the history of the native land in every corner of our country and the publication of a new twenty-volume book of russian history konstantin panyushkin pavel likholetov viktor golovina on zayakin kiril login. on the first channel, the day of national unity is inextricably linked with the orthodox holiday of the day of the kazan icon of the mother of god, this is one of the most revered shrines , it was with this image that the militia of minin and pozharsky went to liberate the capital patriarch kirill today performed a solemn service after he addressed the faithful. today we are watching the destructive attempts made by a number of western countries to ban or exclude russian culture from the agenda consists, according to critics , in the traditional approach to the fundamental qualities of the human soul, in the readiness to affirm the truth of god and show the world the beauty and power of christianity. spiritual and cultural aggression against our country is by no means new,

perhaps the origins of this should be sought precisely in our spiritual otherness. and that's all for now. well, right now at the first premiere of empire anna john. outside the windows, a breaker and reassuring the emperor heard heavy groans. peter was dying in terrible agony. he never named the name of his heir, and now the future of the russian throne was to be determined by the supreme council; the choice was not easy for the throne, several people could claim the throne at once, the wife of peter and katerina, his daughters elizabeth and anna grandson, as well as other relatives. alone none of the highest dignitaries took into account the nieces of the emperor anna

john, the heiress of russian blood for 15 years vegetated in a distant courland, lonely, surrounded by ill-wishers. the duchess of courland didn't feel like a mistress in her own house, a non-governor. could anyone imagine that only five years would pass and she would return to her homeland in brest of glory and become an autocratic empress.

she was born in the cross chamber of the terem palace. in the moscow kremlin , ivan, the fifth elder brother and co-ruler of peter i, almost did not remember her father , died when the girl was 3 years old. after that, the sovereign peter alekseevich took the fate of his niece into barely with his hand. they turned 17 and he married her off to the duke. kurlyandsky about love, of course, was out of the question, but to that old man, he married for love . in pre-petrine russia, it was difficult for royal daughters to find a spouse. marriage by compatriots was considered unworthy of the royal family, and to marry a foreign monarch. they could only if the orthodox faith was preserved, which often did not suit the western powers, the situation began to change from the time of peter i, the russian empire

became one of the largest political players dynastic marriages began to serve as a new state interest in the cancer of anna ioannovna of the duke of courland. friedrich wilhelm was called upon to strengthen russian positions in the baltic before leaving for courland, anna's eighteen-year-old husband thought of competing in the art of drinking with tsar peter himself, and the result was that the duke became ill on the way, and he died in the arms of his young wife. she saw that the property was ruined. the castle has been looted.

at 17, a widow with no home, no money, no person to lean on. this is how adulthood began life of the royal niece anna ioannovna. years have passed since then, the news that tsar peter was on his deathbed quickly spread throughout the city.

saint-petersburg fell silent, catching rumors and whisperings, and senators, dignitaries, generals were already gathering in the winter palace. among them, a special place was occupied by prince alexander danilovich menshinshchikov, the closest associate of the emperor came from an humble family, but during the years of peter's reign she made a huge fortune and became one of the most influential russian sons. as usual, he he had made many enemies and was now afraid of losing his position if they brought their candidate to power. in russia, the tsar's throne was transferred in a straight line from father to son, the right of the applicant for power was usually confirmed by the zemsky sobor, to which delegates gathered, everything changed from all over the country in 1722, when peter i issued

a decree on the throne of inheritance. now the emperor could appoint a successor, regardless of his gender or degree of kinship, peter did not have time to do this. for a long time heir to peter i tsarevich alexei was considered the son of his first wife evdokia lopukhina, however, in 1718. he was accused of treason, sentenced to death, and 2 days later he died in the peter and paul fortress under unknown circumstances. the following year, the four-year-old pyotr petrovich, the emperor's son, from his second wife catherine, died of an illness by 1725, from the direct descendants of peter the great, his daughters anna and elizabeth remained alive, as well as the ten-year-old grandson peter the son of tsarevich alexei from daughters, only the youngest elizabeth could receive the throne since. anna signed the abdication of the throne for herself and her

children. in addition, two widows of peter the great, evdokia lopukhina and ekaterina a., could claim the throne at once. also, the daughters of his brother and tsar ivan the fifth's secretary, catherine, and anna, who lived in courland, were dealt with in the palace by a cruel one. representatives of ancient noble families rested on the ancient method of inheritance through the male line and stood for the nine-year-old peter ii, objected according to him, having crowned catherine with his wife. peter clearly expressed his will. she should be empress. the majority leaned towards the prince's opponents. but menshikov knew that the

guardsmen loyal to him had already unhooked the palace, without waiting for the end of the special meeting. they climbed the stairs and the argument was still going on when armed officers rushed into the hall. only now all those present agreed to swear allegiance to the widow of peter ekaterina alekseevna, so the first in the history of the empire happened. the palace coup d'état of the russian throne was first occupied by a woman march with kovron came from the baltic peasants. get married for a swedish dragoon. she ended up in russian captivity, became the economy of prince menshikov, and then the beloved of peter i converted to orthodoxy with the name ekaterina alekseevna in 1712. meanwhile, the

duchess, courland and semigallia anna ioannovna did not even think about the imperial crown, where the ruined possession did not bring any income at times not even enough to live on. the russian ambassador to courland helped her to make ends meet. pyotr mikhailovich untimely grandee provided fees from the local nobility. however succeeded in another for nothing, that he was almost 30 years the eldest duchess soon in st. petersburg they started talking about the unlawful relationship between bestuzhev and the royal niece. the scandal was extinguished only thanks to the intervention of empress catherine, she loved anna very much and allowed bestuzhev to stay with her, but now their relationship has become exclusively businesslike. anna herself continued to

dream of marriage. catherine the first had no inclination and no talents for state affairs, having elevated her to the throne, menshikov established the supreme privy council, which itself headed the supreme privy council, an advisory body of 6-8 people, who decided the most important state issues, the council subordinated to itself the senate collegium and, according to the decree of catherine ii, had power equal to that of the sovereign, the competence of the council did not include the issue of the order of the inheritance throne. well, this restriction was violated by its members. while the empress spent time at balls and in noisy feasts, menshikov led the army and the senate. trying to keep my position. he is vigilant

i watched the life of other pretenders to the thrones, including because of anna. soon an unexpected guest arrived in courland. the illegitimate son of the polish king, count moritz, came to visit the duchess. he served in the french army and was looking for an opportunity to get at least some title prone to adventurism, but the young widow liked the charming and witty count and immediately offered her his hand and heart. anna gave her consent, her faithful assistant, the ruthless, contributed to the election of count maurice as the new duke. everything was shaping up like no other

better. anna ivanovna was already choosing her wedding dress. suddenly, a new obstacle stood in the way of her family happiness. marriage between representatives of royal families often entailed a serious reshuffling of forces on the continent, so they were the subject of close attention for european governments this marriage would have strengthened the french influence such the change in the political balance did not suit the neighboring states, the holy roman empire of prussia, and of course the russian menshikov personally arrived in

metal to ban this wedding. after listening to the prince, she did not betray her feelings. but despair barely boiled in my soul, he left, the duchess ordered to lay the crew and now rushed to st. petersburg. the capital anna threw herself at the feet of catherine, begging for permission to marry earl morris, but the russian state could not help this time . she returned with a bitter feeling. hate metal. the empress soon fell ill with a

fever, her condition rapidly worsened menshikov desperately, looking for a way to stay in power. even after her death, and finally, the plan matured, the prince persuaded catherine to draw up a will, which indicated that the throne, in the event of her death, would pass to the young grandson of peter i, provided that he marries menshikov's daughter on may 6, 1727 at 6 o'clock in the afternoon catherine i died the next day, the court took the oath to 11-year-old peter ii from early childhood, he considered him his mentor, and during trusted him all. now, after the death of catherine , the position of alexander danilovich, only strengthened , he was awarded the highest military. the rank

of generalissimo was sent by the lord to all the ill-wishers. to keep her emperor under control, menshikov settled him in his palace. and betrothed to his daughter maria, alexander danilovich, although he was called the most serene prince, came from the common people. he dreamed of getting a prestigious european title that he could pass on to his descendants and decided to become the duke of courland, but first it was necessary to deprive him of this the title prays with the axon ex-fiance. anna of the middle ages, the title of duke, denoted the

person closest to the king ; viscount defense ceased to designate administrative positions and they only talked about the belonging of their carriers to noble families. at the same time, the title of dukes was inferior in value only to the royal one; small european autonomies were often ruled by the dukes. 1.727 in the territory of courland by order menshikov’s expeditionary corps, three infantry and two cavalry regiments, were arrested by russian troops with the appearance of moritz. however, the duke himself managed to escape abroad, despite this victory, less than that, and failed to achieve the election of the duke by his failure. he blamed the russian ambassador bestuzhev remin, who was unable to provide the prince

with support among the local nobility. influenced him to leave courland. although the anger of alexander danilovich fell upon bestuzhev , anna had to suffer the most, fearing she would lose her last support. she sent a message to the capital for a message in russia, begged her not to take away her only assistant. but menshikov was adamant. she was left alone again, sometimes she imagined how to destroy the hated ducal castle, i still don’t know to the foundation that her fate will soon be. very

often came from st. petersburg in metal today the number of messages exceeded all expectations the news was worth it ii sent to his sister, others added that the young emperor had a taste of power. tired of self-control. menshikov broke off the engagement with his daughter and decided to reign at his own discretion. during the day, new news came from menshikov, his funds were arrested, palaces were less confiscated, and finally menshikov in his family was sent into exile in the city of birches in the siberian province. can she really breathe

freely now and arrange life at her own discretion, and she didn’t dream anymore. the laws gave the king wide opportunities to seize valuables and lands from their subjects, however, the russian autocrats. this right was never abused, the property of disgraced aristocrats, state criminals and traitors, was usually transferred to the state treasury, so after the arrest of menshikov , 100,000 souls of serfs to all personal cities, jewelry and money belonging to the most serene prince, passed into sovereign property. then menshikov's family went into exile. he john has already appeared a new favorite of her

secretary. ernst buren changed his surname to the more euphonious of you now in the french manner of biron. anna made him the manager of the estate, and then the chamberlain myron married the maid of honor of anna ivanovna and had three children, which did not prevent him from openly remaining the beloved of the duchess, and the soul of anna herself was filled with a new feeling of maternal love. it was rumored that one of the sons of the bureau on karl was her child, common concerns brought anna ioannovna even closer to her beloved man to him. she gave her time and heart, this was the simplest and real happiness and life in metal. started to make sense. the mantle

the crown, presented to her by archbishop ambrose, the empress laid on herself so elizabeth emphasized her legal right to the throne of the russian empire her father peter i died without leaving a will, elizabeth's position at court was very precarious, she had to either take power into her own hands and wait for execution, the guards literally carried elizabeth into the winter palace on their shoulders. the reign, which began as a series of festivities and balls, became the beginning of the russian enlightenment gods of elizabeth, one of the most brilliant in europe, became a symbol of not only power, but also cultural growth. powers. empire elizaveta petrovna premiere. today, on the first, elizabeth still

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unique figure skaters hot ice grand prix of russia live broadcast tomorrow on first we have always admired you for 25 million of those who are us trusts and we are doing everything to have the right to say tinkoff bank photo in russia meanwhile peter ii moved to moscow completely in the yard the young emperor, who did not like st. petersburg with its northern climate, returned to moscow, in fact

, it again became the capital of the state, however , the teenage tsar was in no hurry to coronate. he was careless and spent time hunting, chasing through the surrounding forests, the highest dignitaries hardly convinced peter. the wedding ceremony for the kingdom came to russia from byzantium and symbolized the sacredness of the king as the vicegerent of god on earth, all the ceremonies took place in the assumption cathedral of the moscow kremlin, the monarch was handed the symbols of power, the monomakh's cap, the precious vestments of the bartender and the golden belt, then a cross was added to them, on which the sovereign was given a kiss on the cross, that is, they took the oath, as well as power. as a symbol of power over orthodox lands and a scepter, the transformation of the moscow kingdom into the russian empire changed and

the procedure for erecting a monarch-anthrone during the coronation of peter ii was thrown over his shoulders with a mantle, and monomakh's cap was replaced by a crown cap. several crowns of the imperial house of the romanovs have survived to this day. the first russian, imperial crown was made for the coronation of catherine i by goldsmith samson larionov later. like some other crowns , it was dismantled in the armory of the moscow kremlin there is only a gilded silver frame, the most famous remains a large imperial the crown of catherine ii, now stored in the diamond fund. it was made in 1762 by the courtier, jeweler georg, friedrich and jeweler jeremy pozzi, the crown is adorned with diamonds and surmounted by a rare

precious stone of bright red spinel, a large imperial crown. during the coronation , all subsequent russian autocrats were placed on the head, including the last nicholas ii, while the new emperor was crowned in ancient moscow. anna ivanovna seemed. she found peace, her life gradually improved. she entrusted the management of the business to her favorite and adviser biron, while she herself nursed little karl and had fun shot at birds. anna is surprisingly aptly likely. it would have remained in metava until the end of days, if the entrance of events had not been intervened by a tragic accident. january 6, 1730 lightly

dressed emperor in the bitter cold took the snow parade. 12 days later, on the night of january 18-19, peter ii, after the death of the young king, the country was on the verge of complete ruin, unlike his great grandfather. peter ii was not interested in either the army or the navy, st. petersburg, overgrown with grass due to the small number of inhabitants, new ships were not built the old provinces became more frequent. after the death of peter , the supreme privy council hastily gathered after the disgrace

of menshikov, it was run by representatives of the old family of princes dolgoruky, they had to solve the main issue. who will take the throne? with the grandson of peter the great, the male line of the romanov dynasty was completely cut off and now the eyes of the leaders turned to the woman ; influential friends in the capital. who better than to give obedient puppet princes dolgoruky to consolidate their position, and did not make up the so -called conditions. she could receive the throne only if this document was signed.

according to the terms of the empress, she had no right to declare war and conclude peace, to impose new taxes, to favor her subjects with high ranks and land holdings, to interfere with the introduction of the state budget. these and other points made the empress a figure exclusively decorative real power was transferred to the supreme privy council, that is, a narrow circle of oligarchs. attempts to limit the autocracy were made in russia at the beginning of the 17th century in the era of unrest, but subsequently did not find continuation, while in europe there were three states where royal power was restrained in one way or another , the british monarchy was kept with a ripped off parliament. the swedish king had only two votes in the state council, which in

turn reported to parliament. at in poland, the king himself was an elected figure. he was elected by seven. what usually led to endless squabbles in scandal and bribing of deputies? here you are, try very tasty vasily dolgorukov, it seemed, the ingenuous landowner, who would be easily circled around her finger, was sitting, listening to the end of an important guest, feigning amazement. recent events have been astounding. yesterday she was a duchess, without a dukedom, for many years she suffered the need for everything dependent on strangers , and today she was offered the imperial

crown. yes, they were going to make her a pawn in someone else's game. the russian princess believed. returning to her homeland, she would be able to fend for herself. what would it cost? she read the conditions, therefore, i promise to contain everything without any exception and put her signature without hesitation. she was taken to moscow as if a captive berod dolgorukov

forbade her to go, but she insisted on taking a cradle with little karl on february 10, 1730 , she was brought to the village of vsevyatskoe verkhovniks near moscow , they were going to keep anna under house arrest until the coronation itself. fearing no one was allowed to conspire with her. she was worried not only for her life, but when the duchess arrived her sisters long-armed, did not dare to interfere with the meeting through catherine, she established a secret correspondence with the moscow one, she had to hide the baby in diapers. anna perked up in moscow , she has many supporters. and most importantly, on its side, the guards, the guards regiments, remained an elite part of the russian army and the emperor’s personal guard,

but during palace coups, the guard became the main source of danger for monarch if its officers took the side of the conspirators. there were simply no other forces that the emperor could rely on to protect his freedom and life. meanwhile, secret meetings of anna's followers were held in moscow;

and now, the decisive day has come. anna held on modestly and discreetly, the long-armed were sure that everything was going according to their scenario. she checked the date on the document, scanned the lines again with her eyes, and suddenly tore the hated paper. anna openly drew a line under her past. fate gave her a chance to change her life, and she took advantage of it. anna

ivanovna ascended the russian throne. empress of all russia. she seemed to want to catch up, she fell in love with bright outfits and jewelry at her court. it seemed that the old masquerades did not stop. she surrounded herself with jesters, artists, and folk storytellers for the new empress was brought from all over the country a simple palace dishwasher and a school for the ability to tell funny stories. anna made the kremlin hers and was her home by right. she was born here and now, having lived for 20 years in a foreign land, caringly created the atmosphere of her childhood, her own peace, the empress decorated with old books and portraits

of her parents, and the kremlin chambers were soon filled with her rhodium orphans and grandmothers discharged from the monasteries, the psalm-readers took root. anna ioannovna, was looking for support in people whose loyalty could firmly count on the first order. she summoned ernsteberon to moscow, he would remain the right hand of the sovereign not for 10 years of reign. the next step was the dissolution of the supreme privy council and the restoration of the power of the ruling senate, the empress included representatives of the aristocracy whom she could trust. and yet anna understood, even at the pinnacle of power. she remained unprotected in the face of the coffin of military force. now the guards were supporting her, but they could just as easily to throw off the throne in order to strengthen his position.

anna made a far-sighted move to counterbalance, the old preobrazhensky and semyonovsky guards regiments formed two new izmailovsky and horse guards. they were made up of foreigners and noblemen of the same palace owe their position to the personal empress. and the mood of the moscow nobles turned out to be changeable soon. anna ivanovna faced misunderstanding and gossip addressed to her, they said that during the years spent in courland, she broke away from russian life, as if anna ivanovna did not like old moscow, she began to eat . it's tight in here. finally she made her decision and together with her court and government offices. moved to

st. petersburg. by that time, the northern capital had turned into a real backwater, the number of inhabitants decreased sharply, and the street laid by peter the first was overgrown with weeds. after the return of the capital status to st. petersburg, the city began to revive, the buildings affected by the floods were repaired. the construction of new avenues of palaces and cathedrals began at the same time the restoration of the baltic fleet, which in recent years has fallen into disrepair by order of anna ivanovna, a naval commission was created in st. at that time, the amount of 1 million 200,000 rubles. modern

66.74. cannon ships. built on the st. petersburg and arkhangelsk top by the end of the xviii century. the number of new ships totaled more than one and a half hundred. in addition, anna approved the naval doctrine of russia and ordered the resumption of regular naval exercises. although the idea of ​​the time of anna ioannovna was fixed in history, as a dark era. it is in many ways unfair that it was during the years of her reign that construction continued, then the empire that peter i conceived was restored; the work of the senate was established; a commission was created to review the state of the army of artillery and fortification; measures were taken ; cases by judges in good conscience, according to the data of the oath, as well as the creation of a new code, that

is, a set of laws, the states began reviewing state institutions aimed at streamlining their work, as well as reducing the cost of their maintenance. however, the financial system remained imperfect and there was not enough money in the kosnia. the authorities had to apply military and police measures, up to the arrest of landowners who had arrears or theft of collected money was discovered. every saturday the government submitted reports to the empress and reports to get acquainted, the mood sometimes became picky trying to delve into the smallest details of public affairs. but more often

she brushed off annoying questions, usually the most important decision. anna trusted biron to her favorite , it was he who approved candidates for high positions.

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transfer money without interest commission tinkoff is such a pancake, now friday has already begun. come on, rather 50% for 40 diapers per bird. and another 1,000 items. you are a songwriter, but only relatives and friends know about it. the thirst for self-expression does not give you rest, and your friends say that a big stage is crying for you fill out an application and participate international competition of authors. and who knows, maybe your song will be appreciated by the best producers, and your favorite deaths will be performed. we call the author on stage this is your debut. even surrounded by loyal people, she did not feel safe. anna ivanovna knew. according to the will of catherine the first, the throne was now to be occupied by the daughter of catherine and peter the great, elizabeth, the women

were cousins ​​to each other, but each meeting became a test for them . elizabeth was afraid of opal and exile. anna ivanovna can start a palace coup? fearing conspiracies in panic, the empress relied on the work of the office of secret and investigative affairs, this body looked for any threat to her power, and anna ivanovna herself demanded daily reports from his leaders and actively intervened in the course of the investigation, especially the sovereigns were not interested in cases of insulting the honor and i of imperial majesty a wave of repressions swept through the country, an intensification that

she said was falsely attributed to ertuberon. thus began the period of rule called bironism. all exiled under anna ivanovna to siberia , there were over 20 thousand people, executed up to 1,000, not counting those who died under torture and executed. for the first time, the far outskirts of the kamchatka empire became the place of exile. his relatives, including prince vasily, who accompanied anna, had their heads cut off from metal . anna has loved bird hunting since she was young. now she taught courtiers to this occupation lucky shooters the empress presented with diamond

rings. so there were no volunteers. the states themselves corrected themselves with jackdaws and ravens, as cleverly as with their enemies. especially for her, elegant guns were made with gold engraving. and when in the vicinity of st. petersburg there were not enough birds for the royal hunt, they caught them all over the country and brought them to the capital in cages. it seemed that the empress had nothing to complain about, her love caprice was immediately fulfilled one by one. she spent his fun and feasts. iron was still with the empress and passion for him did not fade away over the years. but a loved

one could not belong to her entirely. after all, he had a family of legitimate children. anna however, the court quickly got rid of the applicant , they handed him a sable fur coat and, in front of the eyes of the shocked state, were not put away. anna felt like the earth had slipped from under her feet. easily managing the

lives of her subjects, she could not arrange her own. and although the empress could not stop, climbed. she understood that the court right to be someone's wife. any marriage by a compatriot would be considered not equal, but with a foreigner threatening the interest of the country. inside the european royal courts, the rules were not so strict, for example, in england, the queen could marry. at the same time, her husband was not considered the ruling monarch, however, in the traditions of russian autocracy. this situation was considered

unacceptable. the empress, who took the throne after anna ivanovna, elizabeth and catherine ii, will decide this issue, let's see, and not secretly marry their beloved. although children from these marriages will not have rights to the russian crown. question about the throne the legacy stood before this st. john just as sharply as before before her uncle. peter the first, without legitimate children. she took advantage of peter's decree, according to which the autocrat had the right to determine the reception himself. the election of the empress struck everyone . the fact is that the heir appointed by her at the moment did not yet exist in the world. in 1732 , the elder sister of anna ivanovna catherine, like anna, remained alive, she was married abroad and was the wife of the duke. karl

leopold of micklenburg of schwerin's wife had the daughter, who, when converted to orthodoxy, was named anna leopoldovna at the time when the russian empress announced her will, the girl was only 14 years old, however. her future son was chosen as the heir to the russian throne, a prediction will come true, the boy will indeed be born 8 years later and will receive the name ivan antonovich. everything worked out for the best. the problem with the throne of the legacy was resolved political enemies neutralized. it seemed he would rule the country until a ripe old age, while grows little money. those hopes were dashed overnight. one day, on october 5, 1740, after dinner,

the annioans did not feel ill and she fell unconscious, when it became clear that anna's days were numbered, she called beron to announce the last will of the sovereign, did not appoint her favorite as regent, with his little not antonovich. veron, as a more experienced far- sighted politician, tried to challenge this decision. he knew that he was not popular among the russian nobility and was afraid that this could lead to a new palace coup, but she only bathed ivanov patted her hand and added, don't be afraid. the regent is the person who performs the powers of the head of state, with the infancy of illness or the absence of monarchs with the

regency, the history of the russian state actually began after the death of the first russian prince rurik, the famous prophetic oleg wife became regent under his minor son igor. igor , princess olga performed the same function under the son of holy glory, grand duchess elena glinskaya was regenerate under her son ivan iv, the future ivan the terrible, and grand duchess sophia to clean them up young tsars petre and vanya ivanovna died on october 17, 1740 at 9:00 pm. barron's fears were justified after 3 weeks he

was