of the tsar russia, which was previously perceived by the people themselves, as the last

stronghold of orthodoxy, had to leave the space of church culture and become secular state church font, according to peter was inconvenient for quick reading. peter left it only for the god of service books and personally developed a new civil font, in which they wrote letters , compiled documents, printed books, textbooks and newspapers. under peter, four and a half thousand new words, borrowed from european languages ​​​​and used to this day, entered the russian language, for example, the ball system barrier, compliment, politics, portrait secret, military vocabulary was completely updated. admiral trench uniform, pistol, parade and much more, all naval terminology entered the russian language from dutch under peter just as quickly and a large-scale renewal

of the language will take place in russia only in the twentieth century with the coming to power of the bolsheviks, who will also radically change their way of life, and with it they will introduce circulation of new words and concepts. the first newspaper in russia appeared during the reign of tsar mikhail fedorovich, in the embassy order , handwritten chimes were compiled, brief summaries, which included articles from foreign newspapers and other information intended only for the tsar and the boyar duma. peter, on the other hand, began printing the statement with a publicly available newspaper ; its first version was published on january 13, 1703 . that is why now january 13 is celebrated as the day of the russian press. before peter, the day was divided over the day and night hours, and the watch dials had 17 divisions, such a dial was earlier and a watchmaker worked on the spasskaya tower in the tower

, who at voskhod manually set the time to one o’clock in the afternoon, the bell notified the townspeople that a new day had begun and beat off each hour at sunset the master switched the clock to night mode, the longest day of the year consisted of 17 daytime and seven night hours from here and 17 divisions on the dial in total, the day consisted of 24 hours, but every day the hands needed to be corrected in order to start counting time from sunrise. under peter, the clocks received the usual 12 divisions, new dials were installed on the spasskaya trinity towers of the kremlin and on the bell towers of the church of the archangel gabriel in russia, the annual cycle of time before peter was measured not according to the julian calendar, as is sometimes believed, but according to byzantine, which was called the great indicator

, the reckoning was conducted from the creation of the world, and the new year came on september 1, not months were reported from orthodox holidays and fasts. peter introduced the byzantine calendar, two innovations. the chronology was now conducted from the nativity of christ . and the new year came on january 1 in 1917, after the february revolution, the gregorian calendar was introduced in russia, the difference between the calendars was 13 days. that is why today christmas in the orthodox church is celebrated on january 7, that is after the new year, decrees were hung all over moscow to consider the new year 1700 from the nativity of christ everywhere from january 1, in honor of the new year, to make decorations for children's products, to amuse them on a

sledge to ride from the mountains, and for adults, drunkenness and scuffles are not enough for other days. previously, the new year was celebrated with a festive prayer service and procession. peter ordered. after the prayer , organize mass festivities throughout the festive week from the first to the seventh of january, the students burn firing from cannons and rifles at night bonfires, make illuminations at home, ordered to decorate with pine branches and lived the usual new year's holiday with christmas trees and firecrackers . which, under soviet rule, again became known as new year's, as in the time of peter the village

was in full swing. and peter did not take his eyes off his beloved. again i remembered the pictures from treasured book of his childhood knights in shining armor magical cities, a beautiful maiden and life a lifetime, like an eternal holiday. why delay, unless it was better for him to find a wife if she loved him the same way as he did. she answered with a sincere passion with a trained polite smile, behind which coldness was read even what the king sometimes noticed in the faces of

foreign advisers when he shared plans for transforming his homeland according to european sample? how could everything he was aiming for was a mistake? the holiday ended with him all doubts evaporated, the sovereign again gave to voronezh. ahead was a big war, the fleet had to be rebuilt, the army and the whole country to moscow, peter did not look back, he already saw the new city in the distance, straight streets like the arrow, canals, palaces and huge ships. in the stream. he did not yet know where this city would be, but firmly believed that it would be? since peter became the sovereign ruler in moscow

, the tsar has hardly been seen. he carried out maneuvers of amusing regiments and built a wooden fortress. and he took them himself, a full city had already gathered. here at last the door banged open. the sovereign of all russia burst into the chamber, snatched out a scroll at random, it seems that the meaning is written in russian, go again, take it, the militant should have a board of mortal grief in a country whose ruler is insane? what will happen to the russian kingdom

if the sovereign behaves like a child and plays soldiers obsessively, but it is these childish games that will lead to the appearance in russia of a new type of regular army in order to create it peter the great will reshape the entire state system and economy, then he will lead his army in battle against the most powerful the military force of europe the army at all times, remained the guarantor of the security of the country the troops defended the borders the troops suppressed rebellions and riots in the army loyal to the sovereign held the throne on the army the state relied on the time the accession of peter the russian army was numerous, but its heterogeneous basis was the noble cavalry

streltsy infantry and soldiers regiments and ground order nobleman. on terms of military service. the tsar received a land allotment of the estate, and with the proceeds from it he acquired horses, weapons and equipment on demand. noble the cavalry stayed at the collection points for military reviews or went on a campaign; the basis of the russian infantry were archers, archers, they underwent combat training, they lived in separate settlements. together with the family in peacetime, they carried out guard duty , put out many fires. the shops were engaged in trade or other private trade, a separate part was formed by the so-called regiments of the foreign system, at first their foundations were foreign officers and soldiers who served as the personal guard of the king. according to an old tradition, every russian tsarevich there was a set of weapons and armor, as well as

their own army, recruited from boys of the same age, which was called poteshnaya alekseevich. it took all the real uniforms, weapons, contentment, and even ears, and to them the powder cannonballs. in 1686, well-trained troops turned out to be at the disposal of the young king. in no way inferior to the present army, it was the troops of the foreign system that the young army took as a model for its army. tsar peter formed amusing two regiment preobrazhensky and signalsky. peter compiled a curriculum, the program of which he himself steadily followed; foreign mentors taught the german

dutch to the tsar. after all, all the important military books were not written in russian, geometry, astronomy , fortification. the same sciences studied his amusing ones, then again the drum and again shooting storming of fortresses, marches, left right left right 10 years, the former boys from amusing regiments will become the most combat-ready and professional military force in russia the russian army has long needed serious reforms, it was effective for the war with the old opponents of the crimean khanate and the commonwealth, but peter faced problems that until recently seemed insignificant from arkhangelsk to the volga in russia, foreign trading companies were in charge. the british

, the dutch, the swedes, the danes bought russian goods for next to nothing, bringing them to europe on huge ships. hearings were held in the english parliament on the topic of whether to turn the lands along the volga into a british colony at the court of the polish kings, the question was discussed that russia should to become for poland what the american colonies were for england. russia, however, had neither a fleet nor even exits. the swedes did not let the seas to the baltic, having set up fortresses along the entire coast from the south, moscow propped up the turkish bastions, blocking the way for merchants to the black sea. the russian state, with all its vast expanses, in a matter of years could turn from a great kingdom into a colony like an african one. peter decided to make his way to the seas. whatever it takes. there

, ships build their ports to create a fleet and the main as his goal, the tsar set access to the baltic. and this meant a war with the strongest army of europe at that time, the army of the swedish king charles 12. the swedish king was 15 years old in europe, they believed that he was not capable of anything . over the knee boots. peter concluded a military alliance with poland and denmark and set about strengthening his army. he recruited foreign officers, spared no expense, bought guns, guns and ammunition, finally decided on a military campaign, staged a celebration, peter did not took his eyes off the sleigh, his beloved was as beautiful

as ever. just followed one after another for his majesty. for each general separately for artillery, infantry for the allies, he appeared with two hips on his feet, depicted karl slowed down on the table and the guests threw them at him with laughter. what will come to hand? while the feast was going on, peter was handed a dispatch and all his fun, as if the news was taken away by hand, it was worse than ever. charles of sweden with a swift blow brought both the polish and danish kings out of the war. russia left without allies? in september 1700

the advance detachment of the russian army approached the swedish fortress. narva, meanwhile, intelligence reported to peter the king. karl is already moving towards reinforcements. the sovereign hastily left for novgorod to organize the transfer of lagging troops and artillery, according to all calculations , a week remained before the arrival of the enemy army, which landed. soldiers were waiting for narva. when , finally, the real thing begins, the big battle, and so far, he has not appeared. tsar peter with a reserve and cannons can pass the time of the battle, comic. this is where the joke ends. calculations based on

the sovereign turned out to be unfaithful charles of sweden appeared at the walls, narva earlier than expected and brought down the entire power of his troops on the russian regiments captain mikhail golitsyn realized this was the end. to close the ranks the attack of the swedish infantry broke through the front in three places at once, the russians fled in disarray. the mercenaries immediately surrendered. whether the veins were killed by their own soldiers, the farm at that time was in novgorod, he did not see how his army perished in the snowy whirlwind, how the recruits sagittarius rushed about, distraught with horror, and how they seemed to stand on the right flank three regiments grew into the ground, preobrazhensky zero struck her leg, load pli, the swedes stopped the second

salvo. nula shoes, the second bullet tore the caftan, hitting the shoulder, the battle was already lost, but they kept standing literally knee-deep in blood. yesterday's amusing future guards of the russian army later, in memory of this, the uniforms of the guards regiments will be included in red stockings, but then under the narva of the entire encircled russian army, only these three regiments, the king. karl allowed to leave the camp with weapons under banners drum beat. out of respect for their courage and ability to fight. peter met in novgorod the remnants of his

army, stretched out along the entire road, kneading the mud, unarmed ragamuffins. his army was no more and suddenly the silence was broken by a drumbeat, their uniforms from the blood with difficulty, holding the thinned orders were the preobrazhenians and semyonovites. wolf formation with weapons and banners of his undefeated guard. did peter understand what to do? now the entire russian army should become such a guard. it will be a new army that will be able to fight with any enemy and in any circumstances, not counting on anyone's help and win. the events near narva showed that the russian army lacked not only experience and training. but discipline, especially

treason, had to be severely suppressed. peter was especially merciless to the officer. peter introduced discipline in the russian army regulated by the military regulations for its violation, a system of punishments was provided from

sitting under arrest and flogging with batogs to the death penalty for treason for theft, a shameful stigma was burned on the face for cowardice and desertion hung. for blasphemy against the sovereign and commanders, as well as looting from cutting the head or quartering, the final version of the charter appeared in 1716 later, even when solving criminal cases. it was often the military charter of peter i that was referred to during the reign of peter. military affairs in europe have changed a lot. infantry, cavalry and artillery acted in battle as a single mechanism . commanders were required to know the tactics of topography , mathematics from soldiers . russia needed an army, not just a large one, but a

regular and professional one, capable of defending the country at any moment, peter began its creation, using the experience of foreign and former amusing regiments. he announced the recruitment of free people for military service for a salary and streamlined recruitment, the call of serfs one by one recruit from several dozen yards, so that the conscripts would not scatter them. they immediately shackled in stocks on the left hand, knocked out a recruiting mark, a gunpowder tattoo in the form of a cross if the recruit ran away home. he could not return, and the peasants of his community exhibited the new man; the age of the conscripts ranged from 20 to 35 years ; the conscripts were mourned, as if the dead, 29 infantry and two dragoon cavalry regiments with a total

number of 32,000 people were formed. we are passing by pyotr alekseevich stopped. major of the guard mikhailo golitsyn, not sparing his stomach, fought with newly recruited soldiers, it was painful to look at it. the village boys did not know how to walk in formation. as no one knew the officers to handle ammunition with weapons; hay, right dining room peter ordered to tie a bundle of hay to the left leg of each recruit to the right bundle of straw, and when

instead of the usual left and right straw hay was heard, things immediately went smoothly. on and peter in a great mood went on. now it's time to create your own russian officer corps. i command peter sent letters to the governors. make a list of all nobles. their children, of which the tsar chose those who were fit for service, and personally painted them on the shelves, weights rushed to all parts of russia. in 88 cities, the authorities recognized

11.147 landowners fit for service; the rest of the nobles were ordered to remain ready and appear in service at the first call, the rank of officer meant not only noble origin, but also knowledge. at first, peter sent young people to study abroad, but soon established officer schools , including artillery engineering, where they taught mathematics, ballistics, topography, tactics, for the first time in russia, a military education appeared a year after narva in the officers of the semenov regiment. there were not a single foreigner, and in the preobrazhensky only troy, only 206 russian noble officers were sent to the troops of general sheremetyev. battle of the undefeated world champion

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outpatient cancer care centers throughout the country free of charge and close to the national projects of russia what is important here and now to carve out at least an hour peter came to the german settlement to his annushka in a big beautiful house, which he himself gave her homely comfort, delicious food and radiant eyes of his beloved. pyotr loved her to meet him according to the old russian custom, with a glass of vodka, a pie and a kiss. and he also loved noisy feasts, brawls, rude jokes, a drunken soldier, and she so wanted the beauty of the tenderness of flowers, so danilych flowers.

menshikov, as always, turned around in the blink of an eye , the flowers seemed familiar, because they were simply stripped from her own flower bed. peter did not delve into such trifles. he was fascinated by new the rest of the infantrymen's armament. will wait the basis of the army was the infantry from the attack of the cavalry, the infantry system was protected by pekingers with long

peaks aimed at the enemy. over time, instead of pikes, guns with springy long bayonets began to be used, cartridges were stored in the pockets . the rest is gunpowder. slept in the trunk. where did they send her a bullet, hammering a charge ramrod. the first rank fired at the same time and moved back, the second rank advanced and gave the next hall, on average, reloading in battle took the unit 20-30 seconds. that is, 2-3 rounds per minute to achieve this, and sometimes a higher rate of fire. only well-trained soldiers could in this way during the battle on the enemy along the entire front , a continuous avalanche weapon of a different fire at that

moment fell upon the enemy. it was considered the most progressive and effective. way of fighting one two three, the preparation introduced by peter paid off, the turks persians believed that the russians shoot directly from the fingers after the battles examined the hands of the dead. of all the branches of the military, peter especially singled out artillery, and therefore the artillerymen of the semyonovsky regiment were preparing for the royal review. especially carefully his military service. the tsar started in the bombardment company. since then, he loved to shoot himself. once , with an unsuccessful shot, he almost lost his sight and life itself.

it is necessary to have a passion for artillery, this did not affect. peter studied the methods of pointing guns, the properties of gunpowder , the design of guns and gun carriages in 1697. having passed course of gunners in königsberg, he received a certificate everywhere for a serviceable, cautious

, skilful and fearless firearms master. and the artist may be recognized. since then , the tsar demanded that he be addressed only as mister bombardier and letters were sometimes signed in three syllables by the house bar. returning to moscow, peter went straight from the road to the sock. on purpose, i did not warn of my arrival, a surprise outside the door was heard someone's unfamiliar male voice speaking german. that's the truth of franz's surprise koenigs envoy of the polish king august, the former allies. zdorov assured koenigsyag, however, he is very sad that there are not enough funds for the war with

charles of sweden. you say, peter interrupted him, you see, all the funds went to siesoooo the health of my brother august. about you, majesty shoveled koenigs. there is only a modest offering to a beautiful person. whose hospitality for the health of my brother august? august to the bottom of koenigsek, did not last even an hour. nothing will know how the

bouquet she wears. 2 years have passed since the defeat near narva, but peter's determination to win back access to the baltic from the swedes only strengthened this time. the russian command acted more consistently. before going to narva, it was decided to take the burg fortress, this fortress stood at the mouth of the neva and its capture would allow using the river to transport goods and supply the russian army. 2 weeks of russian artillery fired at the notes of burg, finally the honor of the eastern wall collapsed, having crossed the river, the russians tried to break into the fortress through this breach, but the garden stairs were too short swedes. they threw grenades at the russians, the assault

stopped. standing on a cape near the silent battery, peter looked at the disordered dump of walls, well, the time had come for the guard colonel mikhail golitsyn, having received an order, rushed to the shore. his semyonovites, bending the oars in an arc, flew on the boats of the fortress, probably death. having landed, golitsyn ran and led his soldiers to the storms. the soldiers stubbornly climbed the wall under the flurry of buckshot grenades of stones, but did not advance a single arshin, at the sixth hour of the battle, peter could not stand it and sent the order. don't kill people retreat sheet brought. answer golitsyn now i do not belong to you state. peter managed to

see how the stubborn mishka pushes the boat into the river so that no one would be tempted by the opportunity to retreat. it was the madness of the brave or my suicide. menshikov caught the boats of many faces, put his reserve on them and, without waiting for an order , went to the rescue. after 12 hours of assault, notaburg threw out a white flag. this is an ancient russian fortress on a nut island before the swedes captured it, it was called nutlet peter commanded to name and oshelisselburg the key city this victory became really key and allowed a few months later to seize the neelsa fortress 50 km from shlisselburg where was the new capital of the russian empire, the city of st. petersburg, founded?

shlisselburg really became a kind of key to the northern capital. in 1941, the capture of this city by german troops marked the beginning of the blockade of leningrad, which lasted 872 days. the right bank of the neva and cut off the road of life only the liberation of shlisselburg in 1943, it made it possible to first improve the supply of the northern capital, and then completely eliminate the blockade. mikhail golitsyn survived miraculously. and as soon as he recovered from his wound, peter made him a colonel. all surviving semyonovites were generously awarded. and now

they met the king with a drumbeat, standing under the banner of their regiment. for peter, all military units had banners, company colored banners with an eagle, regimental white for leaving the banner in battle the death penalty was supposed if after the battle there were a few people left from the entire regiment, but the banner survived the regiment continued to exist and was recruited again. in just a couple of days, peter escaped from the front home. first of all, i went to my anushka. already very bored retinue sent. i wanted to be, finally, alone with my beloved without all this crowd of faithful drunkards and brawlers, but it seems that no one was waiting for him here. here it is as long as his faithful drunkard

and brawlers stood up for him to death. the woman he trusted most of all betrayed him simply and everyday. and we had to learn to live with it. and the other day koenigs eco was found in the neva in the very shallow water. it was reported that he drunkenly slipped on a stone and broke his head. anna mons was granted all the privileges and property donated by the egg. she was placed under house arrest and only two years later after numerous requests. they were allowed to go to the lutheran church once a week. 4

years have passed since the disaster near narva, peter was approaching his main goal to clear the shores of the baltic from the swedes. narvas fortress that started it all remained one of the last strongholds of the enemy. in the summer of 1704, the russian army laid siege to the orva for the second time; the russian forces were almost 10 times the size of the garrison ; in addition, there was a rumor that the general's 7,000-strong corps was coming to the aid of the fortress, and then an idea came to peter's head. all night long, in regimental slacks, the swedish uniform was sewn from blue cloth. peter rushed about the camp with feverish excitement and did not explain anything to anyone. the soldiers were ordered to change the combat charges to

singles put on blue uniforms and advance into the nearest woods. for some reason, the tsar himself dressed up as a swedish general. he was clearly on to something and was very pleased with it. four russian regiments disguised as swedes pretended to attack menshikov’s troops and the stucco work of the fortress dante believed the deception and sent a detachment under the command of lieutenant colonel markvart to help the mummers. the russians immediately tried to cut off the swedes from the fortress, but the trick was discovered; most of the swedish infantry managed to return to narva; nevertheless, part of the swedish cavalry was cut down, and the detachment commander were taken prisoner. night russian the generals led by

peter had plenty of fun remembering how menshikov, commanding a fake battle, almost fell off his horse with laughter and what faces the swedes had when they discovered the entire masquerade. . for 2 months, russian cannons fired at the fortress in narva, the fires did not stop and famine began, but the commandant, the horn, responded to the offer to surrender with an insult. peter ordered the garrison to begin the assault narva fought with wild tenacity. and two russians managed to climb the score of the swedes, blew past,

destroying both their own and others. when they stopped raining from the sky , russian bloody stones burst into the city in such bestial fury that there was no mercy for anyone from the cries of the ringing officers could not stop their frenzied soldiers. peter finally entered the city, as befits a winner. i saw a russian soldier dragging a woman by her hair. in a rage, the king hacked the marauder in front of the rest of the soldiers and brought him prisoner along with the remnants of his garrison. that is, the onset of

autumn, the army went to winter apartments, a temporary location for the regiment, they built temporary houses, or the soldiers were assigned to wait, the inhabitants, according to the charter, needed one bed for three people on the basis that two would sleep on it, and the third would be occupied by guards per day an ordinary was supposed to have 400 g of lamb or beef meat 800 g of rye bread two cups, wine or vodka and about a liter of beer, also relied on one person per year, 350 kg of flour 160 kg, buckwheat or oatmeal 11 kg, salt. daily peter approved personally. after that, for a month he ate exclusively soldier food, not for himself the slightest

indulgence, but on a campaign, food supplies and often late due to the fault of the commissaries of embezzlers of public funds, the products did not arrive fresh during the cold time, not only crackers saved, but also the usual theft from local residents, despite strict the punishing soldier never let go of an opportunity to steal a geese or a chicken that was gaping at the hotel. the salary of the military was quite decent, although his payments were often delayed, the cost of living was 2 rubles. in a year, this money could buy 80 kg of wheat flour or 40 kg of beef or 80 kg of herring, while the colonel received 300 rubles. per year captain 100 private 24, of

which half was deducted for uniforms. the troops were supplied with everything necessary according to uniform patterns; the uniforms were regulated down to the smallest detail ; at the dragoons of the blue gunners red camisole short pants to the knees, and two pairs of stockings tie, two pairs of shoes on the campaign, low, shoes, boots on guard, at the dragoons. high over the knee boots with spurs, two pairs of linen, in winter a cloth cloak was worn, japanese. the supply of the army has always remained a tasty morsel for merchants and breeders; the manufacture of weapons, ammunition, uniforms brought considerable income and often became the subject of theft and

embezzlement. peter used to inspect tentacles, but soldiers' uniforms and raincoats if they turned out to be of poor quality, all the power fell on the guilty person. caught stealing peter ruthlessly sent to siberia tore their nostrils or simply hung them up. if the value of the stolen exceeded the price of the rope. in army life , medicine was also regulated by the regimental doctor , bags of the monastery with a set of tools and consumables were issued. knives, files, tourniquets, sponges, threads, needles soaked in wax sprayed syringes and a copy of the prototype of cotton wool from cotton threads. foreigners usually went to doctors for the treatment of infectious diseases . diseases and warnings and epidemics. they

were rarely involved, considering the main task of the operation to remove bullet fragments, the treatment of wounds, the amputation of limbs, with the most common diseases. in the army there were precisely intestinal infections, at times the decline from them reached half of the troops to visit their camping house. what did you need him to see? a new housekeeper served them at the table. peter wondered who she was? the prisoner from marienburg explained to menshikov the plant of march katarina, the widow of the officers of johann crusoe, said, something else peter did not listen to him anymore. housekeeper. it was like he was bewitched. are you saying that katya

will stay the night? in the evening, bring me a candle to the bedchamber, i’ll bring it, quietly, replied march katarina, peter left in the morning, and the next day his orderly arrived and took the officer’s widow martha katarina crusoe completely. in 1.704, the russian army conquered almost the entire southern coast of the baltic sea from the swedes ; peter's strategic task turned out to be completed at the mouth. you weren't built in st. petersburg. piers, military trading ports were built ships. russia was preparing to join world trade; its army made it clear that there would be no colonies on russian soil. neither peter nor his

generals knew that the main test for the army and for the country was yet to come. the loss of the baltic coast forced the swedish king charles the twelfth to pay attention to events. in the east, the commander, who has already defeated all the allies. tsar peter decided that it was time to deal with the russian problem in june 1708 in st. petersburg. stunning news came; karl , at the head of his entire army, was moving towards moscow. the very existence of the russian state turned out to be a threat, and peter understood. it is one thing like no other to take separate fortresses, and another to fight the main forces of the best army in the world on the western border, fortifications were hastily erected.

moscow was preparing for defense, and moscow was repairing the walls of the earthen city. in china, the city and the kremlin, where 2,000 guns were installed, russian diplomats tried to achieve at least a truce, but karl did not want to hear about it. july 1708, his troops approached the city of golovchin near mogilev to moscow remained less than 600 km. a letter came from moscow from ekaterina vasilevskaya. so now his march was called. katarina peter was so alarmed, he ordered katerina to be taken away from the city to a safe place, who dared to obey the sovereign of my light of joy to live for many years, but i will not follow your order. i'm sorry , let me come to you. wherever you are

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decided to find the levenga opta to attack the convoy to intercept. the battle was long the soldiers of both sides were so tired that they sat down to rest right on the battlefield. but it happened incredibly for the first time in an open battle, the russians defeated the swedes, who outnumbered the russians. barely catching his breath

after the battle of mikhail golitsyn, petrov arrived peter immediately handed him what the lieutenant general deserved mishka now they fought side by side, and peter was inferior in the rank . moment of the entire war. the russians captured a huge convoy of food, uniforms and ammunition, which was supposed to to ensure the advance of the swedes on moscow this forced karl to stop the advance towards the russian capital and turn in ukraine to wait out the winter, he moved to the small ukrainian town of poltava, where the outcome of the war was to be decided. everyone

was in their places, the commander of the cavalry , general alexander menshikov, the commander of artillery, the general lieutenant. yakov bruce commander of the army center general nikita repnin commander of the guard lieutenant general mikhail golitsyn they went with him all the way from the village of preobrazhensky to poltava and now they were ready to die for him, like the whole huge army from the general to the private. peter quietly, as if he said to himself. do brothers, how will i do? and all the help of the almighty will be

kind. silence hung over the rows. suddenly the king raised his voice, so you should not think that you are fighting for peter, but for the state of peter manually, the battle began still dark at two o'clock in the morning. menshikov's cavalry

flew into the attack, bruce's artillery poured grapeshot on the swedish infantry repnin, with his last strength, held the center with a frontal wave and the russians began to retreat on the verge. breakthrough in front of the infantry lines, peter appeared. he saw how on the left flank, the battalion banner trembled and tilted under a flurry of rifle fire, the tsar galloped along the entire formation, the infantry closed ranks and went forward with us, lined up pierced by bullets, ensign. falling managed to stick the shaft deep into the ground and held it with the weight of his body. at this time, golitsyn's guard crushed the enemy's left flank with light and shot and ran. by noon the battle was over. the swedish

army ceased to be the strongest military force europe, it was defeated by an army on which no one had heard the russian army yesterday. he will expand the borders of russia from the baltic to the black sea, he will defeat napoleon and in 1814 he will enter paris; in 1945 he will defeat hitler and raise his flag on three flocks. the battle of poltava will be the first in that list of great victories. from poltava, peter immediately went to the village of kolomenskoye, near moscow, where his

unmarried wife ekaterina was waiting for him, she simply shone with happiness at home comfort, delicious food and radiant eyes of her beloved, what else does a tired soldier need? and i have already been tested, the old english botek

that the king unearthed in izmailovo among all the rubbish. here's crini, his swaying on the sleepy water. and as if some kind of force picked up the ship, gears creaked, splashes flew in the face, battle flags roared and cannons rumbled, enveloping the huge ships with smoke. there, beyond the horizon, where the young king was carried away by a small river cat. thanks to the iron will of peter i, russia will become the only country in the world that will build a navy literally from scratch due to the term of one human life will make up for 300 lost years,

but the king is not eternal. who will continue the great reforms when he is gone, to whom to transfer his legacy fleet to the empire for many years the sovereign will pin his hopes on his son alexei however, fate will decide otherwise from time immemorial, the slavs with their boryags built flat-bottomed boats with sheer sides on the river struga. in

the white sea, russian pomors hunted fish and animals on sailing boats, their hull was shaped like a nutshell, because the ice did not squeeze the ship, but seemed to push it to the surface onto the surface european shipbuilding made a giant leap forward three-masted ships carried huge loads, withstanding ocean storms, sailors discovered new lands 150 years before birth peter i ferdinand magellan has already made the first trip around the world . the russian kingdom, remained a land power, access to the baltic sea was blocked by sweden to the azov and black ottoman empire. by the time peter ordered the establishment of the shipyard under the re-glorification, russian shipbuilding lagged behind the european one by 300 years. the king spent on pleshcheevo lake. all

free time. he plots nothing and personally supervised the digging of the canal from his favorite pastime, he was briefly distracted by his marriage to evdokia, lopukhina and the birth of the first-born tsarevich alexei but peter , who himself was only 18 years old in his little son, the heir. i didn't see the throne. yes , i’m in the very heritage, until i thought there were more important things, the rivers barely opened and the tsar hurried up to prepare for launching the first release. for the preobrazhensky regiment, where his elder brothers served, twelve-year-old naum sinyavin tagged along, the brothers said to sit still and not stick out. but how are you sitting here? the

voice of the sovereign sounded in the distance, let them go down to the water one after another, huge, like boat huts, a funny army welcomed a funny flotilla, meanwhile the world was ruled by sea powers, the power of the british ottoman empire, the wealth of holland, spain, portugal was based on maritime trade. russian kingdom had only one seaport, arkhangelsk on the white sea, caravans of merchant ships came there only in the summer months, when honey receded. russian trade was reminiscent of colonial exports of

fur, wax, honey, hemp, flax, valuable species of fish, caviar, forest grain, and imported weapons, fabrics, luxury goods, conditions and prices were dictated by visiting merchants, which meant foreign control over foreign trade. peter understood that economic control would be followed by political control the russian tsar went to arkhangelsk to to see with your own eyes real sea ships, english dutch ships . peter ordered to moor to a huge frigate. the forest is everywhere, everything was enough by hand. he poured questions in broken dutch

young, the officer asked. why does his royal majesty need to know how the ship is arranged and controlled. and then that i want to build the same ships, no, not like this anymore and we will build russia is going to fight the seas, which means we need marine fleet at the end of april 1695, the 22-year-old sovereign pyotr alekseevich went on a campaign against the turkish fortress of azov, which closed the exit to the azov and black seas, and 7 months later. he returned to moscow alone as the defeated russian army moved slowly across the frozen steppes. but peter already had a plan, the besieged fortress supported the

turkish fleet, supplying the call with reinforcements and provisions, without ships, the russians could not interfere with the turks, which means that creating their own fleet from a childhood dream became an urgent need the games ended, work began in voronezh on the banks of the tributary. don was laid a large shipyard where craftsmen were brought from all over the country. christians from neighboring villages were driven to cut wood, a disassembled war galley bought in amsterdam was delivered to preobrazhenskoye near moscow, where all its elements were copied and sent to voronezh galera a mushroom sailing vessel with a long and narrow hull and small draft weapons were 1-3 guns on the bow platform and one or two, light guns,

in the center of the deck, had two or three, usually with masts with a slanting latin sail, the speed at oars was 6-8 knots, that is, about 11-15 km / h. by order of the king, secular church lands, the owners united in a partnership of kumpanism and pooling financed the construction of ships for the compacts organized the hiring of foreign specialists hundreds of carpenters led by the dutch and the british built the galley fleet lived in tanks in the cold and damp mortality. reached up to 100 people a day those who tried to escape were caught and hanged the case was put badly hastily hired foreigners turned out to be not the best specialists. the ship timber deteriorated in the open, and the compacts sought to reduce their costs, sometimes buying low-

quality raw materials on the cheap. in 1696, in just a few months, 23 galleys, 36 cannon golias apostol peter, two fireboat fireboats and 1,300 large boats for transporting infantry were built. contrary to fears, the ships not only did not sink, but confidently went on a campaign and reached. true, it was difficult to stop every now and then for repairs, but on may 27, 1696, the russian flotilla appeared in the sea of ​​azov, the turks did not believe their eyes and the fleet, seeing the russian galleys, did not dare to enter the dawn. azov was completely besieged by land and from the sea on july 18, the garrison of the fortress capitulated without an assault on a rocky messi called taganrog

. peter chose a place for the harbor, which was to become the first russian naval base in the sea of ​​​​azov. peter considered only a springboard for advancing to the black sea. and maybe even further. let's invite experts from holland to deal with public affairs. the king has not seen for years son alexey roses the child is closed and distrustful, and with the suggestion of the maternal environment. everything that was associated with the name of peter and his reforms was intolerable, unlike his father, the tsarevich did not show zeal for either practical matters or sciences, and when teachers were sent to him, he beat them with a stick and pushed them away by the hair. then peter ordered to write out the best foreign teachers for his son, however, even they failed to force the heir to take up his mind, in one of the

letters peter wrote to his son god did not deprive you of your mind the princes really had enough abilities to learn the wisdom of the studied sciences. yes, only the mind of alexei was extremely passive or mime, unlike his father, who, in order to obtain the necessary knowledge, was not too lazy to go to holland himself as part of the great embassy. the official purpose of the grand embassy was to find allies against the ottoman empire, they were the official recruitment of shipbuilders and sailors for the russian fleet. the tsar arrived incognito under the name of constable pyotr mikhailov as part of a small group of volunteers

the town of zandom was one of the centers of dutch shipbuilding. fifty medium-sized berths worked here day and night. the ship was built in six weeks, which is why peter aspired here to learn how to build ships himself. peter stopped at an old blacksmith friend, gerit kista , who used to work in moscow. on the same day, the tsar bought tools for a wheelbarrow and got hired as a carpenter for a private version. then he moved to amsterdam at a solemn meeting, the burgomaster informed peter that in his honor at the shipyard company, the frigate of the holy apostles peter and

paul is 100 feet long. the sailing frigate , a three-masted military ship with full sailing equipment, unlike the galley, had a wide hull and a large draft, which made it more stable artillery armament up to 44 guns. it was located on the gun decks. along the sides , frigates were built only at specialized shipyards. first, all the details of the ship were drawn in full size on the feet to the cue, fastened, the vertical stems of the beam and the ribs were installed with a skewer, then the frame sheathed with boards inside and out and sealed up all the cracks to protect against decay

; after that, the mast rangul was installed, the tequilash rope system was mounted, and the sailing rig. peter worked in amsterdam for 3 months and received a certificate from the ship's master gerit of the floor class, i certify truly that peter mikhailov studied ship architecture and drawing plans thoroughly, how much do we understand them ourselves? peter persuaded cornelius to go to russia. chris is a norwegian captain well known among dutch sailors. april 9, 1698 cornelius cruce entered the russian service. in the same year, a soldier of the bombardment company of the

preobrazhensky regiment began his service, sinyavin. many times i re-read the letter of brother ivan in my mind and wrote that having entered the dutch ship as a sailor, he had already seen france and denmark, and now, following the sovereign, he was going to england. it is so brother of science before seas. and you're on my mind, march until you're blue in the face, yes, they fell from the cannons. petrut failed to find allies in the war against the ottoman empire, but on the way back to russia, the tsar agreed with the polish king in august to jointly oppose the swedes. plans have changed, the king was going to fight not the black sea but the baltic sea, having not completed his diplomatic task of the great

embassy. completely coped with the second, hundreds of foreign specialists, shipbuilders, gunsmiths, sailors, went to moscow. cornelius crews arrived in voronezh, but she looked up and reported to the king? everything has to be started anew. built ships are good only for firewood. wood should be dried in covered slipways nails use iron workers to feed meat and build houses for them instead of bad craftsmen hire good ones dozens more requirements of the conditions of the instructions peter found it impossible, but the stubborn sailor stood his ground during the spring, under his leadership,

58 ships were repaired and 60 new ones were laid down kumpanism was abolished, and instead they introduced a single tax on the construction and repair of ships, so 500 km from the sea in voronezh earned a huge a factory of ships, on the model of which the rest of the shipyards of the country will grow. the case was headed by fedor matveevich opraksin, one of the founders of the russian navy and the first president of the admiralties of the collegium of the supreme body for managing naval affairs, the project of the main shipyard of the country of the st. petersburg admiralty. peter himself drew it . in the yard there was a room for the construction of a ship with stocks, inclined platforms for launching the ship into the water. dry docks were

built next to it. pumped out of the pool into the water as a result, the workers gained access to the outer part of the hull for repairs. the building itself housed warehouses , forge workshops and various services. occasionally the sovereign visited preobrazhenskoye since the time when his wife evdokia was imprisoned in the monastery on his orders, the son of tsarevich alexei behaved like a wolf cub. peter understood. holds a grudge for his mother. but there was something else in his eyes. something he couldn't figure out. peter tried to captivate his son with stories about long voyages and sea battles. and here looked past the levoron considered outside the window, whether he

was plotting something evil, the formation of the army, the construction of the fleet, remained the first concerns of the king. he left as suddenly as he appeared. in 1699 , the azov flotilla went on the kerch campaign to declare to the ottoman empire the strength of the russian fleet, the ship, where the king himself was the captain, bore the name opened by the sailors. on it were the soldiers of the preobrazhensky regiment, among them naum sinyavin. yesterday's soldier was hard to get used to his happiness with only his palms, worn out by ropes in the blood,

and the worst of the excitement was trembling knees when the boatswain ordered to climb the mast, and the sovereign pyotr alekseevich himself looked at the young wine, as if on the branches of a tree to the mind. step by step he climbed the phantoms, his head up. higher even higher. when he got to bram rei the king, broke into a satisfied smile, well done mattress 12 burns over the water , happiness did not fit his chest far away, he saw the sea. empress elizaveta petrovna was a passionate builder to her. we owe the appearance of such pearls in russian architecture as the winter

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future champions. the national projects of russia are what is important here and now. at first, the crews of the ships were recruited by foreigners, as well as officers and soldiers of the preobrazhensky and semyonovsky regiments, the officers gave orders in three languages, russian dutch and english, then the fleet began to recruit recruits most often from the archangel of the city province. since the pomors knew the sea from childhood, in 1700 at least a thousand russian sailors served in the fleet, and by 1715 there were no mercenaries among the lower officials at all, but the terminology remained dutch. and this is one of the peter's traditions that still exists. all naval terms mast, yard spars, sting's rigging and hundreds of others are corruptions

of dutch words. so famous palundra. what does watch out mean comes from the dutch fallond, literally falling down as a warning of falling cargo or mast debris during battle? kholstav, the sailor was supposed to comprehend the device of the ship for 5 years. but in fact, learning happened faster. each recruit chose an uncle from old-timers, who taught him the maritime profession, a young sailor, tribe, washed his uncle's clothes, was on his parcels. the most dexterous were identified as sailors on mars, who worked at high altitude, climbed phantoms, calm and moved sideways along the river, removed and set sails. the most intelligent became helmsmen, they

recognized the points of the compass, knew how to rule by them and keep the indicated course. all sailors had to knit knots with splash, that is, connect without visible ones. nodes. torn ropes, sewing sails control the boat on oars and under sail and much more. the sailor, sinyavin, went through several battles, was seriously wounded and at the age of 28, rose to the rank of lieutenant, already commanded a two-masted galley as part of the mushroom flotilla guarding the approaches to st. petersburg. the task of the flotilla

was set by tsar peter himself to prevent the swedes from crossing it in the area of ​​the tosnaya river. we started to build a fortification upstream and all the russian ships went there, leaving a detachment on duty, dragoons up to two galleys. one commanded by the english officer lawrence the other naum sinyavin he peered into the fog, and to his horror he understood? the swedes, having deceived the russians, began to charge the crossing . both ships rushed to the shore and hit the swedish coastal battery and the first core. crashed into the side. lawrence turned around and left,

leaving a bruise on one hydro knocked down hail mast bow guns, galleys red-hot vinegar to cool the trunks ended, then the whole dispute came out not justified. the royal trust is worse than death on the shore , rowers and sailors, as if turned into infantry of the preobrazhensky regiment of pens, led his team. this attack forced the enemy to abandon the march on st. petersburg, but to confront the swedes at sea. russia was not ready yet. having decided to create a fleet. peter sent 35 young nobles abroad for training, and in 1701 he founded

a school of mathematics and navigation in moscow, nevertheless , every year young men from the most noble families were sent to study maritime affairs in holland, england, spain despite all the efforts of peter, the young nobles did not want to go for heavy naval service. in addition, it was known that the russian midshipmen abroad live poorly. they themselves talked about it in letters home. the treasury paid the maintenance for studies, but the money came with great delays, the youth wandered around the city in search of a part-time job, now and then getting into unpleasant stories. the son of the kaluga landowner maxim spafaryev

took with him to holland the service of a kalmyk boy named denis barin led a cheerful life, and studied and went to sea. his hearing on the return of the officers was examined. variev did not know anything when denis began to prompt the master peter noticed this and undertook to examine the servant. out of fifty people , they passed the exam only 10 times, including denis po farevo, peter ordered to write to the sailors. and what became of him was unknown, and denis peredanovich kalmykov will become a captain, receive the nobility and rise to the rank of rear admiral and commander of the kronstadt port. thanks to peter's efforts, the

first generation of its own naval commanders grew up in russia, and one of them was sinyavin, who signed the order on his appointment as a captain. the king had no doubts about his decision. she mind gets the sovereign's document not believed in his happiness, the captain is the sovereign commander of the king and god for the entire crew. he is responsible for the fate of the ship and crew members . he enters the battle last leaves the board in the event of the death of the court. a ship is also a huge economy, and on the captain of a mountain of

orders, statements and cash accounts, everything from cannons and gunpowder to the last cracker and piece of rope is counted, checked, written down and laid in its place. having lined up the team, the captain goes to inspect the ship, climbing into its bowels, where sometimes there are not even mattresses. lower ranks located in the tank, that is, the bow. there were also in the infirmary and campus the ship's kitchen. at night, in the compartment of the lower deck , hammocks made of russina with hooks were hung up. in the morning, the bunks were rolled up and laid in bed nets. along the sides. the stern part was an officer’s, there was a mess-company. the officer’s canteen and the lieutenants’ cabins midshipmen huddled in a small enclosure next to the

ship’s priest and doctor, a personal cabin, only the captain relied on a separate hermetic krut chamber contained tons of gunpowder and on wooden ships, emergency fire-fighting measures were taken to light the lanterns and kindle the stove; the permission of the watch officer was required; smoking was allowed only during the day on the tank near the cut-off with water; special safe lanterns burned in strictly designated places. in the holds were stored supplies of drinking water and provisions of solanine in barrels of crackers and cereals butter at the level of the waterline in a natural refrigerator for a long trip on board they took livestock and poultry, which were transported in stalls and cages the deepest holds. the water was always splashing, all the wooden ships were leaking, and the ship's

carpenters made sure that the water level did not exceed the allowable rate. by order of the king, captain lieutenant naum sinyavin took under his command the ship of the line devonshire. while the loading was going on, the commander was busy with paperwork. then the general 's dietary anton gift, peter's favorite, menshikov's son-in-law, and in general an important person, climbed on board. unaccustomed to objections. he immediately began to chastise and spread a mess on the ship. but this is not how peter brought up his captains, so that they meekly listened to remarks from outsiders, whoever they were. r

later wrote to peter's secretary alexei makarov. i lay in bed for more than a week, so that i can’t turn around from the beatings to complain to the sovereign of dovre himself i didn’t dare. meanwhile, the new wife of peter, catherine, gave birth to two daughters, anna and elizabeth, to the tsar, the nineteen-year-old alexei son from his first marriage, remained the only contender for the role of heir to the throne, but will he be able to continue his father's undertakings tsarevich more spent time in reckless companies over a glass of wine in order to introduce his son to state affairs . peter gave him the first serious assignment to direct the construction of fortifications in moscow in case the swedes arrived. as it was later reported to the king, the heir did not

spend half an hour on the entrusted to him. wait half an hour. he looked at everything absently nodded his head and drove off to his company. peter was beside himself, he was indulgent to other people's mistakes, but he never forgave the lack of diligence. he called his son to talk. scolded the blockage to a sense of duty, it would have come to beatings, but catherine intervened in time, only she managed to resolve the conflict. however, as soon as peter left, his son again found himself in the arms of his friends. i am engaged in the construction of the russian fleet, the tsar personally

drew a sketch of the andreevsky flag on sailing ships, the length of the flag reached 4 meters roared with us, like a siren to lower the stern flag during the battle meant to become a ship, which was unthinkable. the ship of the line devonshire of captain sinyavin entered the port of hamburg towards the local escort whores in the military custom of the lod to a ship under the state flag, all ships should salute while lowering the pennant, but this sloop was in no hurry to salute the st. andrew's flag. captain sinyavin demanded a salute to the russian flag with a signal, the impudent german answered with such a flag. i don't know, sinyavin called an artillery officer.

two russian cannonballs flew past, just remember that there is a russian andreevsky flag. captains of different nationalities sailed under the andreev flag. peter needed experienced sailors, and their past king was not so interested in the serbian corsair's mother from mayevich, the thunderstorm of the turkish fleet was redeemed from a prison in constantinople, the russian ambassador peter personally examined the sailor and immediately promoted him to the rank of captain of the first rank. with my thing, it handled galleys perfectly, namely, on the galley fleet, peter made

the main bet in the naval war with sweden, the baltic dick in narrow shallow bays of the goler turned out to be more effective than large ships. on june 21, 1714, the russian rowing fleet under the command of admiral general apraksin met cape gangut with the powerful swedish squadron of admiral matranga tsar peter and apraksin looked into the chimneys for a long time, counting the enemy pennants. in the end , they decided to make a transfer in order to drag some of their colleagues to the neighboring fjord. admiral vatrank sent 10 russian ships to intercept, but peter canceled the pulling of the golar, he waited for a complete calm, when the swedish sailboats became

helpless, he ordered 35 galleys. under the command of mayevich, they flew out of the bay and headed to where the ships sent to the batrangs stood, followed by peter participated in a boarding attack under bullets cores, along with rowers and soldiers, all 10 ships of the swedish squadron, along with the flagship elephant, were in his hands. thus ended the first battle in the history of the russian navy.

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meet? they will converge in the ring to find out the attitude of a man fight for the world title live broadcast from abu dhabi tomorrow on the first who will hit the big jackpot of more than 140 million rubles. jackpot, big jackpot from the league of stakes, the final is close but the swedish fleet still controlled the baltic sea, russian galleys could fight against it only by pirating 1-2 ships on occasion, but for the final victory at sea, not

boarding attacks, but large, well-armed ships and experienced crews. engaging in a naval battle, the ships lined up in a wake column and, passing by the enemy, opened fire. they acted as a single unit, maintaining formation and maintaining the rate of fire. this tactic was called linear and it was for such a battle that battleships were created, the most powerful weapon of the era, the pinnacle of engineering. the battleship is the largest of the sailing ships, the basis of the regular navy, three-masted a warship with two or three gun decks had an average of up to 100 guns and a crew of up to 800 people. after the gangut victory, peter had a new reason for joy, finally catherine gave him a son, the boy was named

peter in honor of his father, this event changed everything. now the sovereign could choose an heir from his two sons; the tsar sent a final warning to alexei. he demanded to take up his mind, he threatened because for my fatherland and the people of his stomach he did not regret and do not regret it, then how can i regret you not necessary. came soon. answer. tsarevich abdicated in favor of a newborn brother. it was done that now his father would leave him alone a month after receiving this letter . peter castle, the illness was dangerous, that the senators , in anticipation of a tragic end , were in the royal chambers around the clock, but the crisis passed and

the tsar, having recovered, first of all wrote to alexei if you renounce. go to the monastery for the abdicated pretender is the only way. fleeing from this fate of his father's anger, alexei fled abroad. soon, alarming feelings began to reach peter. rumors, supposedly. a son. he is in secret negotiations with a military enemy, the swedes, is going to overthrow his father and take his place on the throne. the sovereign's worst suspicions came true on the orders of peter, intelligence tracked down alexei in naples, the tsar's envoys lured him to russia by deceit . but that yulil dodged all the blame for the

betrayal shifted to his entourage. the mere fact of relations with the swedish king is enough to condemn the tsarevich to death. execution, but the king did not want to decide the fate of his son, a sentence. he had to endure a commission composed of the highest officials of the state, only doomed to emptiness in the soul. after the death sentence was passed, alexei was imprisoned in the peter and paul fortress. within 2 days he died under unclear circumstances. and a year later,

before reaching the age of 4, the son of peter and catherine, little pyotr petrovich, died of an incurable disease; this death finally brought the tsar out of balance. experiences were accompanied by terrible with convulsive attacks, peter locked himself in his office and did not receive anyone for three days, refusing food. the question of the states was added to the excellent experiences of the father. who will take the russian throne after him? well, the king had to

hide his feelings, outwardly the way of life in the country had not changed in any way. sweden was approaching the victorious finale. at the end of may 1719, a russian detachment consisting of six ships of the line stood near the island of ezel, which received the task of finding and neutralizing the rogue convoy accompanying trade caravans. at dawn on may 24, the watchers spotted on the horizon. three large ships without flags, possibly the swedes on their flagship , the commander's devanshir, captain of the second rank. on om, sinyavin ordered to raise all the sails and start the chase. by evening, the distance finally began

to shrink, the senyavin gave the order to prepare for battle. before the battle, a mesh was pulled over the deck to protect against falling debris, the spars were protected from the cores with logs and barrels of iron scrap, sand was poured onto the deck so that the legs did not slip in the blood. the stove in the galley was being extinguished ; pointed the guns. approaching sinyavin with two shots, he demanded to show the flag on the masts

turned into swedish banners. russian flagship devonshire raised a red flag signal on the foc mast everyone to fight. the cannonballs smashed the plating of the sides , tore the sails and broke the spars, sharp chips scattered in all directions, but the gunner sailors and officers did their job. the deck crew tracked the lighter grenades to cover them with sand. the infirmary team dragged the wounded to the ship's doctor operated right during the battle. portsmouth lost control and was immediately

attacked ; lead pulse metal all living things on the deck of the frigate and behind it the brigantine lowered the flags, only the enemy flagship left, but after 3 hours they caught up with him and forced him to surrender, the russians captured a 52 -gun ship of the line, a wachmeister, a 34-gun frigate karlskron vapin and a brigantine berngardus. 387 people were taken prisoner, with captain commander wrangel killed about 50 wounded 13 people, the loss of the russians amounted to nine people killed and nine people wounded. the first artillery duel of the russian fleet ended with the first victory on

blue veins hit a flurry of awards. through the rank he was promoted to captain commander and granted by the villages in such numbers that he became one of the richest landowners in russia. in 3 years, sinyavin will receive the rank of shaobinakht, that is, rear admiral, and become the first russian natural admiral. as peter told him back in 1703, with the capture of the fortress niyam chance, russian troops entrenched themselves on the shores of the gulf of finland. peter created the tsar's standard, but the black double-headed eagle was a golden cloth. held under three crowns

cool and paws four cards, the sea, the white caspian of azov and the baltic as a sign that from now on the russian tsar is the lord of the four seas. the new victory of the russian fleet over the swedes of the gringam island and the signing of the nystadt peace, which ended the northern war, secured the conquered baltic territories for russia, the long-awaited access to the baltic sea, and after another 2 months, peter accepted the title of emperor of all russia from the senators. russia became a maritime empire. in just a few years, peter managed to create a fleet and raise a generation of the first russian emirals once he dreamed that his sons, tsarevich alexei and peter, would share his passion for the sea and continue their father's business. yes, it just didn't work out. the entire russian

squadron lined up for the parade, which the sovereign himself would receive, but instead of a battleship , a small old boat, once found in the izmailovsky barn, was on board , there were admirals of the russian fleet, including rear admiral pyotr mikhailov, his imperial majesty stern the cannon of the boat clapped faster in response thundered over the baltic salute guns the main caliber from the boat, the emperor looked up, leaving the past behind him, he looked forward. yes, where the sides of the ships he built rose in powder smoke, he

began to build his capital under the blows of crushing beauty. as straight as the arrow of the streets, stone houses will stand in even rows . the embankment will be dressed in granite. squares will swing open and the spire of the peter and paul cathedral will cut through the sea fog like the mast of a huge ship sailing into the future. the creation of peter the great st. petersburg will become the main symbol of his transformation. but before

on the last day of his life, the emperor will not decide to whom to transfer his legacy the day turned out around the city, the sovereign was in an excellent mood, they quickly determined the place for the bastion and the rovelins, but peter wished to inspect and the neighboring islands rejoiced, saying that the true parodist smells of the sea at that time the king managed to visit in england and holland , the capital is located there on the water, and it is no coincidence that where the sea is, there trade goes uphill and the people of the enlightenment are recruited. here is danilych, you will put me a menshikov house

. peter dreamed of building a large european city. long ago, but it just so happened that the place for construction was dictated by the war in the spring of 1703, the russian army conquered part of the coast of the baltic sea from the swedes to the mouth of the neva river, the local swampy area was least suitable for building a new capital, but for protecting new lands. the emperor needed a fortress; he laid it on may 16 or 27, according to the new style, 1703 on the island of janis

in the russian hare style. from that day, the countdown of the history of the city of st. petersburg began. petersburg is not named in honor of tsar peter alekseevich, but in honor of him the tsar himself, in personal correspondence, called the patron saint of the apostle peter his paradisism, that is, ryan, the name peter we know today appeared already in the 18th century, it was first mentioned in fonvizin’s comedy undergrowth in its history, the city changed its name three times. in 1914, at the beginning of the first world war, against the backdrop of anti-german sentiments, petersburg was russified into petrograd. in 1924, after

the death of lenin, the historical name of st. petersburg was returned to the city only in 1991. built city became its builders. soldiers were transferred from neighboring fortresses to work. then the peasants of the surrounding villages were brought to it in organized parties. working people are captive swedes and tatars, and for the hardest workers. now, instead of siberia, criminals were sent to build st. petersburg. workers were initially settled in a camp in temporary camps and dugouts and huts of convicts. they were placed in a guarded convict yard. now this place

is labor square mass forced labor was used only in the first years later in construction, mainly hired workers and artisans were involved, for whom huts were built. they worked in shifts from 12 to 15 hours on a rotational basis for 2-3 months, the salary was 1 rub. per month. despite the fact that the monthly cost of living was 17 kopecks. working and living conditions were difficult, constant cold, dampness, unsanitary conditions and poor nutrition, according to approximate estimates , at least 100,000 workers died from exhaustion diseases during the construction of st. petersburg. peter not for long i thought who to put danilych's zeal at the head of this line would be enough for ten. he never

asked for blurrock did not refer to the circumstances. they simply do not have executable orders for him. appointing less than anyone as the governor-general of the future city, the sovereign had no doubt that alexander danilovich menshikov would pull out from an humble family, according to one version, he was the son of a groom, according to another. from the age of 14, the baker served in the royal amusement army, where he quickly won peter's trust and became his batman, and then his closest associate and one of the first persons. states. the tsar called him alexander a heart friend, brother and son of the heart during the northern war with sweden, menshikov commanded large infantry and cavalry forces, while remaining the governor-general of st. petersburg, the construction of any building in

st. the rest of russia, the swampy soil was drained by hand , channels were dug to divert water, the excavated soil was covered with lowlands under the foundation, it was necessary to strengthen the soil with the help of piles, which were called necessarily into the frozen ground, so that the moving soil does not float and the abundance of water will create problems throughout the history of st. petersburg . dampness contributed to the development of consumption and an abundance of lice laying, the metro in the city on the neva has always been fraught with great difficulties due to the complexity of the soil, a powerful quicksand section of liquefied soil caused erosion from the heating of the tunnel twice in 1974

and 1995. the consequences were eliminated only in 2004. by the beginning, st. petersburg was called the naval headquarters, but the stay. there, petra in the documents was designated as a campaign . walking ankle-deep to the mud under the ferocious north winds, the king delved into every detail. he compared what he saw with the drawings. and at the sight of the slightest oversight, he scolded, so that even the waning menshikov's soul went to the heels.

despite all the difficulties, by the autumn of 1703, the peter and paul fortress had been erected on the hare island for a fantastic short time. one of his most recognizable symbols. peter-pavel's fortress it was built according to a joint project of tsar peter and the french engineer lamberre de gueran. at first it had a fortification made of wood and earth embankments in 1706, the bastions began to be rebuilt into stones, but the fortress became completely granite only by the end of the 18th century. since 1725, the peter and paul cathedral has become the tomb of the romanovs. the bodies of all emperors and members of their families from peter

the great to the alleged remains of nicholas ii are buried here, with the exception of ivan the sixth antonovich and emperor peter ii. secret was located in the fortress . the chancellery was an organ of a political nipple, and a prison was set up in the casemates, which contained important state criminals. upon his return to moscow, peter hastened to share his joy with katharina's march. the tsar met her a year ago in menshikov's house where the widow of a swedish officer served as an economy and now he could not imagine life without her, not sparing colors, peter painted his beloved miracle city. growing up in the middle of the finnish swamps, she caught every word with gratitude, the sovereign blossomed in her arms. there she is

kindred spirit. the construction of st. petersburg proceeded at a rapid pace on the spit of vasilyevsky island, a battery grew up on the left bank of the neva, the admiralty shipyard was laid down and the galley fleet was created. but all this actually happened on the territory of a hostile state only in 1721, after the nestant peace, the baltic lands, including st. petersburg, would be officially annexed to russia. and while the northern war was in full swing and the swedish fleet took the neva estuary into a blockade from the sea, not a single ship could break through. petersburg cannot. city from which peter is going to trade with all of europe

found himself in complete isolation and few people even know about him. everything, it's in vain that nobody needs this city, i'm sick of it. everything is so that even in the loop. a merchant ship with an english flag swayed on the pier, a miracle of the english captain was surprised, he brought salt and wine to the trade city, not his state, but arrived in some st. petersburg at a good price alexander danilovich, to celebrate, handed him an award of 500 gold himself and 10 tolers to each

matrosunovich if merchants rush here, regardless of all swedish intrigues. it means that soon peter, having received this news all over europe, was so delighted that he ran to brag about his catherine, he ordered to announce that they could bring their goods to st. petersburg for export trade. however, the merchants stubbornly went to arkhangelsk, where the british and dutch came by sea. everything was arranged there over the centuries from central russia to arkhangelsk, a convenient road was laid with permanent yards and warehouses, then the fifth decree ordered the news. the most popular goods are not in arkhangelsk, but in st. petersburg, overland roads that led to

the baltic was not suitable for trading caravans from heavily loaded teles. a traveler heading to st. petersburg in autumn or spring could read several dozen horses that drowned in a swamp right in a harness. those goods that nevertheless ended up in the city on the neva rotted in the warehouses of the trinity pier, because there was no one to sell them to strange ships. could not break through the swedish blockade. for 7 years from 1703 to 1710, only three ships reached st. petersburg only after the nishtad peace in 1721 to st. petersburg foreign ships will sail, and in such numbers that there will not be enough mooring space at troitskaya pier. in the meantime, due to the closure of arkhangelsk, the dutch merchants suffered colossal losses and

the question arose of breaking off trade relations with russia when peter partially returned trade to arkhangelsk by setting quotas for the most popular goods at a ratio of two to one in favor of st. petersburg, but after a few years the quotas had to be again to revise in favor of arkhangelsk over the years, many russian merchants went bankrupt, and the export trade continued to suck out countries raw materials under dumping. peter did not despair. there is a time for everything, he built petersburg, not for the sake of momentary benefits, as the tsar built it for the state. and as a father for his children their first daughter with catherine died at the age of one year, but the second anna grew up and immediately after the poltava victory was born and elizabeth peter

thought more and more often. wouldn’t make catherine a legitimate wife, feelings for her did not cool over the years, and besides, his royal daughters would grow up out of wedlock. but marriage put off the situation now military yes, and a lot of work. the sovereign spent more and more time on the banks of the neva. he personally participated in the construction of ships, which he affectionately called children; his favorite was sixteen, a shnyava, a lisat, which the king named in honor of his youngest daughter. elizabeth 's admiralty was located within walking distance from peter's house and the tsar went to work on foot. he officially had the position of the admiralty shipyard chief master with a salary of 365 rubles. in a year , the governor-general of st. petersburg menshikov worked.

in the same place, as a ship's apprentice, he received 182 rubles. in a year, in fact, st. petersburg was already the capital of the state, but the state apparatus moved from moscow slowly, orders opened their branches in st. petersburg. camping offices for their leaders were. near peter in the new capital, in this way, the moscow orders themselves turned into branches, and the field offices in the collegium only in 1712 moved the ruling senate from moscow. since that time , peter's stay in st. petersburg in the documents is more was not called a campaign, st. petersburg officially became the capital since the time of peter i, the country had two main cities - moscow or the first patron city, where

emperors were crowned and st. petersburg was the official capital, where the court and central state institutions were located peter ii moved the capital to moscow but his successor. anna ivanovna returned everything to normal, petersburg remained the capital of the empire for more than 180 years on march 5, 1918 due to the approach of the german front to petrograd. leninist government of the russian soviet the republic has moved to moscow since then. it remains the capital of russia in moscow, sovereign. one and a half alekseevich arranged celebrations on the occasion of the poltava victory in january 1710, thousands of captured swedes led the streets of the capital. then you received a report that

an officer appeared among the prisoners, who calls himself johann crusoe and the husband of march from kovronskaya. moreover, he tells everything about his wife, who is now giving birth to children to the russian tsar from peter, as if the support had been knocked out from under his feet, even the autocrat cannot marry a married woman. own style and perfect technique against gravity unique figure skaters hot ice russian grand prix live stream tomorrow on pervy the fight heats up award-winning chefs and

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it was soon confirmed that the real ugan crusoe really died. menshikov