then it seemed impossible, for example, to skate in such a way that no one would even think that you were wearing artificial limbs. yes, evgeny mironov, who invented such meetings between children and skaters, also confidently on the ice. stand. i'm sure it's not skating. i would not have passed, as she did not. i would return it , he didn’t help me this year, he says that special help is also needed, and this special child is called ruslan shuldinov, he is 12. he lives in an orphanage in mordovia. you have some kind of dream. uh, uh, football hero go on climbing on skates from behind congenital pathologies of both arms and legs for most of his life. he spent in a wheelchair, but 3 years ago he was raised money for prostheses. it turned out that ruslan only needed to get up. and now, he has already mastered, the treadmill has learned to squat. play football bowling, and now i found out that, maybe, also on skates oh, well done, well done, but

the prostheses on which he learned all this have become small, and new ones need almost one and a half million rubles, you can help by going to ruslan's page on the website fund, especially for those who are harder than you. well, you are lucky that there is an opportunity to help someone, and sometimes you just need to give hope and help to believe in yourself again when i look at them. i want to follow them somehow, and then they know how to be. get up to do. all anna kurbatova mikhail fedorov sergey mukhin veronika and lvuchenkova dmitry belov and sergey prokofiev channel one of the ice age alexei yagudin ilya averbukh and many others today we will again see on the air of channel one a new episode of the grandiose ice show, the participants drew inspiration from favorite domestic films, do not miss immediately after the release of the evening news, 18. that's

all for now we are following the development of events, and now on our channel there are new series of the documentary cycle god of war history of russian artillery. in february 1943 , after the victory at stalingrad, the red army tried to build on its success, but the offensive of the soviet troops in the donbass near kharkov, and a little later near smolensk, failed, the guitar perked up. he was determined to take revenge for stalingrad and turn the tide of the war for success. it was obvious that the forty-third was the last year when in europe it would be necessary to confront almost exclusively the red army, he understood that no later than 44, the western allies of the ussr would enter the war in europe with large forces in order to defeat the british and americans, a stable and passive eastern front was needed hitler pinned special hopes on the latest tiger and panther tanks. they were well protected, making them

virtually invulnerable to soviet anti-tank artillery fire. in a conversation with the commander of the army group south, erich manstein the fuhrer said bluntly, we must achieve our goals by the superiority of our weapons with people. we will achieve little, because we have few of them. in april 1943, hitler signed a decree to carry out operation citadel with all his best forces. the wehrmacht began to pull the hint. forty-three years on the line of the soviet-german front in the kursk region, a ledge of

the position of the red army was formed, wedged here into the german defense to a depth of 120 km. it was a good springboard for a further offensive and strikes in the rear of the wehrmacht on oryol and kharkov direction, but such a configuration of the front line concealed, the danger for the soviet troops with counter strikes, the germans could surround significant forces of the red army at the suggestion of georgy zhukov. the soviet command chose a deliberate defense plan, that is, it was supposed to first wear down the opponents in defensive battles offensive, such operations were being prepared near the kursk bulge under the eagle and kharkov, as well as to the south. but in order to implement the plan, it was first necessary to stop the german tanks near kursk on one meetings, stalin even asked zhukov whether our troops could withstand the blow of large masses of fascist tanks? from the first days of the great patriotic war, the fight

against german armored vehicles became one of the priority tasks for soviet artillery, at the beginning of the war, when there were not enough shells, anti-tank guns began to be concentrated in special anti-tank regiments at that time they were a kind of fire brigades that were supposed to cover most dangerous sectors of the front, but over time the idea of ​​creating large anti-tank formations. they took root, they tried to select soldiers commanders with combat experience, and enough brave, uh, order bearers, because. they needed to fight on the front lines. that was the requirement for anti-tankers. it is the personal courage of combat experience, so that the competition does not run. these are the anti-tank units. it certainly was the elite of artillery. they islan the greatest losses compared to other types of artillery, which is generally on average, to destroy one enemy tank it was necessary to lose one or two, or even three

anti-tank guns in the forty-second year, the anti-tankers received a distinctive sign of a black rhombus with a red border and crossed gun barrels on it. they became the real elite of the red army; all officers of the sergeant and ordinary anti-tank units were taken into special account ; commander and gunner and 200 rubles each. the rest of the number of wounded soldiers and sergeants after extraction in hospitals returned only to their units. in our country, this was not particularly accepted by the german wounded, as a rule, they were returned to his unit. he stood. well, he himself usually tried to get there and they tried him. and send it there. with us, after the hospital, where i got there and got there, but it was different with the anti-tankmen. the anti-tank regiments were armed with forty-fives and divisional guns of

76 mm caliber, of course, 45 mm were nicknamed the forgiving motherland, but in the forty-second year, new m-42 guns with a longer barrel first appeared. secondly, they mastered new ammunition, so forty-five, even in the realities of the appearance of a new enemy materiel. they weren't completely useless. this was emphasized in the reports of the gunners by the end of the forty-second year, anti-tank regiments began to be reduced to larger formations of the brigade. each had over 80 anti-tank guns and three hundred anti-tank guns. brigade organization. it allowed, firstly, more effective use of anti-tank regiments, because the regiment was attached, for example, the commander of the rifle division that is called to the abstract colonel nominated in the forty-first forty-two. this could not give the desired effect when the anti-tank brigade arrives at the fro area, its commander can control his regiments, and in the forty-third

year, the regiments could control by radio, they could gather by radio to be drawn to a certain area and resist the german breakthrough did not stand still in the forty-second year wehrmacht received new modifications of the t-3 and t4 tanks, which were better protected than their predecessors, and most importantly, german designers. they actively worked on the creation of new, even more powerful combat vehicles, and in the spring of 43, in front of the red army. in full growth was the main surprise of the winter company and this surprise had a proper name tiger, and near leningrad, they managed to capture serviceable, non- burning tanks and comprehensively tested in april 43 , the trophy tiger was delivered to the training ground in the suburban cubes and tested for strength when fired by tigers . only the anti-aircraft gun seemed good. caliber 85 mm, its armor-piercing projectile pierced the frontal armor, the tank is already in a state of

1 km. but the 45.76 mm caliber gun, the entire backbone of the soviet anti-tank artillery, turned out to be practically useless when firing at a frontal armored tank. they could hit with great difficulty. uh, the tiger is only on the side between the rollers, where it is thinner, and the armor with a thickness of 100 mm 82 mm was the usual battle distances, we can’t gun, 45, nor the gun, 76 is too tough for good protection and weapons, the panther also differed. at the same time , with tanks, high driving performance, the germans considered this particular car. as a counterweight soviet t-34. hitler really counted on the panther. the tank began to enter the troops without even going through the entire test cycle. it was also approaching the latest self-propelled artillery mount ferdinand, the thickness and frontal armor reached 200

mm, which was twice as much as that of the tiger , the soviet command did not yet have accurate information about the panthers and ferdinands in the spring of the forty-third year , but the data received from y was enough to draw disappointing conclusions. first of all , they decided to return the zis-2 cannon to production. the gun was developed back in the forty-first year and it had better armor penetration than the forty-five, but its more complex designs did not allow for mass production at the beginning of the war. in addition, it was considered that the power of the zis-2 was even somewhat excessive. at that time, with the advent of tigers on the battlefield, the situation changed, but now it would hardly be possible to quickly launch the production of the zis-2 for the available anti-tank guns, the task was complicated by the lack of sub-caliber armor-piercing shells. they showed themselves better than others when attacking a tiger. here, the main, deterrent factor was raw materials. the fact is that

for the production of sub-caliber weeds, tungsten was required, whoever worked in production at least once and even drilled a wall will win, he will win with a drill. here will win. it's just tungsten carbide. it was from the same material that cores were made for caliber shells. that was very. expensive shells gave them away. as they say, the signature is only in the face of the threat of a tank attack. forty-third year, soviet industry mastered another type anti-tank ammunition. these were cumulative or, as they were then called, armor-burning shells. when such ammunition met with an obstacle, a jet of hot gases was formed, which pierced the armor, it turns out a very large hole in diameter, there is literally 1-2 cm, but since it is behind the armor. uh, the temperature rises to 1.000 ° and the pressure to several ships, atmospheres for a short time, then no one there

can survive in this armored volume, well, plus the flow of hot metal from this hole begins to hit inside the tank, the advantage was that not only long-barreled anti-tank guns were suitable for firing cumulative projectiles. oh, and short arms. such as the regimental cannon of the 27th model or the m3 divisional howitzer. such guns are still low-ballistic weapons, that is, the regimental cannon, it has a low projectile speed, and the m-30 howitzer is also not capable. let's say. so accelerate the projectile to those speeds that will help to penetrate the tank due to the kinetic energy and it was the cumulative shells that made it possible to give the ammunition of these guns the properties of hitting armored targets. uh, quite successfully in the production of cumulative shells. also, a lot rested on the lack of explosive components needed for them. all in all. it was obvious that it would not

be possible to radically improve the materiel and it was necessary to look for other solutions. the answer, as usual, was complex, first, of course, towards anti-tank defense. again, as in the forty-first year, 85 mm anti-aircraft guns began to be attracted, transferred by the anti-tankist, separate anti-tank divisions. on the people 85 mm. that was answer number one answer number two. it was an attraction to the fight against tanks. for heavy artillery, 122 mm cannons were the most suitable weapon . it means that she drove axes from there in front and, as it were, the guides stood up parallel to the ground, that is, they were preparing even the katyushas are pouring on tanks, direct documents confirm the use of katyushas to repel tank attacks, but here, uh, rather, the general

tendency is that everyone should be able to fire in self-defense by any means, and including the installation of volley fire, they are unknown, not a single one is documented, a confirmed case when katyushin was actually hit. at least one there, rather katyusha, affected the infantry accompanying the tanks. the entire soviet defense near kursk was built primarily as an anti-tank all the approaches to the positions of the red army were actively irritated, the depth of the minefields reached 100 m. at the same time, they were under the protection of artillery, it would take 2 months to clear them by a german sapper with active opposition from the soviet side. the troops were intensively preparing for the summer battles. visual aids were issued for the red army soldiers. they showed the most vulnerable parts of the german tiger when firing from various weapons to the gunners in the first place.

it was necessary to aim at the less protected sides and the undercarriage of the calculation of anti-tank rifles was recommended to shoot at the trunk of the tiger by the beginning of the battle of kursk due to the debt of the operational pause of the anti-tanker. they learned how to conduct sniper fire at enemy armored vehicles and even in conditions where they could not hit. for example, tank armor. they could hit the cannon and sniper shots on the gun. they really are. the same effect was brought out, the sister of orodius, respectively, so the enemy was deprived of the opportunity to lead. fire. it was the same as punching him armor. the german offensive near kursk began on july 5 , 43 after artillery preparation for the attack, the infantry and mechanized units of the wehrmacht rushed to the north in the forefront, the offensive was 45 tigers and 90 self-propelled guns ferdinand from the south over 100

tigers and about 200 panthers to shoot, probably soviet anti-tankers, tried to act from -for an ambush and let german armored vehicles in as close as possible at a distance of only 100-200 m. the experience of anti-tank combat that was used in the period of 1941 half of 1943, and these anti-tank strongholds. they became, in general, the backbone of this anti-tank defense. on the kursk bulge, the positions of the anti-tank troops were chosen in such a way that it was possible to fire on the sides of german tanks, and from different directions. the main method of struggle is the concentration of fire, that is, if 10-12 anti-tank guns hit one german

tank from all sides, then after a few minutes some projectile out of 30-40 that hit the german tank during this time something it's vital damaged him there or the rollers broke or the caterpillar , or the tanks detonated or the turret jammed or the gun was damaged, another anti-tank weapon, tested in the battles of the forty-first year near moscow, winter roads and the first panther were hit, including, and separate anti-tank divisions of eighty- five-millimeter anti-aircraft guns . but the germans suffered the most losses on mines, howitzer regiments fired at german sappers who tried to clear mines from vast minefields, sappers could not clear minefields, german tanks. undermined them finished off. again, artillery is already a fixed target, but in essence it was soviet artillery, and in a broad sense, it was artillery, not only anti-tank, that

played a key role in the battles on the kursk bulge. according to the previously outlined plan, the formations of the red army began to go on the offensive on july 12 north of the kursk bulge with a general direction to orel on july 17 in the donbass on august 3 in the direction of belgorod and kharkov by the end of summer. soviet troops fought 100-120 km. the command of the wehrmacht realized that he did not have enough forces to contain the red army and hitler allowed his troops to retreat after one. after the summer battles of forty-three, the strategic initiative finally passed to the red army, it began to carry out offensive operations more and more often, and more and more often faced with powerful lines. german defenses. the change in the situation at the front presented artillery with new requirements. the transition of the initiative of the red army

required more mobility from the soviet artillery, and here, of course, they seriously got out problems with the fact that she still competed, and with agricultural tractors she regularly lagged behind the advancing troops at the same time. eh, the fight against the enemy’s defense became more and more relevant, that is, artillery became the main ram in places, even the germans went too far in terms of the complexity and high cost of their defensive hmm. for example, they had such armored machine-gun points for heavy machine guns. eh, exceptionally well. disguised with thick armor and, uh, very streamlined shape, that is, to hit such a fire point was extremely difficult for another thing, which cost it almost like a light tank. it was possible to solve the problem of increasing the power of artillery and at the same time its mobility by creating self-propelled guns back in april forty-two

. the top leadership of the country received a letter, the author of which was the head of the main artillery directorate of the red army , colonel-general of artillery, nikolai yakovlev in a letter. he justified the need for a new type of weapon, which the red army did not have at that time. was. he based his conclusions on the experience of the winter war with finland and the first months of the great patriotic war, yakovlev noted that the most important strategic points are usually well protected and replete with fortified firing points. distance, but in this case the guns themselves find themselves in the enemy’s fire zone. in addition, the modern nature of the war involved the use of highly mobile armored and mechanized means. this should have contributed to the rapid development of the attack, but the traditional towed artillery and especially

heavy guns did not have the necessary mobility. way out. colonel general yakovlev just saw in the creation of self-propelled artillery installations. he noted that in foreign armies and, above all, the wehrmacht, such weapons. there is already a need for self-propelled artillery mounts for the red army. the question was raised in the early thirties and in the thirty-third year weapons, self-propelled artillery installations were introduced, even prototypes of 76-122 and 152-mm self-propelled guns were developed, however, further development. they did not get it, since self-propelled artillery installations were created on the basis of tanks. therefore, at a time when the red army needed to dramatically increase the number of tanks, it was decided not to produce self-propelled artillery installations in germany, the concept of a slightly different armored vehicle.

rather than a tank in the mid-thirties suggested erich von manstein is one of the most respected german generals. it was called shturms, that is, an assault gun, and the first was shtury. the number three indicated the t-3 tank at the base, which the vehicle was produced from. to replace the 37 mm caliber gun with a more powerful 75 mm caliber, it was necessary to abandon the rotating turret and turn the gun to the right and left. it was possible only within 25 ° at the same time, the rejection of the rotating turret gave a gain in weight and allowed one and a half times to increase the thickness of the frontal armor, among other things an assault gun, in comparison with a tank, turned out to be simpler and cheaper to manufacture. it is interesting that the german tankers at first reacted quite zealously to their new brothers in arms, when the issue of uniforms for the units of

self-propelled guns was decided, it was proposed to use the same black uniform as that of the tankers. but this met with resistance from the tank generals. as a result, they settled on a gray-green color typical for all other units of the ground forces. german the command quickly assessed the effectiveness of a new type of weapon in just over two dozen types of self-propelled guns, their various powerful artillery weapons made it possible to solve a wide range of tasks during the war years. unlike germany, in the ussr, from the mid-thirties, the idea of ​​​​the so-called artillery tank was also taken as a basis, the existing tank, its gun was changed to a more powerful or just another type, but at the same time, the repulsive towers did not refuse from this concept from the tank, kv-1 created kv-2, however, the new 152 mm caliber gun required

the development of a large turret and the tank became nine tons heavier, which had a negative effect on its mobility already in july of the forty-first production there, as the kv-2 had to be stopped, it was, among other things, complicated in in the production of self-propelled guns, created on the basis of the principle of abandoning rotating towers , in this regard, they certainly won. in the ussr, the return to the design of the sao actually took place already in the first month of the war. the first self-propelled guns appeared in the fall of the forty-first year and we expect it to be self-propelled guns are anti-tank, and we are talking about a southerist, when komsomolets was hoisted on the highway of a tractor , what is there a cannon here two and it turned out such an anti-tank self-propelled gun used in tank brigades, and then the komsomol members gradually ended and the production of these most is gone. it all really started already in the spring of 1942, in mid-april,

2 weeks after the letter from colonel-general yakovlev , a meeting of the committee of the main artillery directorate of the red army was held to create self-propelled guns on the basis of existing tanks. at for this weapon to be installed in fixed towers, a light self-propelled su-76 was designed at the base. tank t-70. as the main weapon. for her, they chose the zis-3 divisional gun of 76 mm caliber. medium-weight self-propelled guns were created on the basis of the t-34 tank, the first was the su-122. it was armed with an m-30 122 mm howitzer in the summer of 1943, when an effective tool was needed to combat new heavy tanks based on the su-122, a machine with a long-barreled 85 mm gun was created. now the self-propelled gun was called su-85, and already she replaced by a more powerful sauce 100 with a gun of

the appropriate caliber. if you look at the documents, the tactics are such that the tanks went in the first echelon of self-propelled guns, went, as it were, in the second chelon and, in general, supported the tanks with fire. these were cases when purely self-propelled guns were used, when for some reason there were no tanks, for example, the same 100. well, this is probably the most effective use. there the battle lake was january march 1945 in march there oh, the last major german tank offensive, which involved the 6th the ss panzer army participated in the reflection of the brigades on the su-100. that is, three sticks for 21 cars. in principle, they proved to be very good heavy self-propelled units. at first they were created on the basis of kv tanks, but starting in the forty-fourth year. the newest tanks were armed with either a19 guns, caliber 122 mm, or howitzers, guns ml-20

caliber 152 mm, thus. we solve the problem of fire support for our tank troops in the absence of high-speed tractors. we solve the problem of fighting german tanks with heavy with a mobile enough system that can hit them and we end up with pretty well protected artillery, because self-propelled guns can march. we'll say they won't suffer as much, it's an air raid, like guns that pull trucks. he was always the number one person at any table in any compartment of the train. and you know me, you forgot, i can say

that i now have a completely different attitude to the issue. i believe that this real big fantasy adventure writer was not grandiose, he would change four or five moves in his letter within a minute. see how it is done, it can be scary not to have time to write everything that is required to write a documentary film about yulian semyonov. and film adaptations of his famous bestsellers today at the first cooking gun, testing products and congratulations on being awarded the tastier award.

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lost trunks with a towed gun. the self-propelled guns could be raised no more than 25 degrees; this was not enough for effective mounted shooting. the range also decreased, for example, the howitzer gun ml-20 could fire at 17 km, heavy self-propelled guns with the same gun only six, so it was necessary to develop towed artillery. the greatest demand was for 152 mm howitzers. it was a milestone that made it possible to have powerful, but, with this is still a fairly mobile weapon in the soviet pre-war system. it was provided for in the thirty-ninth year, the m10 howitzer was adopted, but at the beginning of the war due to a lack of production capacity. it was her release that was abandoned in favor of the m-30 caliber, 122 mm howitzer, and now that the red army began to attack more and not defend, a larger caliber was needed. we really

lacked 152-mm howitzers, a howitzer of the 1910 model. she is already outdated. she had a short firing range of the m10 model of the fortieth year. there were very few were produced and at first the war their production was stopped altogether, because this new weapon was messing with it to master it. it's long. this is no time, ml 20, howitzer cannon. it was heavy, but something lighter, but comparable in power. we no longer had the need to create a new weapon was considered at a meeting of the state defense committee late at night on april 12 forty-three. our meeting was attended by dmitry ustinov, the future minister of defense of the ussr, and in those years he held the position. mind-armament from the memoirs of ustinov after at the meeting, i immediately called the chief

designer of the plant, fyodor fedorovich petrov, to the urals. even at the meeting, i decided that the task assigned to us was within the power of only his design bureau, which had the richest experience in designing heavy artillery systems. hello fedor fedorovich hello comrade. the drug addict of the state defense committee set us the task of giving the army a new lightweight 152-millimeter howitzer. what broad dates have been set, such that by the first of may we must the designers decided to provide the hospital with five prototypes to create a new gun as much as possible, using the available developments from the lighter m-30 howitzers. they borrowed power. there was a clafette from a gun of a smaller caliber, it was equipped with a muzzle brake, the principle of operation of this device, the next moment when the powder

gases were exposed, they were removed from the walls of the muzzle brake and prevented the barrel from moving backward. this reduces recoil and reduces the load on the gun carriage. the new howitzer received the designation t1 in firing position. compared to the m10, it has become half a ton lighter. in addition, the scheme for towing the gun was changed, the previous howitzers were towed with the help of the d1 limber, clinging directly to the tractor another minus 400 kg. it turned out to be a good weapon for conducting offensive operations, a powerful and light mass production of howitzers. d1 started at the end of '43 . the main problem was that it competed in terms of production capacity itself 30 were not produced at the same plant. in parallel, we produce more d1, less will be m30 and were forced to balance. dig production one and the other and released one not so much, but nonetheless. it gained its distribution

primarily in the artillery of the reserve of the main command and a fairly successful weapon that had a long post-war life, that is, there is always such a sign that it seems like good long after military life with a small amount of production is quite, so to speak, safely and for a long time used maybe even somewhere still. uh remaining. forty-fourth year, new mortars began to enter service with the red army caliber 160 mm. these were the so-called amplifying mortars, when fired from them, the cotton was not loud, and the destructive force was great. when for the first time the shells fired from these guns hit the germans. they decided that they were being bombed by soviet aircraft. received artillery of the red army and a new gun. it was called bs-3, its caliber was 100 mm, the gun was adopted under the designation dust, which indicated a wide range of its application in

practice. the gun was often used as a powerful anti-tank weapon. by the summer of forty-four years, most of the problems in the soviet artillery, managed to solve both technically and organizationally, the lack of guns and shells was no longer experienced in the forty-fourth year in the usual . for many months, and the german defense more and more often at the front used a gun with a caliber of 2080 305 mm 152 mm guns. that is, if earlier they used on a separate plot. now almost on any sector of the front. can was to meet a weapon of great special power. by the summer of 1944, the red army had already liberated crimea, part of moldova and almost all of ukraine, but the territories of belarus and the baltic states

were still occupied. moreover , the germans were quite well entrenched in their positions. assessing the conditions on the soviet-german front, the command of the red army understood that a quick and crushing blow, most likely, would not work anywhere, and yet the german offensive in belarus was seen as the most promising grouping. here it was not as powerful as , for example, in western ukraine, if it is broken, then a gap will form in the enemy’s defense, he will be forced to transfer troops here from other sectors of the front, thereby weakening them, but there were serious arguments against in belarus in the winter months a series of unsuccessful for the red army operation, the problem of the previous months was that the artillery stopped the soviet offensive. that is, uh, the infantry moves forward and meets. ah, the advancement of humanity. mm.

it was necessary to reverse this, it was possible due to suppression. the positions of german artillery began to be scrupulously studied, both aerial reconnaissance and artillery reconnaissance were carried out detailed aerial photography, flashes and the sounds of shots from a special team were recorded. data from other means of artillery reconnaissance reveals the opposition of the gun from which this projectile flew in the offensive operation of the red army in belarus received the code name bagration, its start was scheduled for the second half of june 44, in order to reliably suppress the artillery positions of the enemy, they decided to increase the density of fire of

their own artillery, if at the beginning of june there was a little more at the disposal of the first belarusian front. 900 wagons of ammunition of all types and calibers, just the beginning of the offensive, it was necessary to have almost four thousand, the presence of a large number of shells, which made it possible to widely use the tactics of the fire shaft, that is, when the fire artillery is continuously fired over the head of the advancing troops and, as the infantry and tanks advance, is transferred to new lines. leave me alone. leave me alone. doesn't fit anywhere. you must stay as close as possible. how is his shaft? why are you afraid it is not clear how far the fragments from a 152-mm howitzer scatter, and even less is the

distance of 150 m of absolute safety on the one hand, it does not allow the enemy infantry that is under it to raise its head, and on the other hand it hides. well, just breaks and earth and masks the approaching infantry and attacking tanks with smoke from explosions. distance during the preparation of operation bagration, the tactics of the fire shaft were modified in separate areas, it was decided to use a double fire shaft, the gun, which was supposed to provide the fire shaft, was divided into two groups. one shoots at the forward positions, and the second starts from the next trench, the second trench and further into the depth. that is.

the main thing that is called the peculiarity of this tactic. it forbids the german know-how of constant counterattack. here the germans kept their defenses on artillery on counterattacks. here is a double fire shaft, forbidding counterattacks, in general, any movements, reserves in depth, bagration’s offensive operation began in the early morning of june 23, 44 with a powerful air strike, then artillery fire fell on the enemy’s positions, after that tank and infantry formations of the red army valeria had the most important influence during operation bagration, because she, uh, managed to hack. uh, fortifying the enemy, she inflicted very heavy losses on the enemy troops, including including those that fell into the boilers on july 4th, that is, in just 2 weeks, soviet troops in belarus

managed to push the enemy 200-230 km surrounded. more than 100,000 people fell near minsk, the germans were forced to transfer reserves from other sectors, and the entire german defense system began to crumble by october 1944. the red army liberated almost the entire territory of the ussr in poland, soviet troops came close to warsaw to the capital of the third reich, they were 500 km away . ahead were still the fortresses of east prussia of the heavy-duty line defense on the outskirts of berlin and in the city itself, but thanks to the experience and strength that soviet artillery acquired during the war, it no longer had any solvable tasks, the defeat of germany was only a matter of time, the history of soviet artillery in the pre-war period during the great patriotic war - this is to a large extent, the phenomenon is unique, because, on the one hand, this

is an absolutely outstanding breakthrough in terms of design thought, and on the other hand, in terms of the development of tactics for the combat use of artillery, and of course, the outstanding heroism of our artillerymen even after the soviet-finnish war. stalin called artillery, the god of war, and this was his name during the great patriotic war. soviet artillery brilliant confirmed world war ii was ending, but the respite turned out to be short, the former allies in the anti-hitler coalition saw the post-war arrangements of the world in different ways, the united states and great britain became the main geopolitical and military opponents of the soviet union , a new global confrontation began with a swift, gaining momentum race and arms. on august 6,

1945, in the early morning , a b-29 bomber took off from the american air base on the island of tinian in the pacific ocean; on board the aircraft there was an atomic bomb . paul tibets gave the order to drop the bombing occurred at an altitude of 560 m. the flash from the explosion was brighter, the sun only in the first instant killed about 80,000 people for 3 days. after the script. repeated over the japanese city. nagasaki it was the final chords of the second world war, but literally a year after the surrender of germany and japan, the world was again divided into two opposing camps and the united states, the former allies of the ussr in the

anti-hitler coalition, were already making plans for the atomic bombing of soviet cities. in april 1949, the nato military bloc was created, which, in addition to the united states and canada, included 10 european states, the territory of each of these countries could become a springboard for a future attack on the soviet union, the likelihood of a new big war the soviet army had to be ready for it again, and the experience of the just ended great patriotic war said that one could count on success only with powerful and effective artillery, but the appearance of nuclear weapons. changed the traditional methods of warfare to the god of war artillery. once again i had to prove my important role on the battlefield.

after the war, the number one task for soviet science and industry was the creation of its own nuclear weapons, it was necessary to develop both the charge itself and the means of its delivery. besides, it was necessary to understand how the new weapon would affect the existing ideas about the tactics and strategy of the warrior, there was a lot, so far only at the level of ideas and depended on what could be implemented in the technical plan, as for conventional weapons, at first it began to improve based on the previous experience so during the great patriotic war, the soviet artillery had two key tasks. the first in defense is the fight against enemy armored vehicles. the failures of the red army in the summer of forty-first were largely associated with impossibility to contain tank attacks. the wehrmacht

could not repeat this mistake, the second artillery in the offensive was supposed to provide continuous support to its attacking troops. to do this, it was necessary to collect a large number of breakthrough sites. guns, especially heavy ones capable of destroying heavy-duty enemy defenses. to begin with, it was necessary to improve the characteristics of the guns during the war, often there was no time for this. the priority was the mass production of weapons and implementation. in a series of fundamentally new samples could disrupt the pace production. many ideas were abandoned until better times after the war, a paradoxical situation developed when a lot of weapons seemed to be produced , including a relatively new development, but in essence they were already from the system of the past and in fact. here is the soviet artillery, the military channel had its roots back in the tsarist, and here are the new developments of the late thirties , unrealized and forties. it was already the

artillery of the future, one of the first post-war guns was the d-44 divisional gun caliber 85 mm. she was replacing the less powerful 76 mm. they wanted to do this before the war, but did not have time to return to these plans already in 44. the gun was developed in the design bureau under the leadership of fyodor petrov, the t-44 entered the test site literally the day before victory day on may 8, 1945, all the tests passed, and then it was launched into a large series after the war, a little more than 10,000 guns of this type were released for comparison 76 mm guns before the war of similar divisional ones, but there were 8.000 in the red army by the beginning, the fifties on the base d-44 created an anti-tank gun. its barrel was almost one and a half times longer, which increased armor penetration. the gun received the designation

t-48. in addition, a self-propelled version of the sd-44 was developed for independent movement. on the carriage, the gun was equipped with a motorcycle engine with a capacity of 14 horsepower and controls, the maximum speed was 25 km. during the war years, the calculation carried guns between positions on itself, it is clear that over long distances. naturally, they were means mechanical traction. now they were now they were improving the chambers, a whole lot of new tractors, but, nevertheless, for movement on the battlefield it was realized that this is the phenomenon of a cannon. increasing the mobility of artillery, like all ground forces , was also one of the conclusions of the last war. horse traction was a thing of the past all art systems, including light. now they had to be towed exclusively by cars. in addition, the soviet command remembered very well. how much effort and

time had to be spent during the war on overcoming the water barriers of the rivers of large lakes of which in central europe was enough, since these territories were again considered as a potential theater of military operations in the soviet army. those means were needed that would allow the immediate crossing of water barriers, without construction, bridges and pontoons. in the early fifties, the btr-55 amphibious armored personnel carrier was adopted by the soviet army. it could carry up to 20 soldiers or various cargoes weighing up to two tons. in this case, for crossing the river on an armored personnel carrier roll up the d-44 cannon. while moving through the water, this combined system could even fire. another interesting, post-war development, the d-30 howitzer of 122 mm caliber, it was also

designed under the leadership of fyodor petrov for troops up to 30 was supposed to replace the m-30 howitzer, a gun that brilliantly showed itself on the fronts of the great patriotic war, the gun carriage became a fundamental difference up to 30 . it did not have two beds, like most other a3 guns, when transferred to a combat position, they created a kind of platform, therefore, the howitzer could conduct a circular fire. now if the enemy suddenly finds himself behind or to the side. didn't have to unroll. the whole gun was enough to turn only the barrel. the firing range is up to 30, compared to its predecessor , the rate of fire has increased by 3.5 km from 6:00 to 8:00 rounds per minute. in general, a fairly simple and reliable weapon turned out to be the key to its popularity, the d-30 howitzer at different times was and is in service with about 7 dozen countries, up to 30

has proven itself very well local wars from this afghanistan, it was used. mostly in the airborne troops. very mobile, they will quickly quickly make the unit need 30 a little to deploy. in general, on e, it was not used in large numbers around the globe. so if we evaluate. what is called from the future artillery of the 20th century or is already being evaluated, the d30 will go down in history as one of the best guns not only for soviet artillery, but also for the 20th century as a whole. following the results of the great patriotic war, it was decided to improve and characteristics of mortars. this weapon has become widespread in all the armies of the world, the red army of the forty-first to forty. the fifth year they received a record number of about 350,000

mortars. there were some shortcomings. for example, howitzers of similar calibers. they lost in firing range and could not fire directly , but mortars were cheaper and easier to manufacture, more mobile, they were easier to cover on the battlefield, according to experts. the greatest losses, the german infantry suffered precisely from the mortar fire of the soviet troops forty-ninth in 1994, the kolomna design bureau developed a new 160 mm mortar, its maximum firing range was 8 km, one and a half times more than that of a similar system of the 43 model. in addition, even more powerful 240 mm mortars with a range of 9.5 km were adopted. during the war , self-propelled rocket artillery, katyusha, a combination of good mobility and a powerful volley, also showed themselves well. allowed to take opponents

by surprise wars showed that the enemy was starting react to shelling for 10-15 seconds, then here 15 seconds. no one reacts, then the personnel begins to hide, the equipment begins to leave the affected area. in general, the effect is not the same, so, uh, a multiple launch rocket system, just its entire amount of ammunition. those 10-15 seconds. just hit the enemy. that is, we do not have time to escape from the blow. during the war, the vast majority of katyushas used american trucks supplied to the ussr under the lend lisa program as chassis. therefore, first of all, it was necessary to transfer the installations to the domestic wheelbase, they coped with the task at the end of the forties by developing the first all-wheel drive three-axle truck in the ussr . it was called zis 151. for new multiple launch rocket systems, new shells were required for katyusha missiles, the deviation from the target

could be up to 300 m during the war, they came up with how to compensate for this lack of installation used to conduct massive fire in several vehicles, compensating for low accuracy of the number of projectiles fired. and yet, after the war, improving accuracy was one of the tasks for developers of multiple launch rocket systems ; it was necessary to increase the firing range, and each additional kilometers of flight. if only it increased russia. during world war ii, germany was also armed with rockets, but did not differ from the soviet katyusha missiles to stabilize the flight, they had a tail, the germans used the turbojet principle. during the flight. they revolve around their longitudinal axis. to do this, their nozzle holes were located at an angle and the jets twisted the projectile up to several thousand revolutions per minute, the firing accuracy of turbojet projectiles was three times higher than that of opera, but

such ammunition was more difficult. war was extremely difficult. a salvo fire system using the turbojet stabilization principle appeared in the ussr after the war at the beginning, in the fifties they adopted several such systems. the first of them is the bm-24. she had 12 turbojet shells. caliber 240 mm, the second bm-14 on its launcher was 16 shells of 140 mm caliber. the probable deviation of the rocket of those systems did not exceed 90 meters to a qualitatively new level; it was associated with an increase in the technological level of soviet industry. this was unbelievable for the war, but the post-war years after what is actually now called the second industrialization of the forties, soviet industry could

to produce rockets that are spin-stabilized and indeed require a lot of volumetric processing. as i understand it, dagestanis love pure truthful real tasty straight. today they brought you a beautiful canister on this chef's knife spacer. we have a mammoth tooth here. this place is like that. directly colorful we have the most powerful vodka. well, first of all. i need to drink more eggplant and pepper, we are coming, do not be shy of the chef on wheels premiere tomorrow at the first treat for the festive table we are ready and of course, special attention. we give sauce, mayonnaise, make holiday dishes tastier.

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alexander introduces himself still, turbojet

projectiles had their drawback to provide a high speed of rotation of the slope and the nozzles had to be located away from the axis of the projectile. this increased its cross section and as a result aerodynamic drag, which negatively affected the firing range for long-range systems. such a solution was not suitable, and then the designers decided to combine both principles of stabilization. the missile of the combat vehicle, bmd-20, had both plumage and inclined plumage nozzles, which provided additional stabilization. this made it possible to position the nozzles closer to the center and reduce the cross section of the projectile, resulting in a firing range. bmd-20 was 19 km, almost twice as much as systems with conventional turbojet shells. actually, the bmd index was deciphered as a combat vehicle, long-range

well, there was no such decision. the ideal plumage increased the dimensions, which made it difficult to place a large number of missiles on the launcher, if there were 12 rockets on the bm-24, then only four on the bmd-20, and the next step was a feathered turbojet projectile, the stabilizer of which was opened already in flight. this made it possible to place a rocket, in a tubular type guide inside it, there was a pass with which the projectile rotational motion was given. thanks to this technical solution , 40 missiles were immediately located on one launcher in four rows of 10 pieces. in each , a new multiple launch rocket system was designated bm-21. grad developed it in the fifty- ninth year. there are 147 in it under the leadership of alexander gonichev. it is interesting that before that, not even 147 specialized in the design of sleeves, and

this experience was already useful when creating the rocket, technologies were used, uh, that were used for the sleeve of its production, that is, the most high-performance most massive technology that has been implemented. it made it possible in the future to manufacture shells for the grad not and tens of thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions. and the sum turned out to be an efficiency system that was simply indescribably high, just simply a fantastic grad combat vehicle was designed using the chassis of the ural 375d car. it was a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle in the sixties and seventies. she was the main truck of the soviet army the transfer time of the grad installation from traveling to combat did not exceed 3.5 minutes, the guidance mechanisms were driven by

electric drives or manually fired. it was possible to conduct both single shots and a volley. the rate of fire was determined by the rotational speed of the trigger handle, which was located inside the cockpit when firing from cover , a remote control panel was used. the launch range was 21 km. another direction, which began to be quite actively engaged after the war. it concerned heavy barreled artillery, replacement was required by the obsolete gun of the a-19 caliber gun, 122 mm and the howitzer of the ml 20 gun, caliber 152 mm. at the end of the forties, two new pairs were immediately developed, the first of which was a duplex consisting of a d-74 gun and a howitzer gun up to 20. in this case, the emphasis was on reducing the mass of guns while maintaining range characteristics,

for example, the new d-20 as well as the predecessor of the ml-20 fired at 17 km, but at the same time, in the stowed position, the second pair of the m46 gun and the m47 gun was 2.5 tons lighter. on the contrary, they got a little heavier, but their ballistic characteristics have noticeably improved, if the a 19 cannon had a maximum firing range of 20 km, then the new m46 has already 27.5. in the class of guns of special power, the 180 mm s-23 gun was created, its effective range was 30 km, but in the mid- fifties, when this gun was ready for mass production, most of the work on the development of heavy and super-heavy art systems turned off the reasons for two betting on nuclear weapons and progress in rocket science believed that

traditional weapons were simply outdated, that now everything will be decided by a duel of missile systems, and the armies are outdated, they need to be reduced, and that's all. this gave rise to such a decline in the development of artillery systems. moreover, it was more of a political decision than a military one, and the conductor of this decision was a certain sergeevich khrushchev, of course, there was a sound idea in this, but still it was not worth splashing out. e water. and a child a bit of background, the first atomic bombs were very large and only heavy bombers were suitable for their delivery, while the nuclear bomb itself weapons were considered exclusively as a means of strategic use; targets for nuclear weapons were to become large administrative-political centers and industrial areas, places of deployment of troops, naval bases , strikes, they were supposed to weaken the military

potential of the state and force it to capitulate. in the same year, the us military began to consider nuclear weapons as a means to solve tactical problems exclusively on the battlefield, for example, to break through well-fortified defense lines . opponents. in the first half of the fifties, the united states army received such weapons, small atomic bombs. it could be suspended not only under heavy bombers, but also under smaller tactical aircraft. also, have been created. we are missile systems with mobility, such as he, his rocket was placed on a truck. she had a range of 27.5 km and carried a nuclear charge with a capacity of 30 km. this was almost twice the power of the bomb dropped on hiroshima. at in 1954, the americans began to

deploy their tactical nuclear weapons in europe, thereby they wanted to neutralize the soviet numerical superiority. in this theater of operations in the soviet union, it was necessary to give an adequate response in the ussr , the il-28 front-line bomber became the first tactical carrier of nuclear weapons. he could carry the rds-4 atomic bomb with a power of 30 ct, which was developed in 54 , followed by the creation of land-based nuclear firing systems and cannon artillery. also claimed this role were created so -called atomic weapons. a self-propelled gun of 406 mm caliber, and self-propelled mortars of 420 mm caliber, they were loved to demonstrate on military pairs, at the end of the fifties the guns looked, but only in real operating conditions. centimeter sixty-ton vehicles were not

very convenient missile systems that were developed at that time with similar range indicators were more compact and many times lighter. in the fifties, rockets were considered more promising weapons. the most powerful scientific forces. the most powerful design teams of the enterprise and even artillery design bureaus and factories. all of them en masse began to be transferred to the creation and manufacture of missile weapons. in general, the question arose in a number of developed countries that artillery itself is no longer needed, because we can put a nuclear combat participation on any missile using these missiles to influence the enemy to the entire depth with relatively small forces. giving him practically catastrophic losses. in the ussr, nuclear missile systems, depending on the firing range, were divided into several classes; tactical missile systems had a launch range of

several tens of kilometers. they were part of the missile artillery battalions of motorized rifle or tank divisions in the soviet army; the first tactical complexes were the filin and mars rocket owl. it had a flight range of almost 26 km, and could be equipped with both a conventional high-explosive charge and a nuclear power of 10 km. mars had firing range of 17.5 km and an atomic charge with a capacity of up to 7 kg. the troops of owl and mars began to arrive in the fifty-eighth year, but they lost to the american neste john complex both in terms of nuclear charge power and firing range, therefore, in the sixtieth year, a tactical missile system was developed to replace them. luna , its firing range was 45 km, and after another 4 years, its modernized version of luna m with a range of 70 km was ready. the second

class consisted of operational-tactical missile systems with a range of over 100 km, they should were to act in the interests of large military formations such as the army or the front, the first operational-tactical missile in the soviet army became r11, it was put into service in the fifty- fifth year, r11 could hit targets at a distance of up to 180 km, in the early sixties and was replaced tactical complex elbrus with a range narrowly already 300 km for the creation of tactical operational-tactical complexes served, well, to change the states of the ground forces, missile brigades appeared, which, during certain local wars or some kind of hostilities, the commander of the formation already had such a powerful fire effect for a potential enemy. it was of course. a serious

threat until the end of the fifties, strategic systems capable of flying several thousand kilometers were also subordinate to the artillery commander, and the r7 intercontinental missile, capable of flying to the united states, was also preparing for adoption. the battlefield before delivering strategic strikes, so it was decided to streamline the structure of all strategic systems; strategic missile forces were combined into a new type of the armed forces of the strategic missile forces . they were of mediocre artillery, tactical and operational-tactical complexes remained, but even this was enough to radically change the tactics of using ground forces. the appearance of operational practical tactical missile systems made it possible to defeat the enemy for the whole. we are his defenses - this greatly embarrassed

maneuver by enemy forces. this made it possible to react more quickly to changes in the situation. for example, the approach of reinforcements to the line of operations, because somewhere else in the operational depth they will be disabled by a strike using nuclear weapons. it forced all countries that were preparing for hostilities to proceed from the fact that they must dramatically increase mobility, since it was mobility that began to be considered, that is, the very protection for the ground forces. not only burrow into dugouts or to some kind of shelter, but also mobility, so infantry fighting vehicles began to be created, with the help of which it was possible to leave the intended location at a sufficiently high speed, waiting for a nuclear strike. even the most low-powered nuclear weapon could cover a significant territory and any concentration of troops became deadly dangerous, if during the

great patriotic war a rifle division in the breakthrough area could occupy 2-3 km of the front, now the battle formations opposite should have been allowed. the tactics of the ground forces now provided for action on a wide front, 30 km per division, and the main view should have been a meeting battle, when the opponents move towards each other, without seeing each other, they fire from long-range artillery with long- range fire attacks, fire at battle formations, then approach each other tank masses also collide with the support of long-range guns. and this is the tactics of the ground forces. it was already fundamentally different from what was seen on fields of world war ii, with the adoption of missile systems, the capabilities of artillery, as a kind of troops, increased significantly and such large-scale changes were reflected even in its name

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drug delivery on the horseshoe of the famous flea and fit in a field of 150 pieces. i use guys savvy grants for more than 25 billion rubles. to update the scientific base and the birth of new stars of science the national project of russia is what is important here and now fit better than anti-aircraft guns. the last to be left was only the fight against aircraft at low altitudes, but in fighter aviation, the complete rejection of cannon weapons in favor of missiles did not justify itself . it was possible to shoot down the enemy missiles far, not always, and without other weapons, the fighter

turned out to be without weapons, the refusal to develop heavy artillery guns the school also admitted it was wrong where it was more expedient to use cannon artillery and missiles together, as happened in the fight against brunei equipment, although at first it seemed that the traditional anti-tank artillery had also become obsolete. by the end of world war ii, the armor protection of the tank had increased significantly, and for anti-tank cannon artillery, the fight against them, especially at distances over kilometers, became extremely difficult. this required an increase in the caliber and flight speed of an armor-piercing projectile, which led to an increase in the dimensions and mass of the guns, as a result of which their mobility on the battlefield decreased, it was more difficult to mask them. at the same time, the tanks themselves could conduct aimed fire from a distance of one and a half to two kilometers, so the task is to destroy the tank before it can use a cannon on you with a cannon. this cannot be done, because the tank has the same cannon and therefore.

you are always in such a dueling system. and if you create tools that can hit a tank before the moment when it can hit you, you get significant advantages. heat shells became effective weapons in the fight against armored vehicles, they did not require high flight speed, which allowed to create fairly simple and compact devices for firing the german faust cartridge or the american bazooka used just such shells. but it was a weapon. in close combat, the range of aimed fire did not exceed 150 m. cumulative shells were also included in the ammunition load of anti-tank guns, but because of the lower flight speed. they lost with armor-piercing shells. in accuracy of fire at long ranges, effective shooting was possible at distances not exceeding half a kilometer. during the war the germans.

they tried to improve the accuracy of firing cumulative munitions with the help of small guided missiles to bring them to mind, they did not have time, and after the war the french took advantage of these developments and created their own anti-tank guided missiles, abbreviated ptur. control signals were transmitted over wires that unwound as the rocket flew, the firing range was 3 km, and they successfully applied them to the conflicts of the fifty-sixth year, the anglo-frank, israeli aggression in egypt , and there they showed their things and, of course, an analysis of these events led to the fact that it was decided and taken appropriate vigorous measures to ensure that our side had the first soviet anti-tank missile created in the fifty-eighth year at the kolomna design bureau of mechanical engineering. it would be a tour of a bumblebee, she was controlled by wires. a year later, the phalanx anti-tank complex came out for testing, it was

designed in the moscow okb-16, this missile had radio control, there was no experience in using such systems and therefore it was not clear. what method of management in practice it will turn out to be better, therefore both complexes were adopted . the moscow phalanx was mounted 500 m more than the first soviet anti-tank guns on a self-propelled highway, as portable systems, these missiles were not suitable. they weighed over 25 kg, it was difficult to move them by the forces of the combat crew, so the troops still needed a light and anti-tank complex, they took up its development in the kolomna design bureau, a new obtour. received the name baby, she was put into service in the sixty-third year, the calculation of the turm lute consisted of three people, one fighter carried a satchel with

a control panel with a total mass of 12 kg, the other two satchels with rockets of 18 kg each. each the upper cover of the rocket pack was used as a stand for a launcher, then crakhetia was installed on it, the warhead was docked, and the control wire was connected to the remote control to transfer the complex from the marching position to the combat crew , it took 1.5 minutes. baby firing range was 3 km, that is, even more than that of larger birds, a bumblebee and a phalanx. in the tour, the malyutka turned out to be a very successful and extremely popular weapon in different versions, more than 300,000 pieces were produced, in addition to the soviet ones. armed forces complexes were supplied to the armies of almost 4 dozen more states in various local conflicts. the largest, probably, is the arab israeli conflict with babies, in total , about 700 tanks were destroyed. the first

generation of ptur had a serious drawback to the operator guidance had to follow and track the target because of the rocket, assessing their relative position. he had to control the rocket, the task became more complicated. if the object of attack moved the operator. he must have been highly qualified. he must be well trained and in the conditions of even training arrows. not everyone could solve this problem, but in the conditions of hostilities, when a strong psycho-physiological effect, of course. this task became much more difficult for the abdur. second generation guidance process for the operator significant forgiveness. now he had to observe only the target, holding the crosshair of the sight on it, the guidance equipment itself determined the location of the rocket by a bright spot from its thruster, if the rocket deviated from the course, then the control system transmitted corrective signals to its control. it was the so

-called semi. a modernized complex received a similar control system, and the baby and the phalanx were created and a new phagon was created. its developer was the tula design bureau instrument-making feature of the bassoon was the placement of the rocket inside the transport and launch container. in him. it was stored, transported and always ready for combat work. such a container was convenient to mount, both on various vehicles and on portable launchers, anti-tank guided missiles, compact long-range missiles with an effective warhead really looked very attractive, but like any other weapon had their drawbacks. the first complexes that used manual guidance was big