cooperation with russia, china and the countries of central asia, the first official visit after taking office will be made the day after tomorrow to moscow in the saratov region , they are preparing to open a research center for cluster oncology. today , state duma chairman vyacheslav volodin visited him as part of a working trip to his constituency. the medical complex was created on his initiative. now the work is being completed and they are being delivered. the latest equipment. among other things, specialists are restoring modern tomographs, which will allow to carry out comprehensive research, the center will start working from the new year. now residents of the saratov region are forced to travel to other regions for research. oncology is unique in that the only volga federal district can solve the problem of helping not only residents of the saratov region, but also neighboring regions to diagnose the disease at an early stage. we find a year-long day of such opportunities, either go to moscow or tambov for

people. these are long awaited events. today the center has all the necessary not only equipment, but most importantly, a highly qualified medical staff starts today, the final sixth stage of the russian grand prix series in figure skating is the last opportunity to compete for tickets to the finals of a real battle. elizaveta tuktamysheva is coming on the ice with our single skaters, she has already won - she won it in moscow and here she is determined to prove her line of leadership. well, the rival is not a miss of sofya muravyov in moscow, she was the second. and also ksenia sinitsyna, who became the third at the stage in kazan for everyone. in professional complex elements, who the main favorite evgeny semenenko will cope better with the program in men. and for the couples of the olympic medalist anastasia mishina and alexander, watch short skates on channel one today at 16:50 , and tomorrow at 16:30 free and, of course, do not forget about the broadcast site available on one tv.ru. that's all for now. we are following the development

of events, and now on our channel the premiere of god of war is the history of russian artillery. in the late autumn of 1940, semyon timoshenko, people's commissar for defense of the soviet union, was preparing a report. he should have read him at a meeting of the military council in the report. the marshal gave an assessment of the military equipment of foreign states, determined the tasks of the combat training of the red army and drew conclusions about the nature of modern offensive and defensive operations in the way, in the opinion of these machines. the main enemy of the defense was the people's commissar's tank. he specified the tank used in mass. before voicing the report, the people's commissar gave it to stalin for approval, the leader of the party made many notes. far from always agreeing, read in particular in the case. breakthrough defense tanks. he placed second in the third, he had short -range front-line aircraft, and he gave primacy to artillery, stalin especially emphasized. that it is precisely in the

close interaction of these three components that the overall success of the offensive lies. in europe, hostilities were already underway, germany captured a number of countries with a premonition of a big war from the soviet leadership on rostov, in order to meet the enemy fully armed, it was necessary to have a modern army and artillery, according to stalin, played a key role in this. early forties artillery structure ground forces of the red army, in many respects it has already developed organizationally, it was subdivided into military corps and artillery, the reserve of the main

command. the principle was as follows. the higher in rank were the military units and formations, the more powerful the guns. they were relied on. military artillery was the most numerous; it was part of the rifle tank or mechanized division, for example, a rifle division. it had three rifle regiments, which were divided into battalions and companies. in these divisions. mortars or long-range light guns were used, firing was not required of them. the main thing is that the guns have a relatively small mass and can move around the battlefield by the forces of their calculations. in addition, each rifle division included two artillery regiments armed with divisional cannons and howitzers, the guns of this link required an optimal combination of firepower and good mobility. their main purpose is the fight against manpower, equipment and field shelters. same

in the rifle division there were anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery battalions. a total of pre-war states. the rifle division was supposed to have 144 guns and 150 mm. the divisions were part of larger formations of the corps of the corps formed armies. the corps artillery guns were more powerful than you rocks, therefore, they were heavier and less mobile, they were intended to fight artillery with distant targets and with strong defensive structures, and finally artillery, the reserve of the main command was armed yet larger guns. it was a means of reinforcement, which they planned to involve in special cases, for example, during strategic offensive operations. according to this entire structure, the red army needed to have about a dozen different types of guns and mortars in service. at the same time, the total number of the

artillery park was approaching 100,000 barrels, but even 10-12 years ago there was almost nothing from this list. as a legacy from the tsarist army, the young country of the soviets inherited a few and rather worn out during the first world war, the artillery arsenal could not be quickly put in order, because after the political upheavals in the country, the collapse of the industry began, there were problems with repairing it and with the total quantity, therefore, when russia left the war, then, let's just say there was artillery, but it was disheveled and of some kind of serious shock force. she probably did not represent the scarcity of artillery during the civil war, did not greatly affect the actions of the red army since the white guards did not fare better with it and, in general, the nature of the operations carried out was radically different from the positional battles of the first world war in which artillery acquired

a decisive role, but for the future the bolsheviks needed an effective army to protect their conquests, at first they had to rely only on what they got. in the twenties, the main weapon of the sts was a three-inch model of 1902, but plus a large number of french and english guns, both purchased in the first world war and and captured during the civil war killed a small number of german captured guns, but it was quite insignificant , there were more austrian captured guns, but they were so technically imperfect, as a rule, that they were sent for scrap. and well, since the military budget was very weak, it was necessary to reduce the personnel and technical staff. to design new guns, a modern technical base and an experienced design school were needed,

and there were problems with both, if before the beginning of xx century russia was one of the leaders in the design of artillery systems, then by the beginning of the first world war, the accumulated experience was lost at that time, almost all large-caliber guns in the russian army were of foreign origin. after the seventeenth year, the situation it only got worse in our country, first of all, the artillery factories and, in addition, the engineering personnel suffered greatly from the devastation. someone was shot, someone emigrated. the only hope was for military specialists who let's say they served in the main artillery department or taught at the mikhailovskaya artillery academy, because many remained e. in soviet russia, on december 17, 1918, an organization was created in petrograd, which was supposed to

deal with a variety of issues related to artillery, including the design of new guns. it was called the commission for special artillery experiments, abbreviated obliquely. the commission included the designers of artillery pieces mikhail rozenberg franz leder, the designer of ammunition and fuses vladimir dultovsky, led kosortopa, former head of the main artillery range, lieutenant general, russian imperial army vasily trofimov they tried to develop domestic traditions in the design of artillery, but ran into two obstacles. this activity, firstly, there was little money, but this is generally a very important obstacle in all areas of human life, and secondly, the experience of russian artillery did not include. the most valuable period of the first world war was the eighteenth year of the western front, well, acquaintance with modern

european samples were not enough, because soviet artists were not allowed. so especially to get acquainted with french or english or american models in the twenties. mower engineers. top designed a number of experimental guns for military artillery, small howitzers, mortars, anti-tank guns even developed self-propelled guns. these were interesting specimens. uh, a small caterpillar cart on which a light gun was mounted and it was assumed that this design could accompany the infantry in battle, the soldier would not have to to drag it on yourself, but it was curious, but such a weapon was, of course, very vulnerable to fragments. it was not booked. well, and in addition, it was too expensive and complicated for the soviet industry of that time. most of the systems developed by the commissions were either not accepted into service due to low combat qualities or were produced in very small

experimental batches, the only exception was the regimental gun of the 1927 model of the 76.2 mm caliber. or, as the troops called it bobik, this system is very interesting, but at least the reason that it is e. the first soviet gun, which was developed by soviet designers and put into mass production, and it was in great demand and this gun had a whole range of ammunition and fragmentation shrapnel, and, uh, the gun was quite light, when in particular there were replaced wheels from wooden to metal tires increased the speed of transportation. the regimental cannon of the twenty-seventh model was produced in an impressive circulation of 18,000 pieces, and

most of it fell on the first half of the great fatherland in the german army, the closest analogue was a seventy-five-millimeter infantry gun, also developed in the twenty-seventh year in a combat position, it weighed 440 kg, that is , two times less than the soviet one and, accordingly , was more mobile, but at the same time firing range. he had a smaller conceptual difference between these guns was the maximum possible angle. lifting the barrel of a soviet gun. it was 25 degrees. the german has 70 years for the germans. this made it possible to shoot along a steep hinged trajectory. and an advantage when firing at targets behind cover. as they say in this case, the gun had pronounced howitzer or even mortar properties in a certain sense. there was an opportunity that, well, either compensated for or replaced the lack of troops or

mortars in specific firing positions. that is, this public, located directly in the infantry chain, could fire, both relatively violently at machine-gun nests, and, for example, if some target appeared behind cover, it could raise the barrel up to a large angle and get the enemy with his projectile. this gun is much more versatile than our 27th model regimental cannon. it would seem a plus, but with an emphasis on howitzer properties, the germans sacrificed purely cannon characteristics, rate of fire, direct shot range, armor-piercing because of this, the german gun could less effectively deal with armored vehicles. although it must be taken into account that at the end of the twentieth years, the armor of tanks was not yet so powerful. yes, and the role of tanks on the field, the battle was while the experience of the first world war during the second world war was much more important for the germans . uh, in

field artillery it is on a howitzer, that is, for e destruction, first of all, fortifications to defeat enemy manpower, either in trenches or in some kind of tree-earth structures. here, and everything else. these are already separate issues of anti-tank artillery and anti-aircraft artillery. they weren’t there, let’s say, crushed by the experience of the first world war in the ussr, they thought with a jar to arm with weapons similar to the german infantry, but in the end, for the artillery units of the rifle regiments, they settled on this option to use cannons for a mounted mortar to conduct flat shooting, as it were nor was it, but at the end of the twenties, preparations for a new big war. it was just beginning. in addition, not only and not so much these weapons determined the entire appearance in the television series. in may 1929, the ussr adopted

the first system of artillery weapons of the workers 'and peasants' red army this document regulated the development of artillery in the coming years, since the capabilities of soviet industry were very limited, for a start it was decided to modernize the guns of the times of the first world war, they improved the lifting mechanisms. is it easier for gun carriages to put new sights and replace the barrels. this gave an increase in range, e gave an increase in power, because the amount of explosive was added to the e-a number of ammunition. it was the first step in development of soviet artillery. that is, what we were actually able to do, based on the economic situation in the country. one of the main shortcomings.

guns. still, their gun carriages were one beam, what? according to the aiming of the gun in a horizontal plane with this design, if the angle of rotation of the barrel is large, then the gun can roll over when fired, therefore, to aim at large angles, it was necessary to deploy it entirely to increase the stability of the gun, a carriage with sliding beds was needed and the next step there was the creation of new models of artistic weapons, but almost immediately it became obvious that their own forces were not enough for this and it was necessary to use foreign experience of the practice. for those years, the usual way when designing tanks used british developments in artillery turned to the germans. after the first world war, germany, just like the soviet union, found itself in the unenviable position of it, as the losing side was forbidden by the terms of the peace treaty to develop and produce tanks combat aircraft in the entire army was allowed

to have no more than 4 hundred guns in the thirty-third year, when the nazis came to power in germany, all these restrictions were dropped. and before that, the germans tried to maintain their scientific, technical and military potential in various ways in aviation by designing civil aircraft. moreover, already in the mid-twenties, many of them were developed taking into account their future military use, for example, passenger aircraft were to be transformed into bombers. tanks were developed under the guise of tractors, artillery production was partially withdrawn abroad. disney interaction was established from the soviet union. cooperation between the countries began in the spring of 22 years after the signing of the rapala treaty by the soviet union and germany - these were at that time in the twenties. uh, two outcast countries with which no one else wanted to be friends, so they were friends with each other and this

cooperation is soviet-german. it was mutually beneficial, because the german designers taught our designers and helped us develop our heavy industry. e, including artillery and tank production. and we gave the german designers the opportunity to develop new artillery systems in our country and often start producing them in our country. in 1930, the soviet union entered into a secret agreement with the bust firm. it was a front organization of the rhine-metal concern, the largest arms giant. in germany, the germans undertook to develop and organize in the ussr mass production of several types of anti-aircraft anti- tank guns, as well as howitzers and mortars, in addition in addition, german specialists were sent to the ussr. they

had to develop a number of systems, but the main work with them, the necessary knowledge had to be acquired by soviet young designers. many guns developed by the germans were officially adopted by the red army. but not all of them were mass-produced, despite the fact that these artillery pieces had. mm, the design took into account the experience of operating artillery during the first world war, that is, they were at the forefront of artistic technology. necessary to admit that the soviet industry was not ready for the release of these characteristics of guns into large-scale production, they launched only an anti-tank gun of 37 mm caliber, and both of them anti-aircraft caliber. they had semi-automatic semi-automatic - this is a system when you load the gun manually, then a shot occurs and the gun self- throws the cartridge case and leaves the bolt open

, ready for a new loading, which means, except for semi-automatic. this is also an acquaintance with a carriage with sliding beds from under the springing, a bridging was necessary for the transition to mechanical traction. because if you attach a non -sprung gun to a truck and drive it along the road at a speed of at least 30 km / h, then nothing would be left of the gun very quickly. in its original form, anti-tank guns were produced in the ussr for a short time in the thirty-second year, the military decided to increase its caliber from 37 to 45 mm. armor penetration - this did not increase much, but the gun had to fight not only with tanks, but also with the enemy’s manpower when it burst, a 45-mm projectile gave one and a half times more fragments than 37 mm. anti-aircraft guns were also improved at first, serious complaints were caused by a single-axle gun carriage when transferring the gun from traveling to combat, it was necessary to remove the wheels from it, the process took up to 5 minutes

. up to 50 km/h. and most importantly, when transferring to a combat position, it was not necessary to remove the wheels , the deployment time was reduced to 1 minute 20 seconds. that is, four times, and already in the thirty-ninth year, the caliber of the gun was also changed, it increased to 85 mm, while the reach in height increased from 9 to 10 km. when the german systems were adopted and the production of modernized guns was launched, the artillery of the red army was no longer in such a deplorable state as before, but there was still a lot of work. according to the adopted weapons system, it was necessary to seriously upgrade the fleet of corps artillery and artillery of special power. for

the corps, they first tried to modernize the siege schneider gun. the model of 1910 increased the firing range, changed the carriage, as a result, at the plant number 172 in perm, a group of designers led by fyodor petrov developed, in fact. the new gun, the howitzer cannon ml-20, its caliber was 152 mm. l 20 combined the characteristics of two types of artillery systems in the first place, it was an indirect fire weapon, but its barrel was longer than conventional howitzers of the same caliber, so the projectile speed and direct shot range were greater. but the creation of a universal guns are always difficult. the technical task sums up not only the pluses, but also the minuses; a longer barrel is an additional load on the lifting mechanism increased by mass, in order to reduce it, an additional

device was required. at ml-20. it was in front of the cheat , these were two hydraulic cylinders, which, when the barrel was raised, seemed to push it up. but this increased the weight of the gun even more compared to conventional howitzers of the same caliber. the ml-20 was about twice as heavy in combat position. she weighed over 7 tons. in such an instrument was needed in general from an effective system of springs, which ensures a smooth ride, the designers coped with the problems that arose, and in the thirty -seventh year, the ml 20 howitzer gun was adopted by the red army . created guns in 1931, but he had problems with the loset. it limited the mobility of the gun; it was difficult to manufacture ; the speed of lifting the barrel was low. as a result, the carriage for the a-19 was borrowed from the nl20. for heavy guns

mobility was a key problem, the guns of the first world caliber over 200 mm of wheel travel sometimes did not have to move to new positions , they had to be disassembled and then reassembled, but also for heavy guns with wheeled carriages. there were also problems. far from everywhere. they could drive through the risk of getting bogged down on muddy roads or marshy terrain and not any playground. suitable for shooting, the problem, the main weapon of this caliber was that they did not fall into the ground when they shot, because it is clear that fire is fired from different soils, and if the soil is soft, then the requirements for the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsupport are very large. when creating a new howitzer of special power, soviet designers decided to use a caterpillar track, the gun was called b4, its caliber was 203 mm, they

developed a howitzer at the leningrad plant. the bolshevik at the time of the appearance of four was a breakthrough weapon. and generally speaking, it was such a flourishing of inventions, and the flowering of technical thought in the soviet union and one of the active ones. here this heyday of the technical thought of the boundary. in the thirties , there was just the b4 howitzer, it was quite light and compact for its time and, as it was believed, took into account the experience of the first world war, and the need to move through plowed shells, fields following the advancing troops, and in addition, caterpillars, and facilitated the construction of a position on weak soils such a solution also had disadvantages - maximum towing speed. gu. the blue gun carriage did not exceed 15 km / h. failure to comply with the recommended speed threatened damage or destruction of the undercarriage, the bicycle implement was not entirely confident on an icy

road and, with a slight slope, strove to slide off to the side. after the war, during the modernization of the howitzer, the tracks were replaced with four large wheels. the towing speed doubled to 35 km / h, but it must be taken into account that in the thirties the red army did not have a tractor that would allow such a speed, the pre-war voroshilovets tractor with a trailer could develop a maximum of 15-20 km / h. and at that time, the military considered the caterpillars to be an acceptable option for b4 howitzers it was necessary to transport the howitzer over long distances in disassembled form, the gun barrel was transported on a special wagon and then mounted on a gun carriage

; without disassembling, but at the same time, the towing speed was already reduced to eight kilometers per hour. the mass of the b4 in combat position reached almost 18 tons; its calculation consisted of 15 a person to facilitate the loading of the gun was equipped with a special lifting mechanism. rate of fire is one shot every 2 minutes. the maximum firing range is 18 km. the howitzer's concrete-piercing projectile could penetrate concrete ceilings up to 1 m thick during the soviet finnish war of 39-40, the b-4 was used to break through the mannerheim line, one of the most powerful fortifications in the history of the warrior. the best characteristic of her is her name given by the phenomenon and the germans. and they are surprisingly similar here, this is the stalinist sledgehammer, which broke pillboxes, almost any, uh, and

reinforced concrete concrete. any flesh could be used before street fighting, which we can see very well. we are in königsberg and most importantly , in berlin, using, in fact, b4 howitzers , two more high-power guns were created at the barrikada stalingrad plant. cannon br-2 caliber, 152 mm, and mortars br5 caliber, 280 mm. in the village, the guns formed the so-called large artillery triplex, that is, with different calibers, they had the most unified gun carriage. i am saw kennedy i was next to him and early kennedy did not fit the description of the shot from above and behind. i asked mr. moore squeezed on the doctor, he hesitated at first, and then said i was ordered to do it. premiere of oliver stone's film how

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way, the designers attempted to create self-propelled artillery mounts of self-propelled guns, the simplest option was to install guns in the back of trucks, but such a system was extremely vulnerable, since only the calculation of the gun had protection to cover the armor of the entire car ; so, reduced by the installation of the gun, would fall below the permissible limits. on the battlefield, he cannot appear, and when shooting a closed position, a question arose. and why do you need this self-propelled truck then? why can't it be done? uh, towed gun, moreover, towed guns are much easier to hide in a copy of the survivability and patency of self-propelled guns. they decided to use the chassis as a base for them, existing tanks were removed from their towers and more powerful artillery weapons were installed. compared to what was originally on the tanks, on the basis of the light t-26 they

designed a self-propelled gun of 76 mm caliber, a self-propelled howitzer of 122 mm caliber and a self-propelled mortar caliber 152 mm. on the chassis of the heavy t-35 , the artillery unit of the b-4 howitzer was installed, but without tank vehicles for calculating self-propelled guns. they turned out to be worse protected than tank crews. and in general, self-propelled guns were damp, and the concept of their use is not fully understood, therefore, only a small number of experimental vehicles were produced and they preferred to focus on the development of tanks, and the main issue that many soviet projects rested on. these are financial and such things as self-propelled guns. and such things are of an auxiliary nature. they are not met the tasks of the urgent accumulation of weapons to confront opponents, so self-propelled guns were on the sidelines, but in fairness it must be

said that there was also no world experience. that is, if we knew in advance, for example, that the germans would make assault guns. otherwise, maybe you bor would have been different, and so, having no direct analogue of the mass in the west, you preferred to go your own way, especially in the face of a lack of financial resources. the experiments that were carried out in the ussr in the military sphere were largely associated with mikhail tukhachevsky since 1931. he served as chief of armaments of the red army, with the active participation of tukhachevsky, the airborne troops began to develop, with his support a research institute was created, which was engaged in the development of missile weapons. mikhail nikolaevich tukhachevsky well, in general, he was the person who defended all innovative means in the red army, a and including artillery, a, and it was he who tried to get soviet artillery

to reach e, world positions to the possibility confront the main enemy, who possessed a stronger industry. at the same time, of course, they were fond of some exotic options for various promising projects. tukhachevsky was a supporter of dynamo reactive or, as they were also called, recoilless guns in the breech, such a gun had a nozzle shutter. at the time of the shot, part of the powder gases came out back and sometimes pressed the recoil force on the walls of the nozzle, that is, such a design did not require complex recoil devices that conventional guns. with the same caliber dynamo, jet guns turned out to be much easier, however, in terms of range, they still lost, but where compactness was more important, and not quite suitable, for example, in airborne units that landed along with their weapons after the war. the development of recoilless guns will lead to the

creation of mounted and hand-held grenade launchers that are sufficiently effective weapons to fight tanks at close range. but in the thirties, these ideas were too carried away, dynamo jet they tried to arm planes with guns, ships, tanks , tukhachevsky was a man very fond of various technical projects, if you read him. articles then we will see that he thought in categories that became real in the sixties. you can only say that you are watching. what a brilliant person. there, 20 years ahead, or 30 years ahead, i’ll look into military affairs, this running ahead is no less dangerous than lagging behind. because it was objectively impossible to implement the ideas that tukhachevsky promoted at the technical level thirties. tukhachevsky also promoted the concept of a universal gun, that is,

divisional guns, which could effectively deal not only with ground targets, infantry , tanks, but also with an air enemy . circular fire with high elevation angles. he also needed a longer barrel than field guns and more powerful ammunition. this made it possible to throw the projectile at a significant height, in principle, anti-aircraft let's in anti-tank it was possible, but for this you had to pay an increase in the weight of the system by about two times. that is, the weight of the gun became unacceptable for field artillery, it was more difficult to disguise a massive gun on the battlefield. given that, to fight tanks , universal guns would have to be at the forefront, where the intensity of enemy fire was maximum for a universal gun and a more qualified calculation would increase the cost and duration of training as an

example. it's like in one person. uh, sportsman create a runner. there for long distances and at the same time, which would successfully jump in height. these are still different methods of preparation, and everything works out in technology. as a result, the creation of a universal weapon was abandoned, but in favor of a semi -universal one, that is, with limited capabilities to combat air targets, instead of a circular firing sector plus or minus 30 degrees from the gun, the main task of barrage fire when 100% accuracy is not required. the main thing is to force the enemy to turn aside all these concessions made it possible to place the gun on a more familiar divisional pushkinet, respectively, to reduce the size and weight of the gun. it was such a divisional gun that was adopted by the red army in 1936, the gun

received the designation f-22, its caliber was 76.2 mm, the f-22 was developed at the design bureau of the gorky plant number 92 under the leadership of vasily grabin at the beginning of his career. he worked together with invited german specialists and by the mid-thirties he had become one of the leading soviet designers artillery weapons. in the troops, the grabinskaya f22 was supposed to replace the three-inch. the firing range of the guns was almost the same, while the sliding beds made it possible to increase the angle of horizontal fire from 5:00 to 60 °. semi-automatic shutter. he increased the rate of fire from 10 to 15 rounds per minute, but the mass of the f22 in the stowed position was half a ton more, said the semi-universal features of the long barrel and more complex guidance mechanisms for the

six horses of the traditional vehicle of such f22 guns was too heavy, while the effectiveness of anti-aircraft fire, for which everything was started, was extremely low; as a result, even the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe floor of a universal weapon was abandoned. in the thirty-ninth year, the f22 was modernized, the barrel was shortened, and the vertical aiming angle was reduced, the mass of the gun. in the stowed position, it was reduced by 800 kg in the name , letters were added for the improved sv, followed by a hornbeam. he began to develop a new divisional weapon. guns, zis-3 she was to become one of the best guns of world war ii a universal weapon cannot be said that it was quite as much, a senseless expenditure of funds due to the fact that weapons were created that were at least ballistically perfect enough and a passion for universal weapons. it gave

a ruler, which eventually led to a sister, and in practice, this is the presence of such guns, as in 22 with a long barrel, which were able to resist. uh, many german tanks, and they were in great demand, for example, in the forty- third year. despite all the difficulties and contradictions of the soviet artillery, gradually improved its materiel by the beginning of the forties, the red army received two more new divisional guns, the m-30 caliber howitzer, 122 mm and the m10 howitzer, caliber 150 2 mm. to protect against air attack. the troops began to receive two new anti-aircraft guns - automatic guns of 25 and 37 mm caliber. in czechoslovakia, a license was purchased for the production of two guns of special power - a br-17 caliber gun, 210 mm, and a br-18 howitzer, 55

mm caliber. the soviet command had plans for the further development of artillery weapons, but the factor of time came to the fore. on may 5, 1941, a solemn reception was held in the kremlin dedicated to the graduation of students of military academies, it was an annual event, which was invariably attended by the country's top political and military leadership, stalin's speech to the elite of the armed forces was always stopped by events and this time they expected an assessment from him, happening in his 40-minute speech. joseph stalin not only spoke about the international situation, but also noted the profound changes that had taken place in recent years. in the red army he stressed that on the basis of the lessons of modern warfare, she rebuilt and seriously re-armed. after the official part at the banquet, stalin continued to praise the red army . it was then that he proclaimed once again that he uttered the famous words for the health

of artillerymen, artillery is the most important company of the artillery troops, the god of modern war before the german invasion of the territory of the ussr remained 47 days. november 1942 the red army is completing preparations for a strategic offensive operation near stalingrad. it received a code the designation uranus, according to the plan of the soviet command of generals alexander vasilevsky and georgy zhukov, was supposed to take a significant enemy force into the ring with counter flank strikes, that is, to do something that had never been possible at first to break through the defenses planned in areas that were occupied by the romanian armies allied to germany less combat-ready than the main formations of the wehrmacht, however, because of this, the soviet troops. i would have to overcome over 100 km. from every flank. it was important to be fast.

launch an offensive so that the germans do not have time to transfer additional forces and fail to block the advance of the soviet troops. the reconnaissance carried out in the alleged areas of the breakthrough showed that the enemy had organized in these areas a well-fortified multi-lane defense up to 5 km deep. for the rapid development of the offensive, powerful support from artillery and bomber aircraft was required. operation start. uranus scheduled for november 19 on the eve of weather forecasters gave a disappointing forecast, fog, low cloud cover and sleet. it did the use of aviation is practically impossible, and all hope remained on the artery.

preparations for operation uranus began as early as september 1942 , while earlier the soviet headquarters sought primarily to reveal the intention of the enemy, but in the fall of 42 the main task was to hide their own plans; the success of the offensive largely depended on its surprise. at the same time, it is covert. it was necessary to create and prepare for the offensive a sufficiently powerful grouping of artillery on the planned scale; they have never used the main problem, which should was to solve the artillery. this is a fight with enemy artillery. hmm, and here there were numerous negative experiences. and when german artillery commanded the commanding heights, it stopped the soviet offensive near

stalingrad from the depths at the end of the summer. at the beginning of autumn. well, here, of course, it must be said that the romanians were romanians, but the germans practiced the romanian defense of their artillery under piranha. before the war, in the combat regulations of the soviet artillery, it was said that for the success of the offensive, it was necessary to concentrate up to 680 guns in breakthrough areas per kilometer of the front, and in some cases up to 100, however, in the first year of the great patriotic war, this figure sometimes did not exceed 30-40 barrels. this was the result of the first weeks of the war, soviet artillery received a lot of problems. well, along with the entire red army, which grew like a snowball, because, firstly, these were absolutely gigantic losses of materiel, and, basically, this weapon was not even destroyed as a result of fire, raids and so on. it

's just a technique abandoned, sometimes the germans captured artillery pieces standing in the parks. then, of course, it's panic. and this is huge. significant losses of personnel from artillery shelling and bombardments to begin with, it was necessary to deal with the reasons for the failures, some weaknesses were known even before the war, for example, the lack of anti-aircraft guns in the troops did not have time to eliminate it by june forty-one and the raid of german bombers led to catastrophic losses, another and in many ways the key problem was the inability to contain tank formations wehrmacht by the summer of the forty-first, the germans had new modifications of the t-3 and t4 tanks and assault guns assault geschutz. they were better protected than their forty-five predecessors, the main anti-tank guns of the red army

could hit them in the forehead only with an extremely short distance of no more than 50 m, this is the distance at which the calculation of the anti-tank gun has no chance to survive even from the first days of the war. already on june 22, there was the first report that we were being attacked by german heavy tanks that could not penetrate 45 mm. ditch artillery by the beginning of the war in the ussr, a more powerful anti-tank gun zis-2 of 57 mm caliber was developed, but they did not have time to organize the mass production of these guns; these guns were short of armour-piercing shells, shortly before the war. uh, in just a few months. it turned out that we have a huge amount of armor-piercing shells produced in 1938-39, a defective sword. there was no

technology, and they, uh, had absolutely almost zero armor penetration. of course, not all wehrmacht tanks were of the latest series and the same forty-five could cope with them, but it was not only a matter of technical characteristics, as a rule, the matter is considered exclusively in the context of breaking through. it will not break through. well, if we made a cannon there that can penetrate any enemy tank, then we have good anti-tank artillery, no problem. there aren't any more, actually. the guns themselves are a smaller part of the problem of the anti-tank artery, and a great honor this is the problem it was used as the basis of the german blitzkrieg tactics, the use of tanks in the sectors was massive. breakthrough. this put the anti-tank artillery in a vulnerable position, the german tank battalion attacked on a front of 1 km, and on this front. he deliberately saturated any anti-tank defense, when large masses were marching, there were about fifty vehicles at a front

of 1 km opposed not so many guns from the division that they occupy. front at best 10 km at worst 30, uh and soviet anti-tank artillery, crushed to hold back tank breakthroughs, they tried with the help of their tanks, the pre-war theory suggested using a mechanized corps for this, that is, tank divisions reinforced with motorized infantry and motorized artillery. the fur of the corps had to move out of the reserve and deliver flank attacks on the enemy tank formations that had broken through. if successful, it was possible to interrupt the supply of advanced units, or even surround and destroy the enemy in the reality of the problem. arose already at the stage of promotion, if tanks quickly entered the area designated for a counterattack, then infantry and artillery lagged behind, there were not enough trucks and high-speed tractors. the germans are going into a breakthrough. tanks were

accompanied by numerous motorized infantry. artillery followed them inseparably, and this tactic herman the tank troops thoroughly worked out in companies against poland and france, as a result , soviet tankers had to engage in battle with superior enemy forces, tanks, artillery began to fight, then it arrived already, what called in the evening for a hat analysis and, in fact , leads to the defeat of the division there, there were not enough mechanized cartuses of specialized tractors for heavy ruzies of corps artillery, with rare exceptions. they were all transported with the help of stalinists agricultural tractors. of course, they were high-torque, but they moved at a walking pace, so some quick maneuvers were carried out by soviet artillery. i just physically couldn’t, and this led to extremely negative consequences. here one can even give such a concrete example that the kleist tank group in the ukraine is moving forward, the

soviet rifle division is advancing towards it. and as on the s60 and 65 tractors, as a result, the germans are the first to capture an advantageous position conveniently. the rifle division is forced to counterattack this position, and without the support of artillery, the rifle division is crushed, and then dust is spread on the march. as a result, the german mechanized formations not only broke into the defense, but also repulsed the soviet counterattacks, rapidly moving forward . during the first month of the war, the german army. she advanced 600-700 km from these lines to moscow, she had half as much. the red army suffered colossal losses in the cauldrons of the environment , not only people and equipment disappeared, the structure of the troops collapsed in them, entire battalions of the regiment and division disappeared to make up for the losses

, it was not enough to mobilize men of military age. it was necessary to train them to arm and re-combine into units and formations before the war to form a rifle division of 14.5 thousand. it took a man about a year to form hundreds of divisions to form them with the former, uh, from the regiments, more precisely under the ward of the regiment to the rifle division, as it was under the military staff alone on mechanical traction. with a 152 mm gun, it was all a luxury that was not realizable. heavy losses forced the soviet command to create the most lightweight divisions, the number of light machine guns. in comparison with the pre-war staff, they halved the easel and one and a half mortars and artillery pieces, their three number of personnel decreased to 11,000 people, training programs were reduced from 6-9 months up to two it is clear that this made the division

weaker. this deprived her of tools to influence the enemy. this increased the casualties, but it was better to fight in an understaffed and undertrained rifle division at the front over what a partisan with a hunting rifle later in the forest in the rear of the german troops in the event of a complete defeat of the red. first of all, almost all of their heavy divisional guns were withdrawn from the rifle divisions for all. it just wasn't enough. plus, this made the rifle divisions not so dependent on mechanical traction. the general meaning was the following weaker in terms of artillery, but quickly formed rifle divisions, which, if necessary, could be reinforced with artillery from the reserves of the main command, in addition, rifle divisions significantly reduced the number of anti-tank guns. instead , they preferred to concentrate on the formation of specialized anti-tank units. this

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relatives of flight 245 that crashed today on the goblin mountains. really nobody survived about your bro? dima two passengers registered on flight set of aircraft did not rise in the list of the dead mommy well, think for yourself, wherever dima was, with whom he could not help but hear about the plane crash. he cannot fail to understand that we are all on our ears here. why doesn’t he call, no opinions, igor it doesn’t surprise you, my brother’s wife, since i began to notice that my husband was staring at her , i didn’t hesitate at all that the end of innocence was happening.

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maslyakov today at the first, a change in the staffing structure made it possible to more rationally use the available artillery, but in any case the number of guns had to be increased due to the loss of part of the factories due to the evacuation that had begun, the possibility of the defense industry. in the first year of the war there were very limited needs to be resolved. which tools to keep in production and which not, when was it selected? which tool to produce, and, of course, it was taken into account how much it was mastered in production, because this is always very important. yes the larger the weapon of a warrior, the more you can release it. many pre-war plans had to be changed in september 1941 the state defense committee decided to resume the production of forty-fives, while the production of more powerful

anti-tank guns, the most difficult to manufacture. zis-2 stopped 2 it, of course, was very promising and pierced any german tank, but because of the difficulty in manufacturing a long barrel of 70 calibers and the general high cost, they abandoned it and then it was necessary to restore this gun on the conveyor again and the restoration went on. by the way, speaking rather slowly, but this is what is called another story, starting from the forty-third year. supplement anti-tank capabilities of the soviet artillery should have been 76 mm divisional guns, a gun of this type and calibers generally became indispensable for the red army, although before the war their need raised questions even during world war i, it became obvious that explosive shells of 76 mm caliber, like the germans 75 mm, it’s rather weak

for destroying field fortifications. in addition, it was not guns that were better suited for this, but mounted firing guns, howitzers, and in the interwar period the germans abandoned 75-mm guns for armament divisional art regiments. they decided to use only howitzers. in the ussr, pushkin’s divisional weapons remained to a large extent for economic reasons, a large stock of shells was accumulated for them and the industry was well prepared for their further release. and in order to increase the combat value of these guns, they tried to adapt them not only for the destruction of infantry and tanks, but also for aircraft shooting. this experiment failed, but the tool step by step. still, it's better to stop. it is in this class in the design bureau of vasily grabin in the spring of forty-one, one of the best guns in the history of artillery was created. it was called the zis-3, this gun was devoid of

the shortcomings that its predecessor , the f-22 usv gun, had, for example, the mechanisms for horizontal and vertical aiming of the ultrasonic strings were located on one side of the breech of the f20. they were located on different sides and the tip was carried out by two people. there was only one gunner out of three ultrasound, which greatly simplified shooting. for moving targets, the rate of fire increased, 15 to 25 rounds per minute, in addition in addition, here three was more compact, 200 kg lighter and its design was greatly simplified to make it better for mass production. the zis-3 was so well thought out technologically that up to 120 guns a day before the war rolled off the assembly line at one of the factories. this was the monthly norm in just 48,000 zis-3 during the war years, and it became the most massive soviet weapon of the second world war

about such weapons. they also say that it appeared at the right time and in the right place. the workhorse of the army is the cannon. here three is outstanding model artillery piece. this gun is extremely simple, technologically advanced, it allows it to be used normally with low qualification of the crew; at that time, it had quite serious ballistic characteristics, allowing it to be used both in divisional artillery and even in anti-tank artillery. she solved many combat missions, fought with enemy manpower, suppressed and destroyed. firing points up to 43 years old from a distance of 500 m, the gun could hit almost any sample of german armor in the forehead. and most importantly, the zis-3 was an ideal weapon from the point of view of supplying ammunition. the fact is that the soviet gunpowder industry, it focused on mm, was easier to produce, primarily

technologically. for the germans, the rejection of 75-mm guns backfired already at the beginning of the war, their anti-tank, 37.50 mm caliber guns turned out to be rather weak against the latest soviet tanks t-34 and kv. because more powerful field guns. the wehrmacht did not have, then to fight 134 and kv, the germans began to use anti-aircraft guns of caliber 88 mm. in principle, practice was the usual anti-aircraft guns used to fight tanks, and in the red army, many guns of this class were initially developed taking into account their possible use for firing at ground targets. they had a high initial velocity of the projectile, and, accordingly , good armor penetration, but in comparison with anti-tank guns of a similar caliber. they were 3-4 times heavier and more massive, which made it difficult

to move them by calculation forces and camouflage, that is, to involve anti-aircraft guns in the fight against tanks. this was a necessary measure and therefore the germans were in dire need of a new field gun close and in terms of characteristics to the distributor. by the beginning of the war in the soviet and german divisional artillery there was another fundamental difference; it concerned the caliber of howitzers used since the first world war in russian howitzer artillery, there were two calibers of 122 and 152 mm. in the mid-thirties , supporters of replacing the caliber, 122 mm, with 107 appeared in the ussr. such a gun was lighter and more mobile, if this were done, then the howitzer park of the divisional artillery, red army. it would be close to the german in the wehrmacht used light howitzers of caliber 105 and heavy 155 mm. well, the soviet military nevertheless decided not to change the existing

system, and before the double, howitzers m-30 caliber, 122 mm and m10 caliber 152 mm began to enter service. at the beginning of the great patriotic war, this also played into the hands, when, due to the loss of part of the factories, it was necessary to leave the production of heavy m10s and leave only the m-30 in production in the power of howitzer artillery, which did not lose much of a shot. that's it the most correct decision was to have not a 105 mm, but a 122 mm howitzer, because to some extent they also solved problems for larger calibers, therefore, given all the circumstances and difficulties with the industry. we have found a good solution for artillery at the level of the rifle division, and in any case, if there is a sufficient number of statues with 2 mm. they quite adequately solved the tasks no worse than the german ones. this is the tandem 150 mm. another weapon that was

put into production was the howitzer cannon ml-20 caliber 152 mm, it was also a kind of intermediate type, this time between divisional guns and more powerful artillery guns, the reserve of the main command. if we compare the ml20 with german and dust howitzers of 155 mm caliber, then it outperformed them in terms of firing range, but was slightly heavier than the german gun with a large ml-20 caliber, it was inferior in terms of firepower, but it was lighter and more mobile. such a workhorse of german heavy artillery was the so-called 2011-mm mortar shell was heavier than our ml-20, but the system was much heavier, and it was collapsible. it was transported in parts and in terms of maneuverability. she lost absolutely ml-20. moreover, in the conditions of our bad roads, the germans often had a

lot of problems with pulling up this artillery. the main purpose of the ml-20 was to suppress the enemy's defenses. for this, the kit was equipped with powerful high-explosive and concrete-piercing shells. ml-20 became the most massive soviet heavy gun of that period in the thirty-seventh to forty-fifth year almost 7.000 of these howitzers were fired from cannons, given our specifics, ml20 was, of course, the ideal way out. that is, relatively light, fairly simple, powerful enough, and then this gun was in service for a long time after the war and participated in a number of conflicts, except for the great patriotic war, the only range and firing. ml-20 was not always enough for counter-battery combat. that is, when it was necessary to hit the positions of enemy artillery and at the same time remain out of reach for its fire. at the germans were engaged in this with 105-mm cannons, their

maximum firing range was 19 km, the ml-20 had 2 less. but for these purposes, the red army had its own long-range cannon, and its 19 caliber 122 mm firing range reached almost 20 km, as for more powerful soviet guns, their production was stopped, however, large losses in artillery of special power were avoided in the troops. there were over 8 hundred b4 howitzers of 203 mm caliber left. for this type of guns, it is quite enough at the beginning of the war they were taken away in the rear and decided to hold off until better times. that is, when the red army will have the opportunity to conduct major offensive operations. in a series of numerous problems that the artillery of the red army received in the summer of forty-one, there were good moments in july, a new soviet weapon, self-propelled

rocket artillery, the legendary katyushas in the russian army, passed the battle test. the first combat missiles appeared in the twenties of the xix century, in their warhead . was either an incendiary mixture or explosive grenade. the firing range was 2 1/2 km. these missiles were created by lieutenant general alexander zasyatka and were first used in 1828 during a siege. turkish fortresses at the varlam level began to engage in rocket weapons already at the turn of the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, and the first rockets adopted by the red army were rockets, rs-82 and rs-132. at first, rs having armed aircraft. they were first used during the fighting on the khalkhin gol river in the thirty-ninth year against the japanese decided to supplement the combat power of artillery with missiles, as a result, a rocket artillery combat vehicle, bm-13, was born, which

was nicknamed katyusha in the decision to adopt it into service was signed on june 21, forty-first , just a few hours before the start of the great fatherland with caliber shells 132 mm. for their launch by car, there were 16, directing the maximum firing range of the bm-13 was 8 km, so the missile parameter was already competing with barreled artillery. well here is their accuracy left much to be desired, the probable deviation could be up to 300 m, but the soviet military figured out how to use this weapon correctly? big rossiivanie, that is, it is impossible, uh, to shoot from rocket systems at some specific targets, the opportunity was to shoot only at the area, but if the rocket launcher covered some area, then the destruction was the

strongest waves of shells that fell nearby they collided and this further increased the strength and power of defeats. october 1, 1941 issued a directive from the headquarters of the supreme high command. it ordered the use of rocket artillery not by separate installations, but as part of a division. these are 12 vehicles and almost simultaneously a volley of 192 missiles, and already a floor of 36 katyushas could unleash 576 missiles on the enemy within 10 seconds. at the same time, the manpower of the equipment was destroyed on an area of ​​more than one square kilometer. the advantage of rocket artillery was the ability to hit uncovered infantry on the defensive. this is quite important, and in fact it plays a role right up to the present day, when the attacker

the infantry catches it when it is in an open field undigged. now, if they were able to catch it in time, they weren’t able to dig themselves in, they didn’t even take cover, then rocket artillery has a simply terrifying effect, it was also important that rocket artillery installations were self-propelled katyushas that were mounted on a highway could, at least, move quickly along highways and use as a mobile reserve. that is, it was the only kind of powerful enough artillery that was capable of moving at a walking pace in arkhangelsk and autumn sea weather meets me with snow and snowstorms in winter. water all around,

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soviet command to create lightweight rifle divisions was not mistaken, began to justify itself for the newly formed formations. albeit not as combat-ready as the pre-war wave. behind the wave they entered the battle in november of the forty-first year. the german army was stopped on the outskirts in moscow, the blitzkrieg failed. and already in december, the red army launched a counteroffensive and threw the enemy back from the capital, the war was moving into a protracted stage, by which time the wehrmacht was not ready enough to say that some of the factories producing weapons. the germans were already planning to transfer equipment for the ground forces to the production of other products. the soviet union received a short respite, which had to be used to accumulate weapons and correct errors identified at the beginning of the war to improve the supply of the red army overnight soviet industry could not, but by december 1941 it became possible to increase the number of

mortars in rifle regiments. moreover, in a new state, there should have been even more of them than before the war, the number of battalion mortars of 82 mm caliber and, most importantly, more powerful regimental caliber of 120 mm, the germans had increased, for example, they did not have regimental mortars , in principle, they had the main mortar - this is a battalion and a caliber of 81 mm, and a mortar of 120 mm is our regimental one. it is a very powerful weapon that could and did perform. the most varied tasks performed very successfully. the experience that soviet artillery acquired in the first 5-6 months of the war was based mainly on the defensive nature of the hostilities, but when in december 41 near moscow the red army launched the first large-scale offensive, another drawback was revealed - the poor interaction of artillery, and the advancing infantry in as a result, on january 10, forty-

second, a directive from the headquarters appeared, which was supposed to correct the situation, it was about the so-called artillery offensive, it used to be like this artillery preparation. well, the heart of the artillery. it fires at e, enemy positions before the infantry moves. so here it is, as soon as the infantry goes. just like that, she stops firing and the infantrymen go to the enemy positions, uh, without the support of artillery fire. now the artillery accompanies the singing infantry with its fire, it carries the fire. deep into enemy positions in the combat charter of the infantry of the forty-second year, an artillery offensive was written, which consists in continuous support of the infantry with massive fire artillery and mortars during the entire period of the offensive. artillery mortar fire should lead the infantry tanks in an attack from one

defense object to another. and this was very important, because it is much easier for an infantryman to walk. so , if his own artillery is working behind him, he does not feel abandoned. he is not afraid that if a machine gun survived somewhere, when , let's say, he opens fire with artillery, sooner or later he will still be on the blood, as the chief marshal of artillery later recalled. nikolay voronov directive artillery offensive gained great popularity. in the sands and helped to further strengthen the power of our artillery , by far the main person in charge of soviet artillery during the great patriotic war. e was e, the head of the artillery of the red army forty-second year, the commander of the artillery of the red army, nikolai nikolaevich voronov, this brilliant

educated artilleryman. he, e, played an outstanding role in the development of our artillery in improving the methods of its preparation in improving tactical e methods of application artillery in adopting new systems. by the summer of the forty-second year, soviet defense industry enterprises were already working at full capacity, the number of guns sent to the troops was constantly growing, it was in the forty-second year that the peak of the production of anti-tank forty-five regimental guns of the twenty-seventh model of the divisional howitzers, m-30 heavy, howitzers of ml-guns fell 20, cosine of the forty-second year, finally the industry has reached an acceptable level of ammunition production appeared in sufficient the number of caliber armor-piercing shells of caliber 76 elements, in addition, in the fall of the second year, they

finally managed to close the gaps, which interfered with the normal production of rocket artillery with an increase in the production of guns. it became possible to form large artillery formations. 170 guns of various calibers. and over time, their number doubled; such formations included even aviation of 5-6 aircraft for reconnaissance and correction. the fire benefit of these large formations was next to the front. in finished form, and all the headquarters, er, all the bodies of the artillery reconnaissance, the supply bodies were all full-time and they could be ready-made, so to speak. as a whole formation, to be put in the right direction and the management of artillery in these conditions was greatly simplified on the one hand, and on the other hand , prospects opened up for even greater

massing of the forty-second year. soviet artillery was already capable of solving serious combat missions and the opportunity to test this appeared near stalingrad, where operation uranus was being prepared and its plan was prompted by the very configuration of the front, advancing on stalingrad, the german army went deep into the soviet defense with two meetings. with their strikes, the red army could try to surround the enemy; the main force for such operations were highly mobile tank formations ; artillery was supposed to ensure their rapid advance. an important moment ahead was the defeat of anti-tank artillery, since the problem in the summer and early autumn of the forty-second year, the germans began to have massive numbers of 75 mm anti-tank guns, which easily hit all soviet tanks of that time, that is, and whom it is 3-4. near stalingrad, the red army had a total of 15,000 mortar guns and

multiple launch rocket systems directly in the breakthrough areas, it was possible to create a density of 100-110 guns per km of the front. that is, as required. the charter here for the first time in large numbers decided to use b4 howitzers pulled up all our heavy systems. some could only bring up a huge amount of ammunition, hundreds and hundreds of wagons, which still had to be brought in, unloaded, dispersed in parts, we have such experience in conducting such an operation. in the early morning of november 19, we did not have the commander of the southwestern front , lieutenant general. nikolai vatutin, he was ordered to start the operation. uranus at 7:30 fire command sounded. artillery preparation began, which lasted more than an hour, 3,000 guns participated in it. an artillery strike of such force has never been seen in the history of wars. knew.