tv Videli video 1TV November 19, 2022 12:15pm-1:41pm MSK
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take place from the russian festival of academic art the acoustics of the new hall appreciated by the world-famous pianist denis matsuev the peculiarity of the real acoustics is that it speaks live microphones are prohibited in this hall, thank god i congratulate everyone who did this, from the workers to the ending, who led this construction the whole team , who worked on it, managed to meet the deadline and today prokofiev will sound with such a urine of emotions in this new hall. one of the most high-profile cases in the united states was sentenced either for beth holmes who called the swindler of the century 10 years ago. she promised a revolution in medicine to create a miracle device that, by a drop of blood, reveals deadly diseases, ums. and her accomplices began to attract investors to the hook, according to the american media, the us secretaries of state hydrik schultz, one of the first investors. tesla seek billionaire type rapper as well as media mogul robert they and many others invested almost 700 million dollars, then
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it turned out the machine makes terrible diagnoses at random or for bethoms, got 11 years for cheating investors. today, the fifth stage of the russian grand prix in figure skating in samara kicks off at the first, for tickets to the final of the series, it will take place in the spring today, we are waiting for the performance of the young and ambitious sophia homemade program for the components is incredibly difficult - this is a huge risk. will sofya go to it today also among the participants? silver medalist of the beijing olympics alexander trusova , a sharp fight in men's skating mark kondratyuk , who won the stage in sochi and andrey mazaleva, who did not have enough to get first place in kazan at all a little bit. and also the performance of sports couples and dance duets, all broadcasts on our website 1tv.ru. and on the air of channel one we will show the singles tournament today at 16:50. short programs. tomorrow is optional. also today, a new episode of ice age right after the evening news.
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and that's all for now premiere god of war history russian artillery. you have to sacrifice yourself. let them take you with the guns, but the last map shot. release point-blank and the batteries that are taken in this way will harm the enemy fully atoning for the loss of guns. these words were spoken by the head of the russian artillery, major general alexander kutaisov, on september 6, 1812, on the eve of the battle of borodino, the war with the french had been going on for 2.5 months and that was it. this time the russian army was retreating, not having time to accumulate reserves. she evaded a decisive battle with superior enemy forces and gradually retreated in the year of the country by autumn, napoleon's troops advanced 900 km and found themselves on the outskirts of
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moscow, it was no longer possible to delay the place of battle the commander-in-chief of the russian army, general mikhail kutuzov, chose a field near the village of borodino, 115 km west of moscow, in the center of the defensive positions of the russian army, there was a high kurgan from which he looked well. the place of the future battle. it was a key element of the entire defense. an artillery battery of the 7th infantry corps, general, is located here. - lieutenant, it was the action of artillery that largely depended on the outcome of the upcoming battle, and possibly all wars.
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by the beginning of the 19th century, artillery was the most a young arm in comparison with the infantry and cavalry, but has already become an indispensable participant in military battles near borodino up to fifteen percent of the personnel of both armies. some researchers later wrote that the battle of borodino marked the beginning of the era of artillery, but so far, before the battle, the exam for the role of the main striking force of the ground forces of artillery had only to be passed. it was a test of the path she took during her formative years. artillery pieces can be considered throwing machines. the first mention of this weapon dates back to the fourth century bc, with the help of throwing machines they destroyed the walls and hit those who took refuge in the fortress. enemy. it was possible to break through walls or gates with a ram with a massive log and
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a strong heavy tree, but this boa constrictor the fortress could always become a serious obstacle. but throwing machines could fire at the enemy from a distance of several tens or even hundreds of meters. when loading it was necessary pull the ropes to accumulate energy for throwing projectiles. this required great physical strength and time. at the same time, the machines themselves were gromov's, gunpowder helped to improve the throwing process. most likely, gunpowder was invented in china in the 10th century. the chinese used this explosive mixture to make fireworks around 1000. it 's the same time. they began to use gunpowder in military affairs with the help of small powder charges. they tried to increase the flight range. arrows, turning them into essentially rockets. first them launched with a bow. later they came up with special launchers in the form of wicker baskets. in
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the tenth century, the chinese invented another device, the fiery spear. they took a bamboo stalk, full on one side and closed on the other , poured a powder mixture into it, then small ones, when the gunpowder was ignited, gases were formed, under pressure, which the stones flew out of the barrel, in other words, a shot occurred. actually, this principle is the basis for the work of firearms , pistols, guns, artillery pieces. in front of us is the oldest russian firearms mattress, the name comes from the turkic word tyufenk, an analogue of the word gun, the mattress was filled with pieces of iron or small stones, the powder charge was ignited through a special ignition hole. the first samples of firearms appear in russia somewhere around 1.378-79. well, the first
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combat use is the year 1.382, the defense of moscow from the army on takhtamysh, when muscovites, according to political data, used mattresses and the so -called great guns with the word pushkin, apparently chronicler. i meant bombers. these are large trunks that did not have gun carriages, the trunks were buried in the ground at a certain angle, they were laid, specially equipped with wooden beds, then later cannons, mounted cannons appear to fire at the fortification, mounted ones are martyrs for mounted shooting. another sample of old russian artillery was squeaking, presumably the name is associated with the latin word pestula. what does the pipe mean? another version of the origin of this name is associated with a musical instrument a pipe, which in rus' was also called sandy.
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they squeaked as long-barreled guns, from which it was possible to shoot. with the cores, both the elderly force of the enemy and the fortifications , the word armata, which comes from the latin arma weapon, has also been known since then. today it is the name of the newest russian combat tracked platform, on the basis of which the t-14 tank and other combat vehicles were created, and at the end of the 14th century. that was the name of another type of artillery gun imported from abroad. these tools have not survived to this day, but according to some information. it is known that they fired quite large stone ones until that time. with a diameter of 40 cm in range, the first firearms already competed with arrows fired from a bow; at the end of the 14th century, the best archers could shoot accurately at 150-200 m. the
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main advantage of firearms was the ease of learning to use an archer. i had to cook from childhood. that is, if at the age of 3-5 the boy was not taught to shoot from a bow, then he could not become a good archer, in in principle, a crossbow, it was, of course, simpler, but the crossbow was loaded. maybe even slower than earlier firearms, and the cost of the crossbow was probably even more expensive, because it required good spring steel for its bow, and firearms did. well, of course, not cheap either, but in any case, not expensive with vera. firearms had an effect on the enemy and the huge psychological effect of the enemy was frightened by the flames escaping from the barrels and the roar that accompanies the shots now there is an interesting observation. uh. well, let's say, according to the letters and diaries of people of the 18th century, they conclude that the sound
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of shooting made a stronger impression on a person even in the 18th century of the usual knestrel weapons than our contemporary, because we live in a very noisy world. we are used to. just to the noise of cars, the rumble is constantly here, and until the 20th century man lived in a rather quiet world and loud sounds frightened him. a serious drawback of the first artillery pieces was their low reliability and they often fell from separate iron strips or rings. such a barrel was not very durable a little more than gunpowder. what was required and it could be torn apart. a typical example in 1448, during the campaign of the vitavto on the under-wings or the tovtse, was brought a large cannon named galka and the german master boasted that the tower would be broken with one shot, but after the shot the cannon was torn apart and the craftsmen did
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not find it added the popularity of firearms . and one more curious fact from the cannon they shoot there is a smell of sulfur, a medieval man, smelling sulfur, says, so here devil. all this is very bad. it means that he or he or his family sinned very much with something, and this is practically death and shame. from the middle of the 15th century , gun barrels were increasingly cast from bronze. they were much stronger and breaks happened less and less often, they began to get used to the new weapon and were no longer afraid to use it. in addition, cast-iron cannonballs began to be cast, which became much more round than stone ones, but also heavier, so they retained energy much longer in flight, and the casting of the bronze gun allowed make it with trunnions to make such special protrusions
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cylindrical half of the xv century in moscow, under the judging of european masters, their own artillery production appeared. it was called a cannon hut. soon it was converted into a cannon yard. it was a state manufactory with smelting furnaces, forges and foundry barns. it was located on the river, not clay in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern lubyanka square and cannon street. the most famous tool made in the cannon yard was the tsar cannon, which can now be seen on the territory of the moscow kremlin; it was cast in 1586 by russian master andrei chokhovskaya.
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bombard bombards were designed to fire huge stone cannonballs in the 17th century, pushkar heads, which made inventories in artillery, while in moscow, they noted the caliber and foxy so it is said the tsarev gun and hands for 52 pounds. why is the king called, because on the trunk we see the image of tsar fedor ivanovich, who means stallions. the tsar cannon is not a finished work. it doesn't have a burnt hole drilled inside. their channels you can see the tides that formed after casting and these tides were not cleaned, but for some reason or such a cannon, which could hardly be dragged over several hundred meters, the tsar cannon surprised foreign proverbs did not treat their work as a simple craft. and as an art, they decorated the guns and called the guns by special names. a lion, a bear, a wolf on the trunks of the master cast or carved their name, the
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date and place of manufacture, after moscow , cannon yards appeared in other cities of ustyug , novgorod, pskov, but it was not enough to create the production of artillery pieces. it was necessary to properly organize their military use. at first , the guns were serviced by the masters who participated in their manufacture, and the regular army in the usual now there was no understanding, then there were no military units formed only for the duration of the war, the main contingent at the end of the 15th century, people from the fatherland also served, that is, nobles who are militia soldiers, but it is clear that in this way it was impossible to recruit gunners to use masters, who cast the gun and make gunpowder, that they also had to shoot because of the guns for transporting artillery,
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they were used about which they gained umbilical cords, it is clear that this was a contingent that was not organized and did not have a military spirit. at in the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of ivan the terrible in russia, an attempt was made to create the first permanent army of archery regiments. each regiment, which numbered 500 people, was supposed to have two small guns around the same time. serve artillery pieces of steel, specially trained for this purpose, gunners for the first time term. pushkar is mentioned under 1514. this is the siege of smolensk, but the ambassador pushkar meant a master who could shoot from his own guns over time, a division of specialty occurs the master remains at the machine at the furnace, and another specialist should shoot from the gun; pushkar appears under ivan the terrible. they could shoot, they could charge, they knew the proportions of fiery powder
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mixtures, that is, by 1540, the first professional artillerymen appeared in russia. usually , small guns were served by two gunners with assistants, large siege guns by 4-5 gunners and several assistants, due to the specifics of the wars of the 16th century, artillery. mostly, of course, they were used during sieges, or e. b. the period of defense is victorious artillery thundered during the capture of kazan in 1550 there, it is noted repeatedly in the annals that russian artillery actually tore down the fortifications of the kazan tatars with the help of artillery, kazan was taken. in the seventeenth century, both the streltsy
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army and the pushkars turned into separate social groups in the cities. they settled separately , had their own privileges and rules on the basis of which they accepted new members. services, sagittarius and pushkari began to engage in gardening and trade crafts, as a result they had their own economic, and then political interests. at the same time, interest in war and long-distance campaigns was gradually lost on an ongoing basis; streltsy served only the sovereign to the floor. that is, this is the life guards of the moscow tsar, all the other streltsy of other regiments. they are several months a year. served the rest of the time. they were engaged in trade in handicrafts. there are any claims, especially moscow streltsy that that they were brought from the authorities and
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the streltsy riots of the end of the 17th century were very annoyed. this is a vivid example of such a psychology of the privileged class, which is fighting for its privilege. the other part of the russian army, as before, was the temporary army of the home guard, this was the so-called local, cavalry for service. in it, the noble landowners were supposed to have a land allotment, an estate, at the very first order. they had to come to the assembly point on horseback and fully armed, except for personal service. the owner of the estate exhibited for every 50 hectares of their possessions, one warrior on a horse, they were called military servants. the constant military training of the relevant troops was not lame, discipline, weapons and uniforms here were selected to your taste. this model of army formation is clearly outdated, especially since with the development of firearms. the value of the cavalry decreased, while the infantry, on the contrary , increased. she's just the cheapest company of troops. plus, saturating the infantry with firearms makes
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it. well, i would say so with a collective machine gun and it made a terrible impression. the armies of the states increased, the tactics of the battle became more complicated , this required constant training and the soldiers of the militia, busy in peacetime, had no time for this . moreover, the nobles treated the infantry with disdain to go into it. they did not want to. at the beginning of the 16th century, russian rulers were even forced to resort to the help of foreign mercenaries to wage wars. they were professionals, whose only occupation was military service to serve you well. and kick out polish people from your state.
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in the image and likeness of the regiments of the foreign system, in the thirties of the xii century, a new russian army began to be created, the first russian tsar from the romanov dynasty, mikhail fedorovich, began to reorganize and ended 70 years later, his grandson peter i, in many respects with the name of peter and associate large-scale changes in the russian army. perhaps the love for military affairs of peter i originated in early childhood, when it was a gift from his father. he received two small cannons. they hung only 9 kg each, and were tall about half a meter. but these were not toys; small guns could shoot for real by the age of 10, young peter had his own small army. it was called a funny other word, at first they recruited tsarevich’s peers into it, and over time they began to
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enroll in soldiers and adults in 1687, two regiments preobrazhensky and semyonovsky were formed from the amusing troops, they became the basis of the new russian army and its first guards units. at the beginning of the 18th century, peter began to gradually abolish the archery regiments and the local army. replaced by regular military units. now the soldiers were cut off from any social groups and classes and had no other interests than military service. from the gunners of former times, peter ordered the formation of a special artillery regiment, in addition, at the very beginning of the 18th century. peter establishes the position and rank of general-feltsevich meister, that is, the head of the russian artillery, and this was the man who led all russian artillery in its combat use and the manufacture of new guns
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, the manufacture of ammunition and the preparation artillery personnel. under peter, a clear classification of guns by type developed in the regular russian artillery, this was influenced not only by the method of firing on a stylish or mounted, but also by the type of ammunition used in the arsenal of guns there were full-bodied cannonballs and a buckshot map there is a projectile consisted of several bullets of small cast-iron balls, poured into a linen bag or tin glass. when fired, the shell. it collapsed and the bullets flew in different directions in terms of firing range, the buckshot was inferior to the cores, but it increased. the area of destruction of manpower the enemy at close range, full-bodied nuclei were used to fire at fortifications against manpower. they were effective only if they fell into a fairly dense formation of soldiers. the second type of howitzer guns they fired buckshot and explosive shots. in this case, a cast-
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iron ball was cast with a floor and gunpowder was poured into it, a conical wooden tube was inserted into the hole, stuffed with dense compacted powder pulp when fired, powder gases ignited the pulp and the tube burned for several seconds, when the fire reached the gunpowder, an explosion occurred, plus it was that no, it required 100% hit on the target, breaking the mass up to one pood. this approximately 16 kg was called a grenade, hence the larger bomb. how to shoot was shorter than that of cannons, otherwise thin-walled explosive ammunition would not have been able to withstand the loads arising at the time of the shot and exploded right in the barrel. it should be noted that
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later, from the end of the 19th century, howitzers began to be used as a weapon for mounted shooting, but at that time, like cannons, they could only fire violently. tsy of the seventeenth and first half of the 19th century, they never fired along a steep trajectory. for the simple reason that if a howitzer, which lies on a wooden carriage with a wooden axis, lifts the barrel , then the recoil will go to this wooden axis, the axis will crack and the carriage will fall apart. during the time of peter i , only mortars of wheeled carriages were used for mounted shooting. they did not have them, it was difficult to move around the battlefield, so they were used primarily not in the field, but in siege artillery during the assault on fortresses the re-equipment of the russian army with the guns of the new systems was completed in the middle of 1709. and
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at the same time, peter i had the opportunity to check what his large-scale reforms in the army led to. russia was at war with the swedes. already 9 years. after the defeat near narva , the enemy had the initiative and the swedish king charles 12 began a campaign against russia. the day of the decisive battle was approaching. the scene of action was a plain 5 km north of poltava to block the way for the swedes, peter ordered to build defensive redoubts. at they placed about 5,000 soldiers and 16 artillery pieces directly behind the redoubts , the cavalry was located. behind it, the main forces of the russian army, where there were still about 100 guns from the swedes, about 16,000 people participated in the offensive, cavalry, infantry and only four guns. the battle began on the morning of june 27, 1709. the franchise ordered to report that the letarian six regiments of dragoons, four regiments, went on the attack.
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pick me up i want to see how the tsar of peter's losses runs, the swedes, overcame the defensive fortification and ended up on the field overload blogger troops of charles xii rebuilt their ranks and continued the offensive. but as soon as the swedes approached at the range of rudinov. a shot at them was a donzal of seventy-two guns. and the swedes took four guns with them, and charles the twelfth categorically underestimated the artillery. he relied too heavily on infantry and cavalry, looking for the impetuous impulse of the swedish soldiers. and of course, when the swedes, with practically no artery , were under fire, but less than 70 russian guns. their health was extremely poor and artillery fire, the russian army became one of the components of the victory in the battle of poltava. hurray
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artillery was the decisive victory, such an assessment was given by peter the great after the end of the altai battle. many gunners were awarded medals, and the chief of artillery. jacob bruce was awarded the highest order of russia, the order of the holy apostle andrew the first-called in honor of the victory. over the swedes. tula craftsmen made a parade cannon and presented it to peter the great. world champion live broadcast from france today on first think you are the strongest or the smartest, thinking of yourself what you want you will show fight league of stakes bright fights in one application highly awarded and recognized culinary masters, having tested the products, take off their hats and congratulations on being awarded the award for making your dishes tastier.
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masters proposed a number of experimental guns, with which they tried to increase the rate of fire and firepower the xviii century is the age of crazy inventors and in the middle ages a person lived all his life without encountering any inventions. and here's the rapture before the power of the human mind, which can invent was very strong in the 18th century from here. naturally, there were a lot of people who tried to invent something. well, to become famous for getting money, there and so on, artillery, of course, was one of the areas of application for this one of these creative minds in 1754. andrey nartov members of the russian academy of sciences personal the turner of peter i designed a battery with 44 barrels, they were located on the oak circle and were divided by copper disks into sections of 5-6 barrels. hall. one section was provided with a common western device after
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firing from one section, the circle turned and another fired, but the system turned out to be difficult to operate and unreliable in service, it was not accepted. another experimental gun was cast by gunsmiths from the city of alonets. it was a three-pound cannon with a rectangular barrel. gun was intended to fire three shots simultaneously wrapped in canvas and stacked on a wooden pallet, but to provide an acceptable firing range. this gun failed. another gun with an unusual bore was developed and , under the guidance of count shuvalov, this howitzer, which was called the secret bore, expanded in the horizontal plane . the initial speed of the buckshot they should have been
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maximum, she fell sharply, and in fact, the results of tests of secret howitzers were precisely by canister shooting. they were mildly, let's say deplorable. the game in shuvalov, who in 1756 was appointed to the post of chief artillery commander, did not leave attempts to create guns that were superior in their capabilities to those available under his command, officers of the st. petersburg artillery laboratory mikhail danilov and matvey martynov developed a howitzer already with a conventional barrel, but introducing some other innovations. to do this, they changed the shape of the charging chamber. that is, that part of the gun where the powder was placed during loading, the charge necessary for throwing the core before that, the howitzer had the shape of a cylinder, and its diameter was smaller than that of the barrel. after the charge was placed in the chamber, the core was rolled into the barrel so that it easily went inside; its diameter was slightly smaller than that of the bore, so
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there was a small space left on top and on the sides of the projectile. when fired, part of the powder gases broke through it and turned out to be on the core less pressure because of this decreased. range accuracy of fire in the new howitzer, the charging chamber has become cone-shaped. now the core was closer to the expelling charge and all the energy of the powder gases was used to push it out. this almost doubled the range and accuracy of fire. now it was possible to effectively fire from the gun not only explosive, but also heavier full-bodied cannonballs. and since there was also a buckshot in the arsenal, it turned out to be a universal tool; it was called the unicorn, the image of this mythical animal, which was on the family coat of arms of the count. shuvalov decorated the trunk. this is a completely unique weapon, which served in russian artillery and in the artillery of a number of other european countries, including
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austrian, for about 100 years. and if we talk about russian unicorns, then mountain unicorns of the 1838 model were in service with russian fortresses. as anti-assault guns until 1906 , until they were replaced by maximum machine guns, the next major transformations in the russian army were associated with the name of emperor paul i, he ascended the throne in 1796. pavel the first was one of the best artillerymen of his time. he was a brilliant mathematician and a brilliant artilleryman, and what is surprising. yes, as long as russian artillery existed before pavel, but there were no special commands for loading guns for opening fire for firing in battle, each artilleryman grabbed the first accessory that came across, and it acted
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. and the loading and firing command was given mainly in the form of a mat. under paul, such a concept appeared as the number of gun crew for each of the person serving the gun, his duties were clearly defined to whom to ban, that is, to clean the barrel, to whom to load the gun, to whom to aim it at the target to fire a shot , clearly regulated commands were introduced for the preparation and conduct of firing. such as the bath-gun. point the tiles, a time limit was set for the deployment of the gun . no more than 10 seconds were allotted for the transfer of the gun from the marching position to the combat position. green carriages and all. the rest is green not red . this is also thanks to pavel a tool on the green carriages. better camouflage. naturally than red green uniforms. artillerymen. this is also
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a pavlovian innovation. completed a large-scale reorganization of russian artillery, count alexei alekseev in 1802, he headed a special artillery commission, the emphasis was placed on the maximum unification of guns in 1805, the artillery system of guns and unicorns, which were part of it, had a uniform shape of trunks. fetov left two types of wheel sizes, one wheel, smaller diameter, relied on the carriages of light guns for all charging boxes and for all carts, and wheels of larger diameter and heavier relied on the carriages of heavy guns and that's all. and now it was possible to take a wheel from any wagon and put it under the carriage, if this was necessary, it and the charging boxes were unified inside, a grate with cells of different sizes for
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different calibers was inserted, but the box itself was exactly the same. out in all artillery of the 12 calibers that existed previously in field artillery, only four remained very light guns that had little combat value and very heavy, it was difficult to move them in the french model , they improved the manufacturing technology of guns before they were cast already with a finished bore, now the guns were cast solid, and then the bore was drilled so the barrels were stronger, so it was possible to reduce the thickness walls and reduce weight. the evskoy system, russian artillery went through all the battles during the napoleonic wars of 1812, the french emperor napoleon bonaparte subjugated almost all european countries and his next target was the russian empire. he stated after 5 years. i will be the ruler of the whole world,
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only russia remains, i will crush it. the tillering of the twelfth year, napoleon's army approached moscow , kutuzov's troops took up defensive positions near the village of borodino, which made it possible to block both roads leading to the city, moreover, in a rather narrow section only 4 km wide due to terrain conditions. the french could not bypass the russian positions and should have attacked in london. napoleon had 138,000 men. kutuzov has 110.000 the regular army has another 20-30.000 cossacks and warriors of the militia with a party gun advantage. although small was on the side of the russian troops, 624 guns against 587. the advanced line of the russian army was in the area of the village of shirodina, on september 5 , the french avant-gardes. they attacked him on the move by the end of the day. the russian troops were forced to leave these positions, but the time won
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made it possible to complete the construction of the main defensive structures. on the left flank near the village of semyonovskaya, these were earthen fortifications. flashes. in the flashes themselves and next to them, 52 artillery pieces were installed in the center on the kurgan, which dominates in height, an artillery battery was placed. raevsky, another 18 guns in total are in position. there were over 200 cannons and unicorns, almost four hundred more were in reserve by general kutaison, the commander of artillery, the task was set to unequivocally shoot at the enemy to the last, and his shot had been the most effective since then. and if after this rejection the cannons seize, then the cannons will pay for themselves make up for their loss. that's the damage that will inflict the enemy. the battle of borodino began on september 7, advancing on the fleisch, the french continuously
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increased their forces, but the russian command constantly transferred artillery to the reserve here over and over again, sprinkled the enemy with grapeshot and stopped him only after the eighth attack by the french at the cost of heavy losses, they managed to finally capture only then napoleon transferred all his strength strike on the raevsky battery. the stubborn struggle for the kurgan on which it was located continued for several hours now. the head of the russian artillery of the first army, alexander kutaisov, died here. in his diary, a french officer who participated in the capture of raevsky's battery described the battles for kurgan in the following way. i noticed among the chaos that reigned the corpse of a russian artilleryman on his chest, who had three orders, it seemed that the brave man was still breathing in one hand. he held a fragment of a saber, and the other tightly hugged the cannon, which served so well, and the french ran out of infantry, and it is characteristic that the last attacks on the battery raevsky production were cavalry, which did
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not fit the canons of military art at all, even of the era. for the losses suffered, the french called the battery of the raevsky grave and the french calorie artillery in the battle of borodino, the russian gathered the role of the backbone of the defense, because it was the position defended by the artillerymen that became the main scenes of the battle of the bogration in lesha where the artillery battery stands. raevsky where is the artillery? as a result of the battle of borodino, the french army failed to break through the russian defenses, but due to heavy losses, kutuzov still decided to leave moscow, however, and the forces of napoleon's troops were thoroughly undermined already on october 19 , the french were forced to leave the city and begin a retreat. as a result, napoleon's army was almost completely destroyed in russia. the turning point in the war was largely achieved. it was near borodino that the key role played. this was played by russian artillery. we had very advanced ammunition,
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a very perfect materiel, and in terms of manufacturing uniform guns that had a single caliber in length and weight, we were ahead of europe as early as the 16th century for 150 years. for five centuries, artillery proved its importance on the battlefield, but at the same time approached a certain milestone by the middle of the 19th century, smooth-bore muzzle-loading guns firing round cannonballs no longer had the potential for development, it was necessary to look for. otherwise, at the same time, technological progress led to the emergence of completely new types of weapons, first machine guns, and then combat aircraft and tanks, the strategy and tactics of warfare changed, so artillery again had to prove its worth. 1916
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the first world war is going on in april, the russian command decided to conduct a large -scale operation. it was part of the general strategic plan of the antita allies, russia, england and france to go on the offensive against the german and austrian positions, the allied armies planned almost at the same time. this would deprive the enemy of the opportunity to transfer reserves from one theater of operations to another. however , this did not guarantee victory. commander of the southwestern front of the russian army, general alexei brusilov later recalled that the enemy positions were extremely heavily fortified along the entire front. they consisted of at least three bands. at a distance of approximately 3 to 5 km from each other. each lane consisted of several lines. okopov. all the trenches were of a full profile above the height of a man, and everywhere heavy
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dugouts were built in abundance, nests for machine guns of the loopholes, and the cops were built in such a way that the approaches to the position were fired upon by cross rifle and machine gun fire, which even ranked superiority, the probability of getting bogged down in such a defense was high only, to the maximum, suppressing it in the first hours of the offensive. one could count on the overall success of the task. this was assigned to heavy artillery, but it was just not enough in the russian army. before the start of the war, none of the parties considered it as a protracted one, two or three months were allotted to it,
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but a quick victory did not work out, either intelligence worked successfully, allowing the enemy’s plan to be revealed, or he did not have the strength to yield a significant role in prolongation of hostilities played the invention of a machine gun, they came up with it at the end of the 19th century. but then the new type of weapon did not attract, the attention of the military was feared by the high consumption of cartridges. at first, the first world war , everything changed quickly. it turned out that 2-3 machine guns per 200 m of the front. able to repel an infantry attack of any intensity offensive in open areas. now it was exactly strong suicide, not being able to conduct effective offensive operations, the opposing sides began to consolidate their positions, defensive lines. spread out into hundreds kilometers. these were endless trenches, the approaches to which were blocked by artificial obstacles in rows and wires in positions were equipped with long-term firing points, all this further
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complicated offensive operations due to the large number of machine guns used on the battlefield and the increased number of wire obstacles promotion. infantry. the forward became slower and slower in order to overcome the deadly dagger fire-machine guns and barbed wire. the infantry needed great efforts at the end of 14, the war on the western front, where germany and austria-hungary were confronted by the allies led by france and great britain, began to be positional in nature, that is, without serious progress. forward any of the parties within the next year. the front line also practically did not budge on the eastern front in the confrontation between the germans, the austrian coalition and russia, events developed more dynamically, but here, by the end of the 15th year, the front stabilized, turning into an almost straight line from the baltic sea to
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it was impossible to break through the heavily fortified defense lines of the infantry without powerful fire support later , during the second world war, it would be assisted in this by aircraft, bombers, and heavy artillery tanks. there was no hope at all, remained for artillery, but by the beginning of the first world war it was not fully ready for new methods of warfare . artillery began in the middle of the xi century the starting point for this was the search for the optimal shape for the shells. ball-shaped ammunition had a significant drawback in order to fit more explosives into them. it was necessary to increase their diameter. this would lead to an increase in the diameter of the barrel and, accordingly, the dimensions and mass of the oblong projectile gun. with
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the same diameter, it turned out to be more powerful. another problem arose, the elongated projectile was unstable in flight and began to tumble to stabilize the flight. it was necessary to betray the projectile to rotation around the longitudinal axis, for this in the channel the barrel was made with screw rifling, and protrusions appeared on the projectile itself, moving along the rifling, the projectile twisted as a result, the projectile could have a more optimal shape. let's just say that its other dynamic characteristics are better. as they say, holding on to the trajectory, you can shoot farther and more accurately, one and a half kilometers, the aiming range, that is, in principle. it would fly further, but it didn’t get anywhere, to the place where the artillerymen aimed, then for these e first primitive rifled guns, effective firing range increased to 2.5-3
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km. well, what was significant, but the key problem of rifled barrels until the middle of the 19th century was the need to load the blown off. it was difficult because you had to drive a bullet or projectile along the rifling, which slowed it down. well, repeatedly loading through the muzzle was inconvenient and for other reasons the gunner had to stand up to his full height and turn his back on the enemy. at the same time, i had to use a breaker to push the charge and projectile to the end of the barrel according to the cartelery was underbarrel, this could be done quickly for a rifled solution was required. nowadays, only mortars are loaded from the muzzle. and even then, not all of the majority of guns are loaded from the treasury. so in artillery the back of the barrel is called for loading from the treasury , a special shutter mechanism is needed. back in the
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sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, russian masters came up with prototypes of modern wedge and piston valves, but they were imperfect. in addition, they are extremely difficult to produce at that time. create truly workable systems. it was possible only in the middle of the 19th century. this not only simplified the loading process, but also made it possible to finally move on to novel guns. they were replaced by leading searches; searches were made of soft lead metal; such a projectile was loaded into the treasury and its belt did not reach the rifling of the barrel when the soft metal was fired. crashed into the rifling of the barrel and the projectile began to rotate. solve the problem of recoil that occurs when shooting because of this, they will fire and the aiming line will go astray a simple way to deal with recoil was wooden wedges, which were placed under the wheels of the guns. but
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if the barrel is raised for mounted firing, then the recoil will act not only backwards, but also downwards; in this case, there was a huge load on the gun carriage, which was previously a mortar. it was a gun that fired along a steep trajectory, since the elevation angle of the barrel was very large, the recoil on the carriage was very strong, so the mortar was not even a gun carriage. it was correctly called the mortar machine has always been without wheels, so that the wheel ones do not break in the fall. in 1872, the russian inventor vladimir baranovsky proposed the following solution in his design, the barrel was connected to the carriage by means of a special device that took on the recoil force, a hydropneumatic e, brake, recoil and spring knurled system was developed,
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which is in artillery until today. well, in one form or another, there is, of course, a very much improved one. now, when fired , only the barrel moved, the guns on the gun carriage acted much less, the main part of the gun carriage - it is either motionless or practically does not move back much. this made it possible to avoid such a generally difficult unpleasant procedure as rolling the gun after a shot and the aiming is less confused and the rate of fire increases. the innovation touched on almost everything instead of the banal front sight and rear sight, they began to develop more complex optical guidance devices. for small-caliber ammunition, the projectile and propelling charge began to be combined into a unitary shot, that is, into a single whole by means of metal sleeve. previously, this was done in a semi-handicraft manner with the help of fabric bags, and remote tubes , that is, explosive
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ammunition fuse mechanisms, were also improved. now the projectile could be blown up not only after a certain time, but also upon contact with an obstacle or even slightly deepening into the ground. this was most effective for destroying field shelters, artillery went through a very interesting path. eh, it would seem here for 40-45 years. e just e yes, before that, artillery developed, in general, quite slowly more 500 years, and then suddenly such a breakthrough, but a breakthrough that gave very interesting results. no fees are charged from a tinkoff platinum credit card for transfers; issue a tinkoff platinum credit card in the tinkoff application and transfer money without commission interest. tinkoff
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the french field cannon of the 1897 75 mm model became a different level, the aiming range was 5-6 km, the rate of fire was 15 rounds per minute. for comparison, muzzle-loading guns in a minute could fire one at best two shots all countries of the world began to invent such a weapon and it was very scary to accept some kind of, well, crude design, which i would have to urgently redo it or even remove it from service, but in russia, the sixties and seventies of the xix - this is with rifles. it turned out such a story when five samples of rifles in a row received new weapons and spent a lot of money on their alteration. therefore,
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they took a rather long pause in russia. in the russian army, a tool similar to the french one appeared in 1902; it was created at the putilov plant in st. petersburg. the gun had a caliber of 76.2 mm, or in units of measurement of those years, three inches the firing range and rate of fire of the russian three -inch was comparable to the french cannon in the firing position was 1.100 kg marching, that is, together with the two-wheeled limber in which the shells were located. 1.850 kg. the guns were transported by six horses. the main purpose of field guns was then considered to be the fight against enemy manpower , therefore the main and at first the only projectile. for such guns, there was shrapnel inside a shrapnel projectile. there were several hundred remotes before the shot at fuses set the response time.
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it was calculated based on the distance to the enemy. the explosion of the projectile took place in the air and the hail bullet fell on the enemy. it was an extremely effective weapon for destroying enemy infantry and cavalry in open areas. at the same time, the french believed that if you put the phone on impact, that is, you could turn off the remote function and make it explode when it hit an obstacle. she will have a rather large landmine for fragmentation. that is to destroy something around them and they decided to carry out the idea of a single caliber and a single projectile. the idea is very attractive. that is, in all of our field artillery, we have one cannon, and the supply of ammunition to it is facilitated. everything is unified. so, in addition, the french believed that artillery should be in the combat formations of the infantry in order, well, to morally support the infantry, and not stay somewhere behind and fire. there, over the head of the infantry in all armies, including the
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russian one, they also adhered to this concept three inch gun. it was just being developed as a very maneuverable such a light model of a gun that can be rolled by the forces of the calculation behind the chains of its infantry and suppressing enemy firing points or those suitable for the reserve with their fire. the three-inch received a baptism of fire during the russo-japanese war of 1904-1905. and then the first unpleasant bell sounded, at that time the gun did not yet have an armor shield. her calculation was not covered from bullets and shrapnel. the russian-japanese war showed that artillery is knocked out in combat orders of infantry instantly, because the enemy infantry. immediately begins to shoot port-lists. you understand that an enemy gun is a more dangerous enemy than enemy infantry, plus enemy artillery also hits our guns, and thus the gunners very quickly turn out to be earlier or
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damaged guns killed. in 1906, at the highest order of emperor nicholas ii, an armored shield was installed on a three-inch gun. but even with a shield , it was dangerous to constantly keep the gun in the front line, so the gunners began to learn shoot from closed positions, that is, from those that were out of direct line of sight of the enemy, for example, because of the hills. the target is plotted on the map to it, the distance is determined, it is taken into account that the barrel is in front of the target, the appropriate elevation angle for the projectile to fly exactly there to the barrel, the appropriate direction is given , landmarks are actively used, some for shooting. there are trees and when the gunner must calculate the aiming so that, without seeing the target, her to get. to record the results of firing and
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make the necessary adjustments, they began to use remote command posts, from which enemy positions were visible in turn. e, raised the question of the connection between the command of the observation post and the artillery position, but also because the telephone was very expensive and the telephone came into widespread use by the troops, only in the first world war. i had to invent some other means of communication and therefore the gunners were supplied, for example, with a heliograph. uh, the heliograph is a system of mirrors that allowed sending sunbeams to a bunny in a certain direction and transmitting this or that message in morse code with such solar flares or signal lights or flags? to adjust the fire , they attracted, and over time, airplanes, the famous russian pilot, the founder of aerobatics, pyotr nesterov, at the beginning of his military career, was an artilleryman and in 1910 participated
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in experiments on the interaction of aircraft and artillery, he rose into the sky on an aerostat corrected the fire with his participation, a system of short written messages was developed, which were dropped to the ground. another disappointing conclusion drawn from the results of the russo-japanese war concerned the concept of using only one type of ammunition - a three-inch shrapnel projectile was practically useless if the enemy infantry was behind some kind of shelter, that is, the japanese occupied a chinese village there and took refuge in houses. russian artillery. it fires, and the shells eh, yes, they hit these houses, they make a hole in the wall explode, but do not destroy these houses. not to mention the solid stone buildings of european villages. well, actually the war in the west. we also planned to say so and prepared for it. to destroy shelters, high-explosive shells with explosives inside, or as they
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were also called grenades, were needed. that is why obsolete guns that had such ammunition were valued in the russo-japanese war. after the war, conclusions were made and in 1908, in the arsenal of three-inch, along with shrapnel, appeared and explosive projectiles. in addition, the concept of a single gun for field artillery collapsed, not guns were better suited for firing from closed positions, but howitzers and mortars for mounted fire, their barrels could be raised higher than that of guns and, accordingly, it was more convenient to shoot. through the obstacle, the hinged trajectory was also more effective for firing at low field mounts partially hidden in the ground until the first world war, howitzers of modern designs, light caliber, were adopted by the russian army. 122 mm, and heavy caliber, 152 mm, their high-explosive shells were much more powerful than those of three inches.
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in addition, the three-inch in field artillery was supplemented by a heavy gun, caliber, 107 mm, its maximum firing range. almost twice as many as 12 km, and in her shrapnel projectile was placed 2,5 times more bullets 600 , a high-explosive projectile was also somewhat more powerful. true, all the new guns were of foreign origin. they were only mass-produced at domestic factories. at the same time, in a limited amount, it must be remembered that that russia at the beginning of the 20th century. it was not the industrial power that the soviet union became by the end of the thirties, and many questions about why pre-revolutionary russia was not there , this answer to this is very simple, because there was not enough production capacity, or there was not enough powerful of an engineering school that could solve these issues, certain conclusions were drawn by
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the cardinal concept of the use of artillery, on the eve of the first world war everything had not changed guns, light guns prevailed over notes heavy projectiles. so in the ammunition load of the three- piece, there were six times more shrapna than a grenade. a similar state of affairs remained in other armies of the world. the concept of using artillery in a future war was very simple. the war would be maneuverable . short, and therefore, first of all, artillery, it was necessary to water it lightly. everything was very clear , very simple, but the war made its own very serious adjustments. world war i began on july 28, 1914 . this is not to say that light weapons were not useful at all in open areas. shrapnel projectiles. they did huge damage. the
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manpower of the enemy for this russian three-inch gun. even called the scythe of death, it was the successful actions of artillery that largely led to the development of a maneuver war into a position. and for a long time they sinned against the machine gun as the beginning of a positional war, that supposedly here a huge number of machine guns paralyzed the infantry, but if we look at the number of machine guns in 1914, we will see that there were two machine guns per battalion. this, well, is negligible and the machine guns did not the fourteenth year of another decisive influence on the tactical picture of the battle. this effect was exerted by artillery, failing to achieve a quick victory, the opposing sides began to dig into the ground and create impregnable lines. the defense war dragged on and all pre-war concepts collapsed literally before our eyes. the first serious problem was the lack of ammunition in this puddle
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, everyone sat down, using the example of warriors of different late 19th and early 20th centuries in different european armies, they came to the conclusion that for a year of the war they lay down for one. enough rudy thousands of shells, and suddenly it turns out that in the first three or four months of the war each used up almost 4,000 shells. and here the so -called shell hunger begins another key problem. the inability of light field guns to cope with powerful lines of fortifications. it was necessary to urgently increase the number of howitzers and guns of a larger caliber in the troops, at first they were not enough in all the warring armies for artillery preparation. they often attracted moral, physically obsolete tools created in the second half of the 19th century, but even where it was possible to collect a sufficient number of heavy guns and carry out
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artillery preparation before the offensive. this still did not guarantee success. it turned out that artillery cannot destroy all enemy infantrymen, artillery cannot destroy all the trenches, and it certainly came to life during the attack. any one machine gun, any group of shooters, and it slowed down the advance of the attacking infantry, and in the meantime, the defender built new lines in his rear. during the first world war , hand grenades became widespread, with their with help, it was possible to make a passage in the rows of barbed wire, destroy light defensive fortifications, suppress a firing point at the beginning of the war, when there was a shortage of industrial -made grenades. often used homemade they were made. in the field, a soldier could throw a grenade from improvised means at a distance of 30-35. m well-trained fighters threw further, but this was not always enough, there was not enough hand grenade and power. and then the attacking
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infantry again needed the help of artillery, which is very difficult in the rear, because the opposing sides are at a small distance from each other, that is, the trenches were sometimes located, here from 50 to 100 m from each other there are rarely several hundred meters, and often just an emphasis, the slightest mistake of the artillerymen will lead to the fact that his artistic projectile will fall into his own trenches. his own position to hook his troops was minimal, there was a problem of issuing the correct target indication. if the battery is two kilometers away infantry in the rear attacks, uh, well, telephone communication, it is very difficult to pull just behind the attacking infantry, as the infantry will report that they need to suppress a particular machine gun, especially since this machine gun. more had to be specified. now, if there were a gun in the battle formations, you could simply point your finger at this machine gun. it would be visible and could be given as a
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gift. to support the advancing infantry , ultralights were needed. preferably even collapsible guns that could be relatively easily moved around the battlefield, outstanding range shooting, they did not need a maximum of kilometers. russian 37 mm cannon of the rosenberg system, one of the representatives of this class of guns, the rosenberg cannon was intended for direct fire at machine guns and loopholes with a narrow hole in defensive structures or recesses in a trench for conducting mounted shooting at short distances, they began to use bombers and mortars, in fact. it was the same term bombomet implied that the explosive ammunition of the bund was used, the word mortar appeared in russian language during the russo-japanese war. in 1904 , captain of the russian army leonid gabyata designed a small gun with explosive
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ammunition. pole sea mines in the fleet at the end of the 19th century served for him. they were used on small ships to attack the enemy. as a result, in russian terminology. only the word mortar remained, but the main thing, of course, was not in the name, and in the mounted method of firing from this weapon in some languages, they didn’t come up with a special term at all, continuing to use the already familiar mortar. in many ways, mortar bombers were the development of small mortars, which were used back in the days of the smooth-bore dooley on charging artillery, and at the beginning of the first world war , just such ancient guns were often used, including the russian armies. by the end of the first year of the war , new designs began to appear. so in the russian army, under the leadership of the captain, lichonin , a mortar was developed that fired quite impressive in size over caliber ammunition, their diameter was larger than the diameter of the barrel
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and a small pole at the tail of the projectile was used for loading. another rud was designed by a lieutenant, his vasilevsky bomb bomber could shoot at half a kilometer, the gun had a small wheeled carriage and was freely transported across the battlefield by one person. the infantry of all armies quickly appreciated the merits of mortars. they could be used directly and digging, and along a hinged trajectory it was more convenient to throw shells into trenches, opponents and recognized culinary masters, after testing the products, bakhiev takes off his hats and congratulates on the award for excellent taste bad makes your dishes tastier new series, but i don’t understand your lies, what should i do if you don’t let me do
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participate in an international competition of authors and who knows, perhaps your song will be appreciated by the best producers, and your favorite idols will perform. we call the author on stage this is your debut. number of artillery pieces in all armies in the second half of the war, the density of artillery increased continuously in the breakthrough areas, reaching 150-200 gun kilometers of the front. it was even more than at the beginning of world war ii, it was necessary to hit the enemy defenses to their entire depth, that is, to a depth, but 5-6 km for sure. and it would also be nice to hit the enemy artery, which stood in the depths of the reverse enemy warehouses of the supply route to study the upcoming battle site and increasingly began to attract aircraft. if before the war it was rather experimental
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nature, now a detailless aerial reconnaissance was indispensable, in addition to visual observation, they began to use aerial photography , technical progress made it possible to use aviation and radio communications on these newsreel frames, a french aerial observer. is the instruction transmitted to the gunners using morse code, it began to cause a lot of trouble to all the opposing sides, plus bombers appeared with an air enemy, only artillery could get them. in the russian army to fight aircraft first light field guns were used, they were mounted on swivel pedestals, which made it possible to point the barrel up and rotate the gun 360 °. .
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the weakest point of this entire system was the bulky construction of the pedestals, so special anti-aircraft guns began to be created next. one of the first was the russian cannon designed by the engineer-lander and the captain of the tarnovsky catharody , mounted on a special carriage, which allowed e, to point at high elevation angles. and secondly, which is very important. this tool had wedge semi-automatic shutter, which automatically closed after loading. this greatly increased the rate of fire of the gun. well, it allowed the intensity of shooting at positive targets. in total, during the years of the first world war, 250 anti-aircraft batteries were formed in the russian army, 30 of them were equipped with guns, the rest of the tarnovsky lander were armed with guns mounted on machine tools. literally in 2 years of the war, artillery was transformed, ultra-light trench guns, anti-aircraft guns appeared,
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light. field artillery. the maneuverable nature of the war was needed, for example, when it was necessary to repel an attack by enemy infantry, but where the fighting took on a protracted positional character. large -caliber guns came out in the first role, their number in all the armies of the world was constantly growing, and at a faster rate than light guns. the most massive was the caliber of 150-155 mm. he made it possible to make the gun powerful enough, but not very heavy, but the mass of the projectile, well, 50 kg. approximately like this. she was not enough to destroy. well, let's say reinforced concrete defensive structures, so i had to make more powerful guns and the eight-inch caliber was quite widespread. that is, these 203 mm audis could still stand on their own wheels, but this was not enough and 250-300 mm guns were used.
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