light field artillery was needed for the maneuverable nature of the war, for example, when it was necessary to repel an attack by enemy infantry, but where the fighting took on a protracted positional character. large -caliber guns came out in the first role, their number in all the armies of the world was constantly growing, and at a faster rate than light guns. the most massive was the caliber of 150-155 mm. he made it possible to make the gun powerful enough, but not very heavy, but the mass of the projectile, well, 50 kg. approximately like this. it was n't enough to destroy. well let's say reinforced concrete defensive structures, so i had to make more powerful guns and the eight-inch caliber was quite widespread. that is 203 mm. these audis could still stand on their own wheels, but this was not enough, and 250-300 mm guns were used. super-heavy guns for

transportation to new positions had to be disassembled into several parts and then reassembled, the procedure was extremely time-consuming , narrow-gauge railway lines were laid for them to transport shells - it was a huge operation by her own. and by the way, this made it very difficult to covertly prepare an offensive, because it was almost impossible to install such guns imperceptibly; the rate of fire of heavy guns was low 4-5 rounds per minute ; , but the effort was worth the artillery, it gained almost enormous, decisive importance on the field in certain sectors of the front, up to a million shells were spent in a week. fire heavy guns caused huge losses and had a negative effect on the morale of enemy soldiers. in

the russian army, the basis of the heavy artillery park was still made up of foreign guns, in addition to the french and german ones , english ones also began to be used; a rare exception was the 305 mm howitzer, manufactured in 1915 at the obukhov plant, its projectile weighed 370 kg, of which 70 accounted for on explosives, when it was detonated, a deep funnel with a diameter of up to 10 m was formed. at the same time, there were no more than three dozen such howitzers in foreign armies of similar guns was also a slightly different matter, that in general, in terms of the number of heavy artillery, the russian army was inferior to both the allies and germany per kilometer of the front. she had almost 10 times less heavy guns than on the western front, the french, british and germans. we often. the germans descended in the skill of shooting.

this is a fact that the germans themselves recognize the number of light guns, we pulled up, that is, here we caught up with the germans somewhere in some areas in certain moments. we even began to outperform, and in howitzer artillery in heavy artillery. we lagged behind the germans and austrians until the end of the first world war. it helped in part that the enemy sent his best forces and reserves not to the russian front, but to france, but this did not benefit the general confrontation, taking troops from russia, the germans increased pressure on the british and french so at the beginning of the sixteenth year of the german army. it was possible to create a local numerical superiority near verdun and in february the germans went on the offensive. they were able to move forward 3-4 km and the commander-in-chief of the french army was forced to turn to the russian command with a request to inflict a distracting blow on the enemy. this was

done and the germans did not dare to take further reserves from the eastern front. and already for the summer, the allies of the pantheon. we agreed on a common strategic offensive in all theaters of operations, the french, the british, the belgians in the west, the italians in the south, and, finally, the russian army planned a large-scale offensive against german and austrian positions in the east. according to the headquarters plan, all three russian fronts were to be struck. the northern one, under the command of general kuropatkin western general everte, and the southwestern general brusilov, planned the offensive for the end of june 1916, but the italians asked for the timing to be postponed. whose positions began to crumble under the pressure of the austrian army, only brusilov expressed his readiness to advance ahead of time, his troops opposed the austrians, but since initially this direction was considered secondary, that is, all russian fronts. here was the least

human reserves and heavy artillery, in order to achieve success, the front headquarters, developed a daring plan later abandoned, i recalled that i was ordered to prepare bridgeheads for an attack on any one sector along the entire front. all those entrusted to me by the army. so that the enemy could not guess where he would be attacked and could not assemble a strong military group to counter. brusilov approached this task creatively and he decides to strike not one main blow, but four blows with the forces of each of the armies of his front. that is, it would seem that this contradicted the basic principle of military art, the principle of concentration of forces. the heart of artillery played a decisive role at the initial stage of the offensive, it had to destroy the main fortifications and inflict maximum damage. living efforts of the enemy, but since there were not enough heavy guns, it was necessary to increase efficiency. their fire positions of the enemy were thoroughly studied

; aerial photography was massively used; all artillery batteries were recorded to the maximum ; opponents. everything, damn it, even this entire enemy defense structure. she was supposed to be as depressed as possible, and here thanks, first of all, to the inspector of artillery, to the general of the eighth army. mikhail vasilievich khanzhin, a brilliant artilleryman, he superbly prepared for artillery preparation. well, in the area of ​​​​the eighth army, first of all, it dealt the main blow to the offensive of the troops of the southwestern front, it began on june 4 with many hours of artillery preparation. threw reminiscing must admit that everywhere is ours the artillery attack was a complete success for the most part. passages were made in sufficient quantity and thoroughly, while the first fortified strip, completely with metals and together

with its defenders, turned into a heap. yes , debris and torn cases at the end of the week, the eighth army, which was advancing in the direction of lutsk, advanced 40-50 km and continued to rush forward. the austrian command could not understand where the russian troops were striking, the main one, in turn, scattered their reserves. and in some moment, the russian troops managed to reach a clean breakthrough. that is, it was possible to advance so far into the rear of the austrian troops that they were under the threat of encirclement and were forced to retreat along the entire front, the result was the advance of the russian army by 150 km. the war was moving into its final phase and the balance of power was more and more inclined in favor of the entente, but the fate of russia was decided not only on the battlefield. in the seventeenth year, political upheavals began in the country, which led to the collapse of the russian empire, the bolshevik government concluded

peace treaty with germany and withdrew from the war. the first world war brought military art to a new level, including artillery, it became clear to everyone that it was necessary to saturate the troops with howitzers and heavy guns to develop an ultra-light and anti-aircraft artery. in addition, in the second half of the war , tanks appeared on the battlefield until their armor was too strong and large- caliber machine guns were enough to fight them, but it was obvious that in the future armored vehicles would also become priority targets for artillery pieces, as history has shown, in order to draw the right conclusions and prepare for a new big war, the world will have only 20 years. artefans li dc movie or us featuring blue-plus represent electricity company rome sophie julia braceher

i want to be an actress, not a fashion model. it's all in the past, but i have a new future and i hope to be an actress before i hit 90, she 's too tall.

on this unusual day, the actress played her most significant role, far from the image of a sex bomb. sophie sings a song full of love and personal experiences sophie deeply loved the only woman in her mother, a mother who, with the last of her strength, raised two daughters alone. here, in kisses 25 km from

naples, her mother ramilda was called rogatsa, madre, a single mother. small consolation for the girl is another blow for her mother. after all, this thin graceful blonde dreamed of becoming an actress. this film where she played the only embodiment of her dreams dream died, unborn in a small southern town sophie grew up amidst poverty and constant ridicule at school she was teased by sophie the bastard daughter of the walkers without fatherhood is the strongest.

the mother also had the figure of a teenage girl. she suddenly changed became a beauty. and let ramilda fail. sophie entered her first beauty pageant wearing a dress made from an old curtain as a prize. she got a train ticket. in rome, this was enough for the mother to believe in the fate of her daughter. ramilda

holds her hand tightly. revenge your sophie for her and cure, chita or nothing. two neapolitan women in this huge cinema city are almost like in a hollywood dream. for months they are every day they trample 60 hectares in the studio, they audition and often fall asleep hungry. girls from behind the scenes she watches as her daughter smokes a cigarette for the first time. despite romilda's prayer, sophie

failed the audition. but the young girl works with the ardor of an early school dropout and finally gets her chance. photo for comics on newsstands sophie's face has appeared in dozens of comics. take me with you. she works so hard that she becomes an expert in facial expressions with an open mouth expressing surprise, wide eyes of fear, a wrinkled forehead of anguish. to help to help thanks to this sophie earns a living for her mother and sister gradually. she becomes the head of the family in place

of her absent father. on the streets of rome, three slender southern women pose in matching black skirts like three movie stars. motor you need them, are you sure? if you want, take, take these letters. so they think, he wanted to be together, you think he loved me, he alone knows this, but i don’t care, he wrote me two or three letters a day. but i didn't answer him. come on, read, read, make sure i've been faithful to you, but don't be too proud, because i can't do this anymore. i remind you that the camera zooms out after 2 seconds. the cameramen didn't know how to shoot her profile after 2 seconds from the start.

sophia chocolano became sophia loren to make it easier for the director. remember her last name. at 18, she played her first roles. same

train, same hour. you wanted to check whether i left or not? what a pity dear? karla and sophie are now

inseparable after many months of siege the girl succumbed to the charms of a married man her mother worries advises demands, but it's useless sophie is in love. in italy, conservative customs and roman should be secret, meanwhile, ramilda jealously follows the career of her treasure. which world is still to conquer the screen is the mistress of attilla the hun, the queen of cleopatra. for three neapolitans now i am like a mother to my sister, they call me.

sophia loren is a charming twenty-year-old girl , she is both beautiful and smart, it is very difficult to find calmly. this combination almost never occurs, but in older people she is smart and very beautiful played. i have a girl from a pizzeria much older leads sophia reveals the depth of her talent. one of the most famous italian actors and the leading director of neo-realism at that moment, he was equally successful in

filming a comedy. sophie won him over with her unique temperament. after all, any of her reactions, joy anger laughter, overly charming. stu in the film, the gold of naples before sica made her a broken-down pisaiolla girl in a stained apron who kneads pizza dough. today i ate, you pay in a week, take a pizza. sophia loren, in

her naples, did not seem to leave from there in rome at the repair studio. she's one of the many starlets here she is the queen. you don't need skill lessons, the dasika tells her trust your memory. her heroine is an almost emancipated woman, she opens her legs, her neck shamelessly cheats on her husband and attracts the admiring glances of men. and the second photo comics magazine covers everywhere buxom girls in fashion were actresses figure skaters from forms italian marilyn in this battle of the neckline on the

pages of magazines, gina lola brigida and sophie are considered rivals for the last gina, the main competitor lola as she is called it has already become a movie star, nothing raises the ratings of the press like a war, actresses what happened? and how did you achieve this you said to yourself in the fifty- fourth year. i have been going to success for so many years and decided to strangle my rivals in one and the same classes. how did you become sophia loren did you have a plan? yes, i will not deny, but i have a principle. i write it in capital letters. never rest on your laurels in 1955 sophie beat gina for the first time,

replacing her in the comedy series bread love and despite the change in actress, the third film was a great success for the audience, moreover, it produced the effect of a real bomb. this time, vitoria, yes, sika was not behind the camera, he was a partner of sophia

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that evening, she catches not only the admiring glances of men, but also the contemptuous expression of a neighbor. she does not like this holiday, she is the only one carla is not around. the lovers are united not just by a banal

connection, but the producer could not get a divorce in italy in the fifties, divorce is still forbidden by the church. ponti seems to find a way out. america there thinks he they will live together freely. plus, you need to win hollywood what a pity that americans love sophia so much hollywood takes away with tears at the airport a woman in tears does not open her arms, the last caress at parting. they say goodbye blonde and brunette mother and daughter. giving everything and winning.

guess who i'm all wearing. 1957 sophia loren appeared on the screen of american television and we will begin. have you acted in films? yes you came to new york

to act in films? yes, you are english ms. francis will try to guess since you came here to shoot, maybe you should say si and not yes sophia loren far from her mother felt freedom for the first time. next to ponti, she seems to be married. here

hey, na-na-nama next to frank senatra and car grant, sophie began

to conquer america. but before filming, the famous cary grand doubted the young actress. another italian in hollywood explosions are dangerous. i confused her with a genie. but the jokes quickly ended. very soon after the start of filming, harry proposed his hand and heart to sophia as soon as he divorced. she is not this waited. loving two at once and not being able to choose. she kept saying that carla

was married to a good nin family and would not leave her family. and what can she say about kerry, because she does not know english? i wanted to die more than once. you will not die in the middle of the desert, you will get up and walk like a man. as a woman, she played nothing outstanding, she did not feel sorry for herself, sometimes she was naughty, but she was always about a student.

hollywood didn't accept her the way the studios tried to change her to make her like everyone else. hollywood reception in honor of acquaintance with italian movie star sophia loren sophia has accepted the rules of the game, but luckily, grant always has harry cooper and george raft next to the guests of honor. what reception what girl?

she played with fire, dancing skyrigrant and basking in the adoration of carl the father of the family against the hollywood gentleman. karla knew all about this affair, saving their secret weapon from their battle with the kara grant, having received a divorce from his wife. he will be able to marry carl's lawyer's legal tricks, they got him a divorce in a mexico city court and immediately married carl and sophie through proxies, do you take señor ponti orlo b as your wife, chocolate sophie present here yes and you, señora chocolani sophie,

do you take señor ponti carlo as your husband yes, i pronounce you husband and wife, be happy. but she won, and she is legally married and has a worthy surname. a few days later, here is the irony of the movie

but the happiness did not last long. a month after his marriage, the vatican accused charles of double marriage, and sophie of adultery. as soon as everything was settled, sophie's personal life is again under attack. and here she got a nomination at the festival in venice the festival gave her not just consolation sophie became the best actress for shooting in the black orchid whether the vatican liked it or not, but the italian returned to her homeland in the rays of glory. sophia loren was declared the actress of the year at the venice film festival for her brilliant performance as the rose of a woman who recognized the collapse of love and decided that she was not worthy of a second chance at happiness. you know what he said, compared you to a black orchid, stop pimping. tell

him to find someone who doesn't have a murdered husband and hardworking son, who has at least a piece of his heart left. and in the movies and in life, sophie always tries to keep her face after the accusation of the vatican by the couple's lawyer, their marriage had to be annulled again , sophie's illegal wife will survive this humiliation. what is the share of luck in the life of a movie star and what is the share of work for you luck is important when you are successful everyone talks about luck, but i know that everything i have achieved in my career. i owe it to the fact that i worked very hard. i worked to learn a trade, i worked to learn the languages i didn’t know, for example, english, i worked in america , believe me everything that i have, i deserved it, because i

worked a lot for this. yes, maybe sometimes i was lucky, but i was well prepared in order not to miss my luck. for 6 years, sophie starred in hollywood in more than a dozen films. she is already in the status of a star, but not yet, roles that will make her a legend you still have plans to work in america or in england yes, i'm going to shoot in america, it will be in new york, and then i'm going to shoot in italy, this film will be called chara perhaps will play there. anna magnani. in the film chara, sophie was offered a supporting role as the daughter of the great anna magnani. the first italian woman to win an oscar, but manya didn't refuse to play with someone who surpassed her in height and perhaps talent.

fade away, but the director of this film was her friend vitoriu, da sika. he insisted on taking sophia loren in the title role. he alone knew how foolish sophie lived in poverty, the omnipresent ramilda, full of joy. at 26, sophie replaced anna magnani. in chichara, sophie plays a woman 10 years older who dispossessed by the war and, together with her daughter, were raped by soldiers. on the set, dashika does not give the actress a minute of rest and sophie repeats before each episode

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ice palace in kaluga, the real rise and the real fall of passion, the real support of hundreds of sports complexes across the country, where real future champions are born, the national project of russia is what is important here and now 1960. vitoria told foreign journalists. be

sure sophie is happier in the local outback than on the chic hollywood willy, you need to know sophie. and i know her. this is a tragicomedy film. i would like to emphasize that this chichara may seem like a heavy, gloomy film, the main character experienced the most terrible tragedy that a mother can have, but she is a woman from the people, and she has everything camism and drama and spontaneity. despite his admiration for sophia, da sica regretted her skills acquired in america. he needs a week for me to wean her from them. the main thing i try to achieve is that she does not paint them too much. sophia loren you were

time, are you carlo pante in london how long have you not seen each other for a week? do you often break up because of work? yes, unfortunately, he leaves me all the time. i never leave him. it's terribly hard to find a balance between your professions. no , it's impossible, but sometimes it's usually the producer's husband who makes films for his wife.

on the way to can next to ponte. she is sure that she has glory ahead. now you are at the top of glory. you are not afraid of the future. i am afraid of the future. do you know how old i am. i am very young. despite her youth, she's loud now name. 1961 on the stage of the palace the

most beautiful female role in the film chuchara a year later? burt lancaster will name the best actress it 's sophia loren greer garzon getting an oscar for sophie i have no words to express how i felt at that moment when i found out i won an oscar i couldn't believe my ears, really, yes, because for the first time in the history of cinema, an italian actress receives an oscar for an italian film. italian journalists caught her in a restaurant celebrating

the victory. here is carla ponte nearby. i think they are still celebrating. here between her mother and vitoria, sophie feels like a girl next to her parents. a family event will slightly overshadow this year of glory with great fanfare maria will marry the son of benito mussolini everything is filmed the figure of a widow-duchi sophia loren's arrival with

obvious awkwardness stands next to ramilda. like all women in the family, my sister dreamed of getting married and taking her husband's surname, whatever it was before the court of history. sophie is sad, her younger sister married before her in paris and regain her youth anxiety away her image takes over, she again

the same lauren a living legend, the embodiment of italy, is not an object of desire, not a fatality itself, and much more than a sex symbol. in 1963 sophia koroleva and carla gave her a palace in 50 rooms of villerim, expensive art objects from the collection of the producer pontilen's enterprise at the pinnacle of success. films keep flowing, the fees are getting higher and higher, the partners are hovering around, but they can't

stay close except for one marcello vai, really, that's great. you will be my pillow, just the right thing. but how do i shoot together for almost 40 years have become the longest-playing duo in cinema history. you often go to the cinema quite often what kind of movies

do you like good ones where sophie filumena marturana plays sophie this is really something of an outstanding director.

when we go go with me. well witness at this wedding, vitoria da sica, the director played on the ability of the actress to transform. now a sexy statuette, now a respectable wife, this classic italian comedy denounces the prohibitions imposed on the country by the catholic church. i came to the premiere at the building of the rome opera house together posing freely with sophia loren.

sophie is much better at playing in front of the audience than marchela with this. she also owes the ponte. guess. whose eyes and smile are hidden under this bell-shaped hat decorated with a ribbon. she will captivate photographers, as usual in this light-colored straw hat, she makes sure that she appears in public more often in a favorable light. although the producer controls everything too much and so they recognize his merits, he recognizes all the film actors, absolutely everyone, introduced them to the world. it was ponte who supported and taught kino,

because in their life he had to move to a big apartment new plan to take french citizenship. help when you tell us the date of the wedding everyone always knows. it's a secret. no. why there is no secret, after all, you hide a lot. not at all. this is what you think. are you married or not?

wedding and dream role charlie chaplin returned to the cinema and offered sofia a role in a film with marlon brando.

but chemistry did not happen to sophie as an exemplary student. i was never late, i always knew the role of to the tooth, but brando behaved like a bully, the unbalanced actor also did not get along with chaplin, including the newspaper, times, with restraint accepted the film the countess from hong kong was chaplin's last film. she did not turn around, she was pregnant. after spending some time in tel aviv, i thought that the national sport is food. but how it would look like not kosher is to add finely chopped shrimp, for example, and not only a dish, but my favorite restaurant will no longer be kosher

in the office. everyone is so friendly, everyone loves each other so much, but it happens that someone infuriates those who are in conflict do not get to us. we arrange a thorough interview. you earn everything all by myself, therefore, i share the apartment with a friend, in order to save money, this is some kind of banquet hall. you've got going here, my friends. i have 40,000 bottles of wine, and i did not buy them for beauty. my operator also wants to be your friend the life of others premiere tomorrow at the first treat for the festive table, we are preparing the whole family. and, of course, special attention. we give sauce mayonnaise, mahi, make festive dishes, tastier against pain there is askofen p, an anesthetic with paracetamol at an affordable price and askofen ultra enhanced composition to combat migraine and other types. pain

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