the history of the russian state actually began with the regency after the death of the first russian prince rurik, the famous prophetic oleg's wife became regent under his minor son igor. igor , princess olga performed the same function under the son of holy glory, grand duchess elena glinskaya was regenerate under her son ivan iv in the future ivan the terrible, and grand duchess sophia to clean up their infant tsars peter and vanya anna ivanovna died on october 17, 1740 at 9 pm. biron's fears were justified in three weeks. he was arrested and charged with

negligently taking over the regency. the health of the empress in the desire to seize the throne and the oppression of the russians , berron wine was even imputed to the fact that he received gifts and awards from the empress, the former favorite was sentenced to death by quartering, but was soon pardoned, replacing the execution with eternal exile in a siberian city. instead of a bureau, his mother became regent under the young ivan. however, anna leopoldovna did not find support either at court or among the people, she was called another german and more and more often they remembered the daughter of peter the great who had all the rights to the russian throne in st. petersburg, fermentation began. the soldiers turned to each other. surely no one will intercede for elizabeth petrovna and they scolded the officers for their slowness. on the night of november 25, 1741

, elizabeth, accompanied by 38 guards of the grenadier company of the preobrazhensky regiment, entered the winter palace during the coup, not a single shot was fired, no one wanted to shed blood for anna leopoldovna, her one-year-old son , the emperor. so the daughter of peter the great came to the throne elizabeth, her reign will be strong and will last for two decades. the russian empire will face the problem of the throne more than once in the world. god forbid, and palace coups will become a property of history only at the beginning of the 19th century, the capital was seething with the fun of christmas balls, oh, how the

little princess elizaveta petrovna loved to dance everyone around admired her grace and beauty elizabeth knew it. she dreamed. how one day she will dance. in versailles itself, the french king will love her best to dance and the holiday will be last forever a magical glow flared up on earth the era when the most incredible dreams will come true and fabulous transformations will occur in the russian empire the festive reign of the merry

elizabeth tsesarevna will begin elizabeth was born on one of the most solemn days in the history of the russian empire december 18, 1709 victory in the poltava battle, but upon entering the capital he was informed of the birth of his daughter, let's postpone the celebration of victory and

hasten to congratulate my daughter on her ascension into the world - said peter that is, in winter the festivities lasted an unusually long time. this festive element will flow through the veins of elizabeth until the end of her days. most of the holidays in the country had a spiritual basis , first of all, the passport of the day of the resurrection of jesus christ after the death of the cross and the salvation of all mankind, followed by 12 major church holidays. the so-called two-tenth and other christian celebrations. each of them was accompanied by divine services, but it also had its own special traditions, it is noteworthy that most holidays. i had to work during the winter spring and autumn months on the feast of sin. and in the summer , during field work, there was no time to rest. sunday was considered not just a day off, but a

holiday symbol. easter is a tradition not to do. no work on sunday is still preserved in many families in russia and around the world, out of 365 days a year, about 90 were considered holidays in the russian empire. that is, weekend workers of other religious denominations could celebrate holidays in accordance with the law of their faith. at this christmas evening in a quiet village, alyoshka, a pink lad, who served in the local church, walked slowly to himself on the sly, familiar road, when suddenly, out of nowhere, music sounded, it swirled the boy in a whirlwind and carried him somewhere far, far away. but only in dreams. lyoshka

liked to sing pink more than anything in the world, his voice broke early and sounded so that people would stop you, whatever he needed in a church procession, but father cossack grigory roses. in the past, a dashing warrior is now bitter, the drunkard did not want him to the eldest son sang in the kliros. and then alexei, without asking his father, simply left his village of lemeshi to the neighboring chemer to the deacon of the local church, who had long noticed a capable boy. alexey ross in his house and sang in the church choir the world

celebrated christmas the villagers celebrated christmas time many folk holidays were deeply rooted in pagan times with the adoption of christianity. these beliefs were gradually

supplanted, getting a new meaning, but the festivities themselves were preserved for a long time in the folk life. so the christian holiday of the nativity of john the baptist coincided with the pagan ivan kupala cheese week. before lent, it turned into a celebration of buttermilk, and christmas was followed by merry christmas time, once the feast of the winter solstice. at christmas time, it was customary to dress up in the most incredible costumes, in order to scare away evil spirits, the mummers ran in atagami through the streets, entered houses, sang, danced, beat basins and tambourines. in the evenings, young men and girls caroled, walked around the yards with songs in which they praised the owners and wished them a good year. and for this they received various treats and small money.

elizaveta petrovna entered the city of blossoming youth for the princess was very well-behaved and from childhood she was prepared for a brilliant marriage for the good of the fatherland. peter intended to marry his youngest daughter to the french dauphin louis of the future louis 15 and thus conclude a dynastic union, with france there were other options for her marriage in poland or in lubeck. however, after the death of peter, all these plans were upset. wallpaper from colonel vishnevsky slowly stretched along the village street, carefully tied up quietly, boxes with hungarian wine for everyday use. i am imperial

majesty. anna ioannovna tokay, wine, was considered the best and was served only on especially solemn occasions; a special detachment of cossacks delivered wine to the yards. colonel vishnevsky was dozing when his sleigh came abreast of a small wooden church. on the door, according to the star, the colonel immediately disappeared, what he heard was more valuable than the most expensive wine. it was a voice of extraordinary beauty and it didn’t take long to persuade the guy by force. in a few hours, alyoshka rode pink to far and terrible for him, st. petersburg, to become a chorister in the court

choir. singing was an invariable part of any holiday, they sang at home and sang on the streets at a party, and in the temple sacred music was especially revered, except for the canonical liturgical texts. spiritual stichera were sung by the best performers ; priests of boyars, merchants and tsars gathered in choirs from the time of kievan rus; storytellers who performed epics to the accompaniment of the psaltery enjoyed popularity. the wind instruments, the surna trumpet, were held in special esteem. flute stringed good whistle a kind of three-stringed cello, as well as timpani and valynka. the balalaika has become a truly folk instrument in russia. or as it was also called the balalaika, the name

comes from the words balabolit joke, which characterizes the instrument as frivolous and stupid later in popularity with the balalaika, only the accordion could be compared, the love of the accordion was preserved in the country after the revolution. in the 15th century , the first western european musicians appeared in moscow, as well as harpsichord organs, violins , clarinets and gogos during the time of the romanovs due to borders were already drawn out by small arches. russian church choirs, however, did not lose their significance and for centuries supplied the best voices to the imperial court. elizabeth still dreamed of love and happiness, but her life was serene her father peter without leaving a will on the throne turned out to be his niece. anna ioannovna,

a middle-aged, ugly, feminine, unhappy empress, considered elizabeth a dangerous rival . elizabeth was completely in her power ; special supervision was established for the princess. by according to the materials of the secret office, a certain soldier of the guard pospelov standing on the clock in the palace or prohibitions once i heard her go out onto the porch and sing a sad song. oh, my life is poor. the guardsmen sympathized with elizabeth precisely in her. they saw the legitimate heiress of peter , elizabeth was kind, affectionately looked at them kindly and in all this won in comparison with the empress anna ioannovna. at the same time, from the other end of the empire, the son of a cossack, gregory the pink, was traveling to petersburg with a wine convoy.

22 years old, and the city of st. petersburg is 28 years old, most of the buildings of the palaces remained wooden, but the simple parabok was shocked by the splendor of the young capital, especially since he got to st. petersburg in the canon of baptism. of the lord when the whole city was preparing for the feast. the celebration at the court was a great many birthdays, those for the eminence of the empress and the official heirs to the throne, regimental holidays of the imperial guard , cavalier celebrations of the orders of st. andrew the first-called alexander nevsky, victorious, that is victorious days, the main of them was the day of the poltava battle. it all began with a church service along with the festive chime of bells. fired hundreds of cannons. from the bastions of fortresses and ships, guards and

army regiments saluted from rifles because of the powder smoke it was impossible to even see the opposite side of the street in the square. at the winter palace, platforms were set up with bulls roasted on a spit in the belly of a bull. they stuffed fried game capercaillie. these trees of ducks and hazel grouses lay bread and other death wine fountains. small wooden pools lily vodka and red wine from barrels raised on pillars which were rolled out of the palace cellars no less than a band in the palace was a reception for the nobility and the diplomatic corps, which also ended with pierre, elizabeth's position at court was very precarious, everyone knew that empress anna ivanovna did not like her, an extra word could cost

beauty of liberty and, then, of life, but today she didn’t even think about it, a wondrous voice was heard under the arches of the court church of the winter palace elizabeth asked me to introduce this singer she was lover of the art of music. and she even composed songs herself, like her father. tsar peter elizabeth distinguished people of ignorance, and by virtue she passionately loved simple amusements, for example, to ride from icy mountains or play snowballs. the beauty of lyosha rozum struck elizabeth even more than his voice. she persuaded the manager of the court to give

alexei and the lovers elizabeth was not at all embarrassed by the huge difference between the daughter of the emperor and the son of a cossack. in the villages, noble children closely communicated with peasant peers together played rice from the end of the xviii century in rich families will begin to limit such communication, but completely. it will never stop skating carving a runner out of wood. or the bones raced on a sled from the mountains to know in the cities rolled down directly from the palace roofs. for what special wooden socks were built, they loved outdoor games, towns, the game of sprat about the image of modern bandy was widely spread . from ancient times in russia they loved fisticuffs,

they fought like wall to wall, and one on one or three sodium, the best fighters were professionals, who were taken on by wealthy lovers of this sport, the entire male population of the empire, including young creatures, participated in milk battles. alyosha turned pink into alexei grigorievich razumovsky and took the place of the chief manager of the estates of his mistress. my friend is not hypocritical, so she called him now. alexey razumovsky turned out to be not only an intelligent and talented person, he was also honest and selflessly devoted. soon their friendship turned into a completely different relationship, which at court provided food for

copious spillovers. well, elizabeth didn't even try to hide her feelings. she was happy in love, and court gossip did not matter. razumovsky lived, as if in a dream, even in his wildest dreams, he could not dream of such a miracle of love for a beautiful princess. they were drawn together. passion for music and love for the theater, theatrical productions of princess elizabeth could watch endlessly. the theater of the 18th century remained predominantly musical and was run by foreigners. actors played completely different from their gestures today movements around the stage were strictly regulated and would have seemed naive and unnatural in our time, but these performances were loved no

less than now on august 30, 1756. empress elizabeth petrovna will issue a decree on the establishment of a russian theater in st. petersburg, a whole structure of imperial theaters will be created in the country at that time a woman actress will appear on the stage. prior to this, all roles, including women's , were performed exclusively by men only in 1803 , during the reign of alexander i, the final division of the theater into dramatic and musical, in which, in turn, opera and ballet will be highlighted. in st. petersburg, elizabeth was reluctant to visit the imperial court . alexei razumovsky's company was much nicer. but

she could not completely evade court duties. anna ioannovna, personally came up with the gloomy entertainment of the wedding of two jesters in the ice house, which elizabeth was obliged to attend. however, the princess did not lose heart. she believed that the hour would come when she herself would arrange grandiose holidays, real holidays. they are jester's weddings. medieval the tradition of keeping court jesters has not yet become a thing of the past. she acquired a special scope, the empress had an addiction to this cruel fun at her will. even a nobleman could get into jesters as a punishment. as it happened with mikhail golitsyn prince. mikhail alekseevich golitsyn was sent by peter the first to study abroad after his retirement. he lived in europe where he converted to catholicism and married an

italian woman in 1732. golitsyn and his family returned to russia and hiding it all from a foreign wife and shift religion. mystery settled in moscow but anna ivanovna learned from scammers. and faith of the apostasy of the prince urged him to intervene. the marriage was declared illegal, his wife was sent into exile, and the prince himself was ordered to take the place of the court jester. the empress ordered to organize a jester’s festival over golitsyn, the ice wedding of the prince with the court dwarf kalmyk girl avdotya bouzheninova, the wedding was truly icy ice cannons fired ice cannonballs drenched with oil burned, ice firewood in the ice fireplace the ice elephant was not only spouted streams of burning oil, but also blew a trumpeter sat inside him, sat down above him and

an unusual palace built of ice blocks. in the morning, frostbitten staggering, calming down, avdotya was barely brought to his senses two years later. buzheninova will die. and mikhail golitsyn will leave forever for a distant estate, where he will live to a ripe old age. anna ioannovna herself lived less than a year after the ice wedding. according to her will , her grandson, nephew, a two-month-old baby, inherited the throne. john antonovich as regent became his mother, anna leopoldovna, and with her her husband, prince anton uliev. unremarkable immigrants from small german principalities were at the head of the russian empire. while there was a direct heiress of the great peter, his night for princess elizabeth,

discontent was ripening in the metropolitan society. for elizabeth herself, all this created a very dangerous situation. she became a hostage to her origin, as soon as anna leopoldovna considers that elizabeth is striving for power. her immediately. sent to a monastery. and what then the favorit is waiting for aleksey razumovsky's sugar candy, it was scary to even think about it. on the evening of november 24, there was dead silence in elizabeth's usual cheerful chambers. she gathered the smallest council of the gentlemen of her house from the cavaliers of her house, the razumovsky brothers, shuvalovs, vorontsov, they had never seen their princess so excited, elizabeth found herself at the most dangerous line in her life. she had to either take power into her own hands or wait for

the execution, or the slightest council of exile, unanimously spoke in favor of a coup, and even the usually silent razumovsky said, lead us to death after you . left alone, elizabeth prayed for a long time at her family icon. she gave dinner. in the event of coming to power, permanently abolish the death penalty in russia. the coup happened easily and festively. the guards literally carried elizabeth into the winter palace on their shoulders, preventing her from even walking through the snow-covered square.

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what ferromagnetic alloys do you use? now you guys are savvy alloy grants for more than 25 billion rubles. for the renewal of the scientific base and the birth of new stars of science, the national project of russia is what is important here and now. however, the coup remained a coup. elizabeth needed to justify her right to the throne in such a way that it would be engraved in the memory of the people and no one would have any doubts about the legitimacy of her power. she is ordered to prepare for a rational celebration. in moscow , the ancient capital of her journey, st. petersburg to moscow , became the prologue to a grand spectacle that the empire had never seen before. at every station in every village, an elegant crowd was waiting for elizabeth, bonfires and tar barrels were burning,

moscow met the minister and the order of st. performance mercy of tito this production was saturated with the ideology of the new reign, which declared itself. in the very title of the opera, elizabeth promised her people to be merciful. elizabeth fulfilled the dinner she gave on the night of the upheaval for all the time of her reign. she did not sign a single death warrant, the punishment remained, including public ones, but there were no more executions; local riots did not develop into peasant wars ; and the eyes of the reign of elizabeth will go down in history as the most calm and joyful for the entire existence of the russian empire.

two years after her accession, elizabeth married the empress and alexei razumovsky secretly married in a small church in a village near moscow, perovo. only a few people knew about this event, shortly before that, a former shepherd, alyoshka , was provided with a fake noble pedigree and elevated to the count's dignity. but neither the title nor the honors changed the character of alexei grigoryevich razumovsky, he was reliable good-natured and meek, and tirelessly fulfilled his main and only mission. accompany the empress always and everywhere. the reign of elizabeth

became a time of endless noisy festivities . a new grandiose hall was added to the huge golovin palace on the yauza. kurtags took place here, official receptions for courtiers and the diplomatic corps on the hallmark of sewer celebrations and the entire reign of elizabeth were masquerades, which ended with balls and costumed dinners, oxen performed function of the official reception of honoring. meeting guests name celebration, but above all. it was the time of dancing gentlemen invites in advance during the time of elizabeth it began slowly, which was later replaced by a solemn 30-minute polonaise , then a romantic waltz sounded, then they danced.

after dinner, at 11:00, they started the russian and danced until they dropped, until the owner stopped the music. at the court of elizabeth, dinners lasted at least 5 hours, and dinners and even more tables were set out with winding lines and decorated with small fountains and huge figures of flowers, a treat of whole roasted swans and pheasants. in full plumage , piglets, mountains, quails and pigeons were exhibited in advance and by the beginning of dinner they were already cooled down, like the dish, the next changes, the empress herself most of all, loved sweets french sweets, which we now call cake sweets and desserts laid out in huge pyramids or decorated in the form of edible pictures. empress

elizabeth came up with an unprecedented kind of masquerade holiday, a metamorphosis on it men had to appear in women's clothes, and women in men's. the courtiers - this did not cause enthusiasm; men in wide dresses and wigs felt out of place for court ladies. metamorphosis was no less painful. after all, to show their legs, in tight tights, not every woman, even at the age of 20, the secret of this invention was very simple. the men's outfit on the empress sat very well, which could not be said about the other participants in the action. but strange ambassadors noted that at no

other court did they dance the minuet so gracefully, as in st. petersburg, elizabeth was considered one of the best dancers in europe at court, elizabeth was a real fashion tyrant. appearing at the ball, she carefully looked at the ladies. and if someone had the same decoration in their hair as hers. she simply cut it off the head of the maid of honor , along with a lock of hair or even a flap of skin, when elizabeth, due to unsuccessful dye, ruined her hair and was forced to shave her head, all

the ladies of the court received an order to do the same . giving matching black wigs they were forced to wear it until the empress’s hair grew out with nominal decrees. elizabeth regulated the shape of the hairstyle, as well as the color of the style and trim of the dresses of court ladies, down to the smallest details, it was forbidden to appear twice in the same outfit for points, so the guards stood at the exit and marked dress with non- washable prints. elizabeth personally planned each festive action, delving into the smallest details and special attention was paid to fireworks. the empress inherited this passion for fire shows from her father, peter the great.

fireworks demanded not only artistic taste from its creators, but also the most advanced knowledge in chemistry and engineering. artillery department. it served as officers who specialized in making fireworks. these were real masters of their craft, artists who served as paints pyrotechnic compounds. all evictions were interrupted during lent. elizaveta petrovna was religious. she revived the ancient custom of russians, tsars on foot, pilgrimage in trinity-sergius vlalov, but

times have changed and now this pious path was more like a walk, having left the moscow krestovskaya outpost, elizabeth got out of the carriage and then walked on foot, accompanied by a brilliant smith, after walking several kilometers of pilgrims they sat down in their magnificent carriages and the imperial train moved out into the fields. it happened that, having traveled like this for several days, elizabeth left back for moscow or stopped by to visit one of her estates. a few weeks later, she resumed her journey. from the very place where she stopped, the empress' pilgrimage was often interrupted and great hunting was a favorite pastime of our ancestors , russian tsars, especially falconry

, so the moscow region. sokolniki got its name from the lands of tsar alexei mikhailovich , who was a passionate admirer of falcon fun in the 18th century, horse hunting became popular. this dangerous and exciting undertaking demanded high professionalism and fearlessness from its participants. a flock of dogs drove through the forests and fields the game she had raised, and the hunters raced with them , trying not to miss the moment when the beast was overtaken. elizabeth became the first russian empress, who, along with men, took part in horse hunting. in a few decades, the presence of female hunters will cease to be something unusual. hunting will turn into a real holiday. from a picnic in the fresh air while hunting in the field,

camping balls grew no less comfortable than palaces. thundered. cannons sounded music and served to the table, excellently cooked dishes after a particularly successful hunt. the empress, as always, rested in her tent. but suddenly her attention was attracted by a handsome young man whom she had not seen before in her retinue.

after that hunt, the system of state administration in the empire changed; elizabeth appeared a new favorite. the second person in the country became a chamber junker ivan shuvalov, the empress was 40 years old, shuvalov, 22 van shuvalov attracted the attention of elizabeth with a modest disposition, brilliant health, tall stature and

good looks . in time. the husband of the empress, count alexei grigoryevich , became ill for a long time and stopped going to the court to see another next to elizabeth, it was not easy for him. razumovsky was well aware of both the character and weaknesses his wife.

but after all, he always wanted only one thing, that elizabeth was happy, only hoped that the young man would be worthy of the empress's love. ivan shuvalov appeared in elizabeth's life, it was not by chance that he was placed in court service, cousins ​​alexander and peter shuvalov, the old companions of elizabeth even after the coup. they used to have great influence at court. now it has become undivided. the younger brother pyotr shuvalov headed the government, the senior alexander , it was the shuvalovs who became the organizers of the secret office

major reforms of the elizabethan era. including the abolition of internal customs, which hampered trade, thanks to the reforms, traditional fairs, which were usually held in the fall after the harvest for ordinary people, received a new dimension, the fairs were a real holiday circles, who buy who sell, then have fun. here you could find everything from grain from a cat to pottery and knick-knacks at fairs, circus performers and puppet theaters broke their booths. yes, they wanted a card. here they competed, who in what much wooed fought and put up in taverns and puppies. over time,

many russian fairs turned into large trading enterprises similar to modern industrial exhibitions. millions of transactions were concluded at them , new breeds of livestock were demonstrated, modern machines and projects of new enterprises in 1846, goods worth 57 million 214.906 rubles were brought to the nizhny novgorod fair alone. and sold for up to 49 million 50049.000-377 rubles. which amounted to about a fifth of all state revenues of the russian empire in 18507. annual hither up to 200,000 people gathered, while in nizhny novgorod itself there were less than 20,000. under elizaveta petrovna, the economy in the country grew at

an unprecedented pace, before the pace of the empire became the largest exporter of not only agricultural products and timber, but also ural metal in the middle of the 18th century, the demand for russian iron. reached 100% of its production. this wandered through a real industrial boom , monofactories and factories quickly developed. elizabeth allowed the transfer of state-owned metallurgical plants to private hands. truth. this concerned in first of all, the nobility became the new owners of large enterprises, the counts, shuvalovs, chernyshovs, vorontsovs, everything, this ensured not only the wealth of the manufacturers, but also a continuous influx of money into the treasury. year of the country's economy. came out of a protracted crisis caused by

the consequences of the endless wars of peter the great, the selection of elizabeth, one of the most brilliant in europe , became a symbol of not only power, but also the cultural growth of the state. empress elizabeth petrovna was a passionate builder to her. we owe the appearance of such pearls of russian architecture as the winter palace, peterhof smolny fence and many others during construction elizabeth, together with the architect bartholomew rastrelli, looked for the best options; the empress spared neither time nor money, including from personal consequences . one of the most luxurious palaces of rastrelli anichkov was built for alexei razumovsky, such a gift the empress made to her alyosha for their secret wedding. this palace will remain a monument of great love and subsequently more than once will be a wedding gift.

when the love that had bound razumovsky and elizabeth passed for so long, the secret of the empress's husband retired from the court, the stinker lived. vaughn, the palace or in his estate of guests. he wanted only one thing with all his heart. well, elizabeth was happy, and he, count alexei grigoryevich razumovsky, had already received such generous gifts from fate that the cossack son alyoshka could not even dream of being pink. the age of magical

opportunities and incredible transformations was in full swing in russia, becoming the country that we live and now visiting theaters, exhibitions, concerts, mass holidays and light shows freely, confessing our love to each other. it is as if we are in contact with the people of the 18th century with the festive era of the cheerful queen elizabeth however, the holiday cannot last forever. it was time for elizabeth to prove to the whole world that she was the daughter of the great peter, not only the birth of my affairs over the russian empire, a bright glow of a new era of the era, enlightenment, rose. after the death of peter the great, the created

empire was created for a few more years, as if by inertia. moved forward. the energy of transformation weakened the court gravitated towards the usual life in moscow and there were years when the streets of the new capital of st . and did not hesitate to say that independent russians are not able to move forward, first of all, because they do not know how and do not want to study in the family of enlightened peoples. doomed to lose the state independence but with the coming to power of elizabeth

petrovna, times have changed for everything russian, and this direction came directly from the royal palace. elizabeth continued where her great father had left off. before his death, tsar peter established the russian academy of sciences on the model of the parisian one. elizabeth did not forget about the academy of sciences. the academy received a new regulation , its financial content was doubled , a personal decree was announced on the printing of books in russian , and a year later the first one appeared in russia russian academician mikhail vasilyevich lomonosov from childhood, he was overcome by the only desire to find out how the world works understand the nature of

everything from the northern lights to the structure of the earth before moscow, mikhail lomonosov entered navigation and the lucifer school, but quickly realized that he was wasting time. to enter the slavic greek latin academy, he had to impersonate his son priest. the first step towards the dream has been taken.

from there, among the best students, mikhail was called to the st. petersburg academy of sciences to continue his education. however, there was no professor for him. and the student lomonosov went to study mining and chemistry in germany, vesel, the city of marburg, the city of universitetsky volny, and mikhailov was carried away by a beer wave through taverns and fartins. now he drinks famously and fights well. mastitis professor wolf wrote to st. petersburg a young man with excellent abilities mikhail lomonosov diligently attended my lectures in mathematics and philosophy, and mainly physics, from a special

love, the founders of knowledge tried to acquire in response, the academy wrote to germany not to give money in their hands, because. if this happens, then the academy of sciences for such a debt. never pay a single penny. but the ordeal of mikhailo lomonosov did not end there after returning to his homeland, lomonosov submitted his dissertations to the academicians. we've been going for months. and there was no answer to his work, in order to get rid of yesterday's student, he was assigned a tedious and monotonous job. for meager a student's salary to disassemble a collection of minerals. it was monosov to vegetate,

without a title and position, if it were not for the events that changed both the future of mikhail and the course of russian history. in december 1741, princess elizabeth , with the support of the officers of the preobrazhensky regiment , carried out a coup d'état. and she proclaimed herself empress. the accession to the throne of peter's daughter inspired lomonosov, he immediately turned to the empress with an ode, and then offered to open a chemical laboratory at the academy of sciences. and though his calls went unheeded

michael was not accustomed to retreat from any attention. he scolded academicians of german origin so much that soon a complaint was filed against him in the senate. as a result, in april 1743, lomonosov was taken into custody for 8 months. only in january of the following year, by decision of the senate, the scientist was released from prison. and a year later he received the title of professor of chemistry and a class rank, which gave the right to personal nobility, it seemed lomonosov achieved what he dreamed of, but the son of a kholmogory peasant. never forgot the way which he had to overcome. and how many more like mikhailov are scattered throughout the empire of

ordinary people, obsessed with cravings for knowledge and having no hope of getting an education, meanwhile in the capital of the russian empire. it seemed to reign endlessly, the holiday floors of the carnival, emphasized the brilliance, the first beauty of europe, empress elizabeth petrovna, was nearby. her secret husband, alexei razumovsky, was always with her. shaking the chambers of ivan shuvalov, who was 18 years younger than her, the court was sure that this was just a desire to prolong youth and the young man would not last long at court. but time passed. and the love

and mutual affection between elizabeth ivan ended up in court service thanks to the patronage of his high-ranking cousin ivanovich shuvalov, who was a senator and was considered one of the closest associates of the empress, the eldest of the brothers alexander, also a member of the senate, also held the position of head of the office of secret detectives. the shuvalovs expected that ivan, a handsome young man, would become their instrument of influence. however, ivan was not so easy. elizabeth quickly appreciated many of the wonderful qualities of her lover, except for being greedy. well educated and very named. ivan shuvalov was born in moscow in a

poor family; he studied french, mathematics, geometry, history and geography with him, and the future commander alexander vasilyevich suvorov, alexander vasilyevich suvorov, will keep his friendship for life with the same teacher. month after month ivan shuvalov did not disappear, reassuring the empress and his influence at court grew rapidly. ivan gave

elizabeth a second youth. awakened in her the desire to act and made her remember that she was the daughter of peter the great and her duty to continue what her father did not have time to complete peter and sought to give russia's most advanced education system. he introduced the so-called educational service for the nobility. all children of the upper classes of the empire had to be taught to read and write arithmetic and geometry . a digital school worked in moscow. it is also navigation, the first russian educational institution for the training of naval officers with the teaching of the exact sciences, as well as the hospital school, where they taught surgical anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of diplomats and officials, prepared the slavic greek-latin academy, where they studied foreign languages, including

including latin greek philosophy theology territory. with his death, peter the great established the russian academy of sciences, which invited foreign scientists. there were no russians yet, and the regulations indicated that every professor and academician was obliged to have two students from russian students in his studies. however, educational institutions accepted only two options for peasant and merchant children. education remained inaccessible. having awarded lomonosov the title of academician, his enemies hoped that he would calm down, but it was not the same at the first meeting. he spoke about the need to recruit new students from schools at monasteries and suggested writing to the senate about translations of textbooks into russian. all this with one goal to create a

full-fledged russian university. who knows , lomonosov managed to realize his dream of creating a university, if it were not for the meeting that took place in the bookstore of the academy of sciences, your empress ivan shuvalov came here, often, the age difference between him and lomonosov was 16 years, one came from peasants, the other from moscow noble family, but they became friends immediately because they thought a lot alike. strelkovo, i ever told you that i love you. in june of the fortieth half a million soldier officers, when the second front was opened, who would have fought the rescue operation? to

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and the fruits of her labors as a result, after his death , a crisis of the throne of heritage arose, which almost deprived her of the throne herself. elizabeth understood that it was her duty not to repeat the mistakes of her parent and, above all, to take care of the successor on the throne. these sovereign cares were mixed with the simple female sadness of their children. you elizabeth was not, at least legitimate, who could inherit. there were rumors in petersburg society that elizabeth had a son from alexei razumovsky and a daughter from ivan shuvalov in connection with

this, after the death of elizabeth petrovna, many impostors appeared who called themselves her children most. the princess is known among them. tarakanova especially, posing as the daughter of empress elizabeth petrovna and razumovsky during the reign of catherine ii tarakanov, was arrested, taken to st. petersburg and died in captivity in the peter and paul fortress. elizaveta petrovna summoned her only nephew, the son of her late sister, from the german galstinia. anna prince carl peter william 14-year-old boy was brought to st. petersburg named in orthodoxy, peter fedorovich. and on november 7, 1742, the young prince was declared heir to the russian throne. from now on, in the churches, peter was commemorated immediately after

the empress at the meeting, not only did he kiss elizabeth's hand, but she also kissed his hand. however. the formal honor that was given to pyotr fedorovich meant little in real political life. the boy lost his parents early, was lonely and closed by nature. in germany, for the most part, he was surrounded by court officers, who brought up in him only love for military lane and parades. no one was involved in the education of the prince. elizabeth, struck by the unhealthy

appearance and extreme ignorance of her nephew, ordered to take special care of his health and development, and she herself chose teachers for him, and the education of the heirs to the throne has always remained an important concern of the emperors for the reigning house of the romanovs. pavel nikolai will become excellent engineers. alexander, an outstanding diplomat , alexander ii and his son emperor alexander iii will study legislation, statistics, finances. history, physics, mathematical sciences, technology and chemistry, the education of nicholas ii will include the course of the state and economic department of the university of the general staff academy. elizabeth herself had no particular interest in the sciences, but she understood the importance of the enlightenment for the future of the country.

ivan shuvalov tirelessly urged her of the need to develop the education system, for which he would later be called the minister of the newborn russian enlightenment, the empress listened to his advice, because vanya knew her for their own benefit, but for the good of the state. 1744 elizabeth issued a decree on expanding the network of elementary schools; the first gymnasiums were opened in moscow and kazan. noble children still received professional teachers for primary education at home. foreigners were expensive and taught only in large cities or rich worlds, so usually the children of his relatives and friends studied with one teacher, in addition to the children of the owner. sometimes the free demand for home teachers far exceeded the

supply . petrovna is the main language of communication in russian high society. became french russian language included more than 2,000 french words. many of them are firmly entrenched in our speech the crew of a dozen schaefer cap du cutlet menu even jacket everyday everyday wear comes from the word always. for several years, due to political disagreements, the french embassy was absent in the capital of the russian empire, but when diplomatic relations were restored and a new ambassador arrived in st. amazing picture it turned out that many noble gentlemen, served as teachers and tutors

by people hiding from the french police. bankrupt debtors, polygamists and adventurers, including women, lived here when the government decided to send all these educators to their homeland. many of them fled from st. petersburg to the russian provinces. the empress laughed a lot at those who fell for this bait. she introduced a new order. all teachers were required to take mandatory exams anonymously under threat the fine was forbidden to use the services of teachers. not having state certification by the 19th century, primary education in russia underwent a series of reforms; the gymnasium accepted mainly those who planned to receive a university education in the future, special attention was paid to the study of languages ​​and the humanities . for those who aspired to technical

and commercial higher educational institutions, the so -called real schools were opened. there, the main emphasis was on the study of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other exact and applied sciences. having appointed teachers for the heir, elizabeth demanded to constantly report to her about the successes of pyotr fedorovich , the teachers complained about the lack of diligence of the grand duke, and sometimes bad behavior, which worried the empress very much. from the paper to the floor of her room, in delight, elizabeth rushed to kiss her nephew. she was not embarrassed that the interests of success, only fortifications and

military affairs relate to the heir, and the grand duke does not want to study anything else. peter was not at all, neither mediocre nor weak-minded, everyone, including his future wife catherine ii, admitted that he had a rare memory. he was enthusiastically engaged in the exact sciences, he learned russian history well and could without hesitation count all the sovereigns from rurik to peter i for many hours. he spent his library. but like every boy in the same lessons. he must be attentive to others ; of all he loved military affairs and watching a military parade gave him much more pleasure. than studying musical evenings or ballets. elizabeth

tried to invest in the upbringing of her nephew all that maternal love, whose love she was not destined to share with her own children. one day, while traveling, peter fell ill with smallpox and fell ill at an inn between moscow and st. petersburg. elizabeth, who was terribly afraid of any infection and any threat to her own health, ordered to immediately deliver her to the sick peter dve for a week she was not absent from the bed of the prince, until the illness receded, only after that she returned to the capital for state

affairs. he gave me some attention to the education of officers. her father, elizaveta petrovna, from all educational institutions, especially singled out the land gentry cadet corps, opened under anna ivanovna. the hull was located. in one of the most beautiful buildings of st . cadets, then in a few months their number increased to 352. the students stayed from their villages with servants and hunting dogs. and soon the inhabitants of the capital felt their youthful energy, cleaning birds shot from neighboring gardens rushed along the

roof of the palace. so, during the rain, the roof in the building began to leak, wall to wall fought the deservers of the admiralty, life and study. i had to repair the floors from scratch, they demanded that the stove be repaired, they smoked, even there weren’t enough benches in the classrooms and the first cadets studied standing up, but the corps created their own workshops that carried out repairs made furniture, and then the school had its own estate with land and received from there both food and additional roads on the table. the cadet always had roast beef ham and lamb chi bashty. pancake pies light beer kvass, and sturgeon on fasting days. and the ear with studies turned out to be more difficult. none of the students knew foreign languages, and textbooks in russian

in most subjects, until there was a single training program for all was available, in addition to compulsory subjects. the cadets themselves chose what they would like to study. in 1810, emperor alexander opened an educational institution in tsarskoe selo, designed to train future high-ranking officials of the highest rank. it was originally supposed to be together with noble children. here the younger brothers and the emperor will study. nikolai, the future emperor nikolai and mikhail however, then these plans turned out to be just out of the walls. tsarskoye selo lyceum. outstanding diplomats, ministers, public figures and writers. among the first graduates was alexander sergeyevich pushkin. elizaveta completely

completed everything that peter planned in the field of education and, above all, the creation of a system of military educational institutions received stable funding for a new building and staff, navigation engineering and artillery school. the number of their students was increased several times, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools, modeled on the gentry , a naval cadet corps was created. left the house without asking for a father's blessing and left his father vasily dorofeevich. alone in his dangerous business for many years, this act tormented mikhail in his signs often saw his father. he, as if he had attempted in childhood, recalled how manila

had his secret aurora, which his father said that this was the heavenly forests with a snowy tail. once i saw a completely wonderful thing, as if my father was lying alone on a small island in the middle of the white sea lomonosov often visited the fish rows, looking for fellow villagers to inquire about the fate of the parent, finally, i learned that my father had gone to sea and had not returned on the same island where we once remained a little alive. father was found exactly where mikhailo saw him in a dream on a small deserted island in the middle of the white sea. there he was buried

, vasily dorofeevich will never know who he became and what did he achieve alone? the memory of his father lomonosov continued to fight for knowledge to be available to everyone from a nobleman to a simple peasant and rybak, he did not give up his dream of creating the first real russian university, but in the st. petersburg academy of sciences lomonosov's idea caused more ridicule. what sympathy the only hope was for the help of a new friend, ivan shuvalov, in whom lomonosov

found not only a like-minded person and ally, but also a person who had a real opportunity to realize the university project. elizaveta petrovna hated signing papers, it’s hard to say which was more natural aversion to regular studies or caution in making a final decision, one thing is an everyday meeting with her ministers, and other documents and recommendations of a dear friend. shuvalov so captivated the empress with the idea of ​​the university that she discussed the charter of the new educational institution with him for a long time and in detail and gave a separate advice, which largely determined the future of the university, not to fight with the st. petersburg

academics, but to start everything in a new place in moscow , and in her decree she herself answered to a question. why did the university not open in the capital? a large number of both nobles and people of simple rank lived in moscow. it was easier to get to moscow living in moscow cost residents of the outskirts. much cheaper than in st. petersburg, an important factor for people who are not rich, and finally, a large number of the inhabitants of the empire had relatives or acquaintances in moscow who were ready to give blood and livelihood to future students. elizaveta petrovna approved the petition of ivan shuvalov and signed a decree on the opening of moscow university on january 12, 1755 on the day of remembrance of the holy martyr tatyana. according to legend, shuvalov did not

accidentally choose this day to present the project to the empress. mother of tatyana romanovna. ivan really wanted to please his mother with his appointment as curator of a russian university. since then, the holy martyr tatyana has been considered the patroness of russian students. and tatyana's day, which is in a new style. now falls on january 25 began to be celebrated as a holiday for all students and graduates of higher educational institutions. moscow university originally had three faculties of legal medical philosophical mathematics and physics as part of the latter in the curriculum included gymnastics, physical education, and for those who wished, horse riding and fencing for study. people of indifference of estates were accepted, even serfs

, if the landowner agreed to pay for their education and give them free first students. there were no more than 12 people, and only 10 professors taught. the entire course of education was calculated for 3 years. the grand opening ceremony took place on the day of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation of elizabeth petrovna on april 26, 1755. just a year later, the empress issued a decree on to whom study at the university was equated with state and military service, and the length of service went from the first day of training to those who successfully graduated from the university were assigned the first officer's chik , thus higher education guaranteed personal nobility from now on to any subject of the empire. elizabeth issued

one decree after another in support of the new undertaking, allowing the university to be able to print a bookstore to publish a newspaper, moscow university turned into the largest cultural center of the empire , a library was opened where everyone could read on wednesdays and saturdays from 2:00 to 5:00 in the afternoon at the university printing house began mass production of inexpensive textbooks. 30 years ago , the first officers, sailors-engineers who were educated abroad, were presented to emperor peter, and now the best students of moscow university appeared before the empress, a huge honor and some boys of the studio were honored with it. elizabeth managed to demonstrate to her subjects the prestige of knowledge.

all graduates of moscow university received officer ranks with the right to choose any regiment for service. this made a huge impression on the country and society. there are many peoples. motherland is one common holiday of a huge country from the far east to the baltic. folk festivals, concerts, bright festivals, remember the lessons of the past. why a clash with the nazis again was inevitable, and the attempts of the west to cut the ground from under the feet of russia and the reasons for the failure of vladimir putin's statement at a meeting with historians. restoration of donbass assistance to families of mobilized and citizenship for refugees president talked to participants of youth and volunteer organizations whose heroes need to be known by sight on the streets of russian cities portraits of participants in a special military operation each has its own story. a journey through space and

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edition of the imperial moscow university gave russia outstanding literary scientists and statesmen among them the first russian professor of medicine semyon zabelin the author of the first course of lectures on ethics in russia dmitry anichkov the first russian professor of law semyon desnitsky archaeographers publisher nikolai bantysh kamensky famous writer and translator denis fonvizin during the patriotic war of 1812 , the moscow fire destroyed everything in the university building that had not been evacuated, burned to the ground, the library was especially hard hit and the reactions of smaller colleges then the professors addressed an open appeal to the society asking for help and then it became clear. what place does moscow university occupy in the

minds of russian people in a short time. the total amount of donations exceeded 1 million rubles. the money for that time is colossal, and despite the fact that many townspeople themselves lost their homes and fortunes after 13 years, the university again possessed a library of 30,000 herbarium volumes with twenty-one thousand plants, a botanical garden, chemical and anatomical rooms in 1917. in all , 124 higher educational institutions worked, including 11 universities, as well as 123,745 primary ones, but this was clearly not enough coverage of primary schools and children aged 8 to 11 years was only 30.1% in the russian empire. in russia, for every 1,000 people of the total population, there were 59

students in the uk 152 in germany 175 in the usa 213 people in the ussr in 1975, there were already 856 universities, including 65 universities, in terms of the number of students per 10,000 people of the population of the ussr, it significantly exceeded the uk, germany, france, japan, elizabeth could be proud of the first generation of russian students. but there was joy in her own family. there is nothing grand duke pyotr fedorovich received a full course of sciences necessary for the heir, but at the same time he remained a big child, absurd, unbalanced, limited. and besides, he was brought up among the german

officers. he hated the entire russian country, in which he was to rule its people, the language of culture, it got to the point that during the seven-year war of russia, peter openly called the prussian king his idol, wishing him victory and it is surprising that the heir was preliminary. elizabeth knew about this, what would happen to the state when peter iii ascended the russian throne. no, there was something in the issue of the throne of heritage. late elizabeth hoped only that peter would have an heir who will be accepted by society. the seven years' war began in 1756 as a conflict between two military alliances russia-austria, france on the one hand. and england, prussia and the german principalities on the other

fighting. waged in europe, america, africa, asia, this war became one of the largest conflicts of the 18-19 centuries, winston churchill even called it the first world war. russia prussia remained implacable opponents in this war after several years of exhausting war. in the very center of europe, the russian army won two loud victory over the prussian troops in august 1757 at the battle of gross pegersdorf and two years later in the battle, when he died. older in january 1758. russian troops took a look it was then, together with all the inhabitants of the city, swore allegiance to the empress. elizaveta petrovna, professor of königsberg university philosopher, imanuil kart

, was minted for the new lands. special silver coin with the inscription queen elizabeth. prussia finally in 1760 a russian austrian detachment occupied berlin without a doubt. were paid at a high cost, the russian army lost in the battles of the seven-year war, according to various estimates, from 60 to 138,000 people, despite this, having come to power after the death of elizabeth petrovna, peter iii will refuse all territorial gains. elizabeth herself chose for pyotr fedorovich the bride, the german princess sophia august frederick of angels and serbia, having converted to orthodoxy. she became ekaterina alekseevna, great. the princess diligently studied the russian language, the customs, and the orthodox

teachings. her relationship with her husband did not work out, but elizabeth petrovna was most worried about the fact that there were no children of the grand ducal chita. the 18th century did not allow a woman to occupy a position either in state activity or in science or in production. her destiny was the house and the family, yes, and the empress elizabeth herself preferred balls and holidays to the sciences. however, exactly. she gave impetus to another type of education, which neither her father and her great contemporary mikhail lomonosov even thought of, namely, by the decree of 1754, obstetric schools in moscow and st. petersburg, which allowed girls to receive an elementary medical education under elizabeth, the first private pensions for

girls appeared in 1764. catherine ii issued a decree in the establishment of an educational society for noble maidens known as the smolny institutes of history. already approaching the twentieth century, and the right of women to higher education remained a subject of controversy throughout the world in russia, a compromise was found by organizing higher courses for women at universities in st. petersburg in moscow kazan in kiev and other cities, the first russian women doctors, teachers, writers, scientists were educated, another direction of childhood appeared. academy of arts. her first students began to be trained at moscow university. why organized special classes for future artists and sculptors taught not only foreign

languages, but also instrumental music and singing. no age no origin of candidates when enrolling in the academy of significance. we took into account only talent. under catherine ii the imperial academy arts received a new building on the university embankment in st. petersburg in 1765, the first academicians were elected from russian graduates architect bazhenov painters. rokotov. golovachevsky kozlov from the clouds. in the future , igor grabar, brothers, vasnetsovs and makovskys vasily surikov valentin serov arkhip koindzhi and other outstanding artists, sculptors and architects will become real members of the academy. in

1754, to the extraordinary joy of elizabeth, the long-awaited tsarevich was born. pavel petrovich empress immediately took him to her chambers, not thinking about the feelings of a young mother deprived of a baby. elizabeth literally choked little pavel with her care. he was always surrounded by a crowd of nannies, too warm, wrapped up, deprived of fresh air and outdoor games. grand duchess ekaterina alekseevna was almost not allowed to see her son, and this would subsequently seriously affect her communication with her son or the character of paul himself, even the birth of a child did not bring him closer. petra ekaterina their relationship was getting worse. elizaveta petrovna

knew about this, but she was no longer able to fix something. in 1757, leaving the church of catherine 's palace, 48-year-old elizaveta petrovna suddenly fainted. this happened in front of many people and

caused a wave of rumors about the serious illness of the empress ; over time, fainting, convulsive seizures became more frequent, the empress almost did not leave her rest. the only ones whom elizabeth allowed to see her during her illness were alexei razumovsky and ivan shuvalov shuvalov remained the only speaker and secretary of the sick empress. razumovsky just continued to love her all these years. i, of course, sensing the approach of death, elizabeth took the word from the heir to the throne, peter fedorovich, that the new

reign would not affect her close friends, your valov and alexei razumovsky, the empress died right on christmas day in those minutes when the festive liturgy began all over russia , she died calmly, like a christian, say goodbye and bless your loved ones. the next day, the new emperor peter iii was visited by count alexei grigorievich razumovsky to renounce all ranks and ask permission to permanently retire from court on the same day, ivan shuvalov returned to the treasury a chest with money, which shortly before his death was given to him by empress alexei grigoryevich razumovsky, for many years he lived calmly and quietly in his ability to gostilitsa keeping the bright memory of

his elizabeth ivan ivanovich shuvalov left for france for some time his old friend walter lived for a long time in italy where he collected a collection of paintings and sculptures. returning to st. petersburg, he hosted the famous literary salon from all government posts, he retained only one curator of moscow university and remained so until the end of his life. academician mikhail vasilyevich lomonosov created the molecular-kinetic theory, which will form the basis of the second law of thermodynamics. he was elected an honorary member of the stockholm bologna academy of sciences, in addition to chemistry, physics, astronomy , geology, metallurgy, literature, history, he

included geography in his circle of interests, made the new russian atlas and submitted an essay on the northern sea route, and at the same time, he was engaged in the organization of the gymnasium. at the university continued to defend the law. niche estates for education. a father could be proud of his unlucky and great son. the brilliant era of the merry empress elizabeth came to an end the reign, which began as a series of festivities and oxen, the labors of many people became the beginning of the russian enlightenment, which was to develop descendants, emperor peter iii, the holstein prince, ascended the throne, who did not like

russia and they could not endure him .