she even broke into someone's yard, knocking down the fence , the residents called for help. and while the experts were on the way, they organized a kind of trap for the predator , they built cars around the perimeter of the place where the guests noticed the animal. as a result, they were escorted back to the forest. this is the whole development of events at six in the evening, and now it has finished on our channel, the final series of the documentary series god of war, the history of russian artillery. until the end of the fifties of the xx century in the united states, the dominant strategy of the war against the ussr was total nuclear bombardment . soviet cities at the disposal of the american command had more than a thousand strategic bombers ready to carry out this task. they were based, both in the united states itself and at the airfields of europe and asia, the americans did not expect a retaliatory strike on their territory from the ussr until there were aircraft with intercontinental range

flights. this gave the united states a sense of security and guaranteed victory over the soviet union in the event of a nuclear war. however, in 1957, the ussr for the first time in the history of mankind. brought to orbit artificial satellite the americans realized that the russians had the technology to make the north american continent. the not-so-distant target of a rocket that a satellite delivered into space would take no more than 30 minutes. to fly across the ocean, by that time, the ussr also had carrier aircraft with an intercontinental flight range. now the total nuclear bombing of the cities of the soviet union could provoke an equally crushing retaliatory strike, and the americans themselves had to change the doctrine of war in the new conditions. to the fore usually non-nuclear weapons, including artillery, came out.

in 1958, the idea of ​​a so -called limited nuclear war was put forward in the united states, most likely by the theater of operations. for her , europe could become where the armies of the countries of nato and the warsaw pact confronted each other. it would be a classic clash following the example of the battles of the second world war, and nuclear weapons were considered as a means of enhancing the combat power of the ground forces, it was assumed that to solve local problems on the battlefield. can be use a small number of tactical, that is, relatively low-yield nuclear warheads. they were

planned to be used exclusively for military purposes, command posts, places of deployment of troops with a treasure trove of fuel and ammunition. at the same time, the americans were aware that the use of even tactical nuclear weapons could lead to irreversible consequences, and therefore it was necessary to develop conventional weapons that would allow them to achieve some success. fleeing to extreme measures, us secretary of defense harold brown stated, although we should pay attention to nuclear forces, both strategic and tactical, there is a general agreement that the conventional forces of the us and its allies deserve at least the same, in my opinion. even more in focus, the use of nuclear weapons will be the last rather than the first step in the use of military force, more likely armed conflicts will start with the use of conventional weapons. in the ussr, non-nuclear types of weapons developed

quite actively, for example, soviet tanks the ground forces were ahead of the armies of the nato countries, both qualitatively and quantitatively. but in artillery , the situation was not so unambiguous back in the fifty-fifth year, the development of promising large-caliber cannon artillery guns, they stopped relying on missiles and they fired. at long ranges and better suited for installing nuclear charges that were large enough at that time, it turned out that one even the most low-power nuclear missile could replace dozens, if not hundreds of artillery yells in sixty the first year, they even decided to rename the corresponding branch of the troops. now it was not just artillery, but rocket troops and artillery. and in general, they saw a replacement for missile weapons. almost all of the weapons that existed at that time were supposed

to solve all the tasks that artillery solves beyond in the depths of the enemy missiles strategic purpose, which destroy the military-industrial potential of opponents. rockets can do everything, but it turned out for all countries of the world, it turned out almost simultaneously, that rockets have a number of certain limitations. in each case, they are different, but first of all there was a question of cost. by the mid-sixties , it became obvious that the refusal to improve traditional heavy artillery was a mistake to compete with operational-tactical missiles, the range of which exceeded 100 km with an artillery gun, of course, it was beyond the power, but for tactical missile systems that fired at a distance of 15 to 70 km. they could be a good

addition. the fact is that the tactical missiles of the sixties were unguided and the probable deviation from the target could be measured in hundreds of meters . we would have to use conventional warheads, that is, for such scenarios. should have at least improved. and the missile systems themselves. at the same time , cannon artillery could already compete with missiles in the delivery of nuclear charges by the end of the sixties , the size and mass of such ammunition was significantly reduced for firing. they needed guns of relatively small calibers, starting from about 150 mm, and it was no longer necessary to create bulky guns for this, as it was back in the late fifties to replace a warhead on a missile from a conventional warhead to a nuclear task in the field, practically unsolvable at that time

like an artillery piece. we can both load conventional shells, and in fact, if necessary, fire shells with special equipment, respectively, such a system turns out to be more flexible. it is getting more widespread use. another weighty argument in favor of cannon artillery, local wars began to occur in the world that affected the interests of the soviet union and its potential. united states , here it was about the production of heavy auto systems designed for non-nuclear conflicts taking place on the fronts of the cold war in order for soviet proxies to operate more effectively, that is, those countries that were allies of the ussr to one degree or another and, accordingly, the interests of the ussr in a particular region were protected with the help of these countries, it was precisely about confrontation in

this kind of spirit is closer to the second world war than to a military conflict of the future with the use of nuclear weapons. in the second half of the sixties , the ussr returned to the development of new cannon artillery systems, in addition to improving technical characteristics, it was necessary to adapt them for use in a nuclear conflict so that the gun would not fall under a nuclear missile attack. they had to quickly occupy and leave their positions, such a condition was met by self-propelled artillery self-propelled guns in the ussr were not successfully used even during the great patriotic war, but now slightly different combat vehicles were required during the war, soviet self-propelled guns had good armor protection. she was at the level of tanks of those years, while the firing range, self-propelled guns did not exceeded 6 km fire. they were, as a rule, direct fire. these were front line vehicles that were

supposed to compensate for the lack of firepower of tank guns in the fight against fortified defense lines and enemy armored vehicles. they had to act non-pos. well, in advanced formations, the advancing units, together with them, break into the enemy’s defenses to ensure advancement into the depths of the enemy’s tactical defense zone. that is, if a pillbox gets in the way of our advancing troops, a self-propelled artillery mount leaves - this is the one that is destroyed if it is necessary to make a passage in the barriers, this task, which is being solved just by self-propelled for sharp installations. they support our advancing self-propelled tank units, which were to be developed in the late sixties. they were intended mainly for firing closed positions. they were supposed to have a significant firing range, so they did not need armor protection, like tanks. this gave a significant gain in weight, which could be used to install powerful guns or, for example, to equip vehicles with rotating turrets of this structural element,

soviet self-propelled guns of the great patriotic war did not have the main task that was set to increase the mobility of artillery units precisely. the artillery units, which solved the tasks of fire support of the general claim units, put them on self-propelled tracked chassis armor from non-projectile anti-bullet, but at the same time, it made it possible to protect the crew from shell fragments, the use of self-propelled guns, in addition to high mobility gave another advantage at the turn of the forties fifties in the ussr a series of atomic explosions was carried out. different power was studied influence, damaging factors of nuclear weapons. the test showed that armored vehicles proved to be better than other types of weapons. in particular. tanks their armor plates. reduced the impact of the explosion on crew members. tankers were protected from light radiation and the level of penetrating radiation decreased. subsequently

, additional means against nuclear protection at the time of the explosion, they automatically sealed the interior of the machine, the filter of the ventilation unit began to supply purified air into the tank and created excess pressure, which prevented the penetration of radioactive dust. this provided combat capability. crews. even without the use of personal protective equipment by such life support systems. it was possible to equip the newly created installations of self-propelled artillery. the seventies, the designers prepared for ground forces of the soviet army several types of self-propelled guns at once, the first three of them were put into service in the seventy-first year, the self-propelled howitzer 2s1 carnation had a caliber of 122 mm in fact. it was a self-propelled analogue of the

d-30 towed howitzer. the firing range of the carnation was 15 km. it was intended for fire support of motorized rifle colonels. the standard division consisted of three batteries of six battery guns. the movement of motorized riflemen became infantry fighting vehicles infantry fighting vehicles. they could independently overcome water barriers, so the carnation was also endowed with this quality and could move at speeds up to 4.5 km / h. another self-propelled howitzer was called two s-3 action of the artillery base. for her, a towed, d-20 gun of 152 mm caliber served, starting from

this caliber. all soviet guns could fire nuclear munitions. acacia was supposed to act in the interests of tank and motorized rifle divisions; its firing range was 17 km when using active rockets, that is, having their own engine. range increased to 20 km. among other interesting features of the acacia, the presence of earth-moving equipment on the machine with the help of it, she could independently dig a shelter for herself. in 71, the named became self-propelled, 2s4 tulip its caliber was 240 mm, the maximum firing range of active reactive ammunition reached 20 km, heavy

self-propelled tulip mortars for arming individual artillery brigades and were supposed to act in the interests of large military associations. in the seventy-fifth year into service adopted a self-propelled gun 2s5 hyacinth s caliber 152 mm, its maximum firing range was approximately 30 km. it, like the tulip , was intended for the army unit. and finally, the fifth most long-range self-propelled gun, developed in the seventies. gun 2s7 pion caliber 203 mm. its firing range reached 40-7.5 km. pion was part of the artillery, the reserve of the main command in the us army of an artillery gun with such a firing range was not the most powerful weapon in the potential the enemy was the m110 self-propelled howitzer, its

maximum firing range was only 30 km, the appearance of soviet artillery, self-propelled guns, it covered virtually all levels of subordination , including regimental artillery a and artillery, the reserve of the main command. they fully met the task of combating the range of self-propelled guns that were in the nato bloc. the active development of self-propelled guns in the seventies did not at all mean a complete rejection of towed guns. therefore, in addition to a variant of the hyacinth gun was created and towed, it had the designation 2a36 hyacinth b. it was, first of all, saving money, because we were towing a gun, but cheaper and still remained a niche for towed guns in conflicts, first of all, of a local nature. secondly,

we are towing artillery in some kind of static defense, could also play a role. it would not be superfluous to recall once again that at the beginning of the sixties of the last century, the history of artillery is the history of the united type of troops, which had on weapons and missiles. yes, the physical method of delivering the projectile to the target has changed somewhat, but the tasks by and large. they remained the same, while the missiles made it possible to increase the range of impact on the enemy. at the end of the sixties, it was the turn to improve and to missile weapons. since the missiles of the first generation of tactical systems were unguided, they were aimed at the target like artillery pieces were a rough pickup. produced directly by the machine, which set the general direction to the target for accurate guidance on the horizon, the launcher could be turned in a sector of ten degrees to change

the range, the rocket rose to a certain elevation angle within sixty degrees compared to conventional artillery shells to hit the target. it was more difficult and flew further and rose higher because of this, the error of the dream grew. in addition, the rocket was significantly larger in size and more exposed to the wind before combat work , to clarify the aiming, the air launched balloons probes and a special radar station followed it, which made it possible to obtain data on the speed and direction of air flows at different heights and make appropriate corrections in guidance. truth. this significantly lengthened the preparation time for firing. as already mentioned, in the case of using nuclear warheads, insufficient accuracy could be neglected, but there were many targets that could be hit with conventional ammunition without resorting to the table, drastic

measures. this is the radar station planes on airfields. manpower and non-armored vehicles in open areas, since barreled artillery, they did not always reach, they needed missile systems with increased firing accuracy. the new tactical missile system was instructed to create a machine design bureau under the leadership of sergei the invincible, he received the designation point k. the ministry of defense has formed a set of requirements for a new promising tactical missile system. this is high autonomy, high mobility short preparation and launch time, high accuracy, ease of maintenance with a minimum number of combat crews, the equipment of the complex, independently made topographic reference to the launch site and determined the flight

trajectory according to the given target coordinates; the rocket was transferred to a vertical position immediately before the descent. in all modes of preparation for launch, the rocket was in a horizontal position. at unlike all the other complexes that at that time were they were all open. they could see these missiles. it was a closed car and only 10-20. seconds before the launch, the doors of the launch vehicle were already opening, the rocket was rising and flying away. by autopilot after launch, he parried the perturbation acting on the rocket during the entire flight, the circular probable deviation now did not exceed 2005 m. in general, this is the first complex in our country, which is in the name in the taxi terms of reference. in

its name was written high-precision ttz was written in the sixty-seventh year. and there appeared the word highly accurate for its time. it was e. a breakthrough rocket with a non-nuclear warhead at break gave 15,000 fragments with an area of ​​destruction up to 7 hectares. this is about 10 football fields, the maximum firing range was 70 km, the all-wheel drive three-axle vehicle of the bryansk automobile plant served as the base for the launcher. he could even move afloat at speeds up to 8 km / h in service with the dot complex adopted in the seventy-fifth year, he entered separate missile divisions motorized rifle and tank divisions. the military, of course, appreciated it with dignity, because it really appeared. uh, a mobile autonomous complex, in which there was everything necessary in order to apply a rocket to it was not required. uh,

when she went to a combat position, nothing more, that is, she could go to a combat position within a few minutes, aim , e, fire a rocket and, accordingly, immediately curl up and leave in the eighty-third year she was ready. modification with index r it intended to destroy enemy ground radar stations and other radio-emitting targets, the r-point missile was equipped with a passive homing head with a locator. he fixed the radio emission of the target and the control system. vila on a new york rocket. at the end of the eighties, troops began to arrive, an improved version of the base complex . the complex retained all the best that was in the tochka complex. but at the same time, it received a new quality, this is, first of all, an increased range, which means the point complex is seventy km, and there 120 km,

significant increase. at the same time, the dimensions. the appearance remained almost the same. all the best that was handle five four three two one, the design bureau of the machine under the leadership of sergey the invincible set another task, this time the replacement required an operational-tactical complex. elbrus range, firing, which reached 300 kilometers, the new one received the designation , the experience of creating the point complex was used to the maximum. that is, all the best characteristics. this is high autonomy. mobility opportunity missiles directly from the cockpit of the launcher . all this was preserved and developed in

the complex. the oka launcher was mounted on the basis of the chassis of the bryansk automobile plant bases 6944. it, like the dot machine, could move on water, the speed afloat reached 10 km / h, but there was another task that was previously for weapons of this class. never set. this is the ability to overcome missile defense. at that time, the americans were investing quite a lot of money in the development of missile defense systems in the theater of the military. actions. and naturally. it is important not only to launch a rocket. maybe he hit the target. the missile of the oka complex had a detachable warhead, its dimensions were significantly smaller than that of the entire missile, and therefore in flight it was less noticeable to detection locators against missile defense. and so certain measures were taken to ensure that,

well, the so-called epr is a concept, the effective surface of a plant. this is the characteristic that characterizes seeing will not see. uh, surveillance stations this facility. yes so here is the feature. this epr at the head of the oka complex was minimal. in the final section of the trajectory, the warhead dived at the target almost vertically at a speed of several kilometers per second, all this made it intercept, in fact it was impossible to prove that this complex was able to overcome the anti-missile defense that the american had in the seventies and eighties with high efficiency. naturally, the americans understood that from this complex in the event of a hmm missile defense strike. they don't have a launch range operational-tactical complex. aka was 400 km. it was accepted into service in the eightieth

year. i remember my conversations with officers who were retraining for the complex. and how yes, we already handed it over for supply. this happened to let the napoleonic yar officers who were to serve on this complex, they uttered approximately the following words. you have created some kind of miracle. what you have done is unbelievable. in the late sixties, the soviet army received another long-range rocket complex. it was called temp since it was developed under the direction of alexander nadiradze at nii one today. this is the moscow institute of thermal engineering. primarily. this institute is known as the creator of mobile soil complexes for strategic missile forces such as poplar and yaz, and itself entered service with the strategic missile forces because it had a fairly decent range of 900 km, but in the end it

was still decided to transfer it to the ground forces. there he fell into the category of operational-tactical complexes frontline submission. when the tempes complex appeared, of course, it turned out to be the leader, uh, among similar missile systems around the world, because the only missile with which it could somehow compete was the pershing missile. one of its range was 740 km, and the range of the complex. there, s was 900, respectively, if temp s could strike at the placement of pershings, then pershing they could not strike at the placements of tempos, this complex for many years was from the category of a kind a strategic weapon for the ground forces, which could solve all their strategic tasks at a distance of 900 km. as in the books it is written jackal

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and now our life is coming, how much is our future magnet. lucky for the new year, buy a magnet from the card from the application. play and win a car, as well as a car of new year's prizes. total action against sore throat inflammation and infections rocket weapons made it possible to provide a large spatial scope during offensive operations, but in order to take advantage of the results of the combat work of long-range missiles , highly mobile forces were needed that could quickly penetrate deep into enemy territory; this task was assigned to the airborne troops

to conduct a full-fledged battle behind enemy lines the airborne forces unit needed heavy weapons, including. the armament of the airborne troops has always been in a certain the degree of the problem, certain requirements must be observed when developing these artillery systems. first of all, they must be able to parachute along with the fighters, and the second is that, and they must have certain dimensions and weight, which allows them to be moved by military transport aircraft, however, these requirements should not be at the expense of the combat capabilities of these artillery systems. in the red army, airborne troops appeared in the early thirties of the last century and even then were the first experiments on airborne landing were carried out, various military equipment parachuted motorcycles and cars. light

artillery guns, the fundamental possibilities of implementing the plan were obvious, at the same time, when landing, the equipment often received damage; it was necessary to either strengthen its design or significantly modify the parachute systems themselves. mortars. there was also the possibility transfer of equipment by landing method under the belly of a heavy bomber. the tb-3 could carry one small tank, or a couple of small guns such as a 76 mm regimental cannon or a 45 mm anti-tank gun, but this method of transportation worsened the flight characteristics of an already not the fastest aircraft, but placed the equipment inside the bomber did not allow the size of the fuselage widespread. this mode

of transportation. also did not receive at the same time. the experience of the second world war said that the heavy armament paratroopers are vital. the airborne forces unit in any variant, both in the parachute landing and in the landing assault, one way or another, could collide with the armored vehicles of the enemy. and this clash should not have been deadly for the paratroopers. the experience of the second world war showed that, for example, under armor in operation market guard, when the allied paratroopers were landed on their heads, the operation as a whole failed due to this lack of sufficient anti-tank weapons. for the first time, a real opportunity to airlift heavy weapons from the soviet airborne forces appeared at the turn of the forties and fifties, the means of delivery were gliders to their

destination, they were towed by aircraft. after that, the gliders were unhooked compared to the aircraft. gliders. they were less demanding on the landing site, and their internal volumes made it possible to take bulky cargo on board. for example, in the yak-14 it was possible to load a two-axle truck or an anti-tank gun with a tractor. the total carrying capacity was 3.5 t, taking into account the characteristics of this airframe. at the end of the forties, several prototypes of self-propelled guns for the soviet airborne troops were developed at once, the development of the design bureau of the mytishchi machine-building plant was recognized as the best. the vehicle received the name su-57 avia landing self-propelled gun with a 57 mm anti-tank gun. the appearance of the airborne forces is, in general, a landmark event;

airborne assault, but with enemy guns. after the war, experiments were resumed on the parachute landing of heavy equipment. to do this, they attracted a tu-4 aircraft. it was the first soviet carrier of the atomic bomb, but gradually these machines began to give way to the tu-16 jet bombers, but there was work in the airborne forces on board, the converted tu-4 could take 28 paratroopers for the transportation and parachute landing of bulky cargo, two suspended cabins were used under wing, for example, in one it was possible to place an artillery gun in another light vehicle tractor. it all really started already at the end of the fifties, when new transport aircraft designed by his oleg antonov design bureau an-8 and

an-12 were put into service. the aircraft had a wide cargo hatch in the rear fuselage, which was very convenient for loading military equipment and landing troops. it was more convenient for paratroopers to leave the car in the air. at the same time, the sampling was carried out in two streams, which increased the compactness of the landing of paratroopers and, most importantly, the possibilities for parachute landing of bulky cargo. to do this, platforms were used on which a wide variety of military equipment was attached - mortars, self-propelled guns sd-44 howitzers d-30 multiple rocket launchers vehicles of various classes self-propelled guns asu, 57 an-12 could take on board and new more powerful self-propelled guns asu-85. true, to land the ace-85. it was possible so far only by landing method. in september 1967

, large-scale combined arms exercises dnepr were held in the ussr; they were held on the eve of fiftieth anniversary of the october revolution and became a summing up of the twenty years of development of the armed forces of the soviet union after the end of the war. the general command of the exercises was carried out by the minister of defense. marshal of the soviet union andrei grechka, troops participated in the maneuvers, the belarusian kiev and carpathian military districts attracted about one and a half million people and hundreds of thousands of pieces of equipment to the exercises, firstly, in their organization. in terms of scale, huge marches were made, stages with live fire were launched. tanks were brought to polygons. moreover, they shot there not by a company, not even by a battalion. from the airborne troops, two divisions 103 vitebsk and the seventy-sixth pskov took part in the maneuvers;

the guardsmen of the 103 division were the first to parachute in 22 minutes, about 8,000 people from 150 pieces of equipment were on the ground, the next day the landing of the 76th division of cannons, howitzers was no less grandiose airborne self-propelled guns descended from the sky dozens. it was after the dnepr exercises that it became clear that the airborne troops turned from a light armed unit into a practically self-sufficient force capable of solving complex tasks in the deep rear of the enemy, but at the same time it turned out that the airborne artillery was represented by a fairly wide range of various artillery equipment. plus, it was necessary to land vehicles for transporting personnel and tractors for towing mortar guns. this complicated the planning of operations ; it was necessary to improve the entire weapon system of the airborne forces and, if possible, create more

universal combat means that could perform different tasks. the first step along this path was the airborne bmd-1 combat vehicle, which was put into service in the sixty-ninth year. she could perform the functions of both a transport and a combat vehicle. in the seventies, using the components and assemblies of the bmd-1, an amphibious armored personnel carrier btrd was created, it did not have a turret, and its length was increased by this machine and served as the basis for the creation of two specialized self-propelled installations for airborne artillery, the first of them is tank destroyer armored personnel carrier rd armed with a complex of anti-tank missiles-year. one launcher was installed on an armored personnel carrier, the second was a remote launcher with only ammunition. there were 24 missiles. a self-propelled gun was also created on the same base, but it is customary to decipher it as

a new ground artillery gun, a nona self-propelled gun. uniquely, it combines the properties of a cannon, howitzers, in fact, honey, but it replaced several artillery pieces that were in service at once. airborne it was convenient, since it was not possible to calculate in advance what more guns would be needed to fight armored vehicles or howitzers and mortars to destroy field tamers. this is an attempt to combine the properties of both a mortar and a howitzer of a cannon in one art system, it was just a very ambitious task, the solution of which, in my opinion, was nevertheless managed by a soviet engineer, at least the properties of the gun were sufficient to effectively be used on the modern battlefield. for the gun, but he chose 120 mm caliber, it was not quite typical for

the soviet army but the standard for nato, and this is very important for the actions of the paratroopers in the rear, because there they can replenish this ammunition. e due to the capture of similar enemy ammunition took place during the war in afghanistan fighting. the gun proved to be only exceptionally positive on the part of the shortcomings that would interfere with its use were not identified due to the large elevation angle . this gun was often used in carrying out fire missions in the highlands. by the beginning of the eighties, the soviet army, and its the allies under the warsaw pact numerically outnumbered the armies of the nato countries, and in many positions, the superiority was also qualitative. but

the process of creating new equipment went on continuously, the potential enemy began to receive artillery systems that surpassed the soviet ones in firing range, the arms race entered a new round. in the years of the 20th century, the offensive capabilities of the military formations of the soviet army and its allies under the warsaw pact increased significantly large-scale military exercises that were held in the ussr clearly shown. what an avalanche can fall on opponents. in the event of a war, the concept of a so-called strike on the second echelon appeared, western military theorists proceeded from the fact that the advanced lines of defense of the nato army could withstand the beginning of a possible military conflict in europe, but their resistance would inevitably be broken quickly by the

enemies staying at the front and entering the battle with reserves advancing soviet, respectively destroy these reserves. it should have been long before they approached the line of battle contact of the parties. the basis of the concept was a bet on long-range weapons systems - bombers, cruise and ballistic missiles in the near zone should have worked, cannon artillery and multiple rocket launchers strikes, it was planned to inflict on the arriving soviet formations to the entire depth of their combat formation . to do this, it was necessary to have artillery systems that were superior in range to the soviet ones, so nato artillery could fire, remaining out of their reach in response to this the soviet designer had to create his own new weapon.

in the seventies, five types of self-propelled guns of various calibers and levels of subordination from artillery regiments of motorized rifle troops to artillery, the reserve of the head command of the ground forces, according to western experts, came into service with the soviet missile forces and artillery at once. thanks to this technique, the soviet union significantly increased the survivability and maneuverability of its artillery. these were self-propelled guns carnation acacia tulip, in general they corresponded and even surpassed in some way similar to the art system of a potential enemy.

but in the mid-seventies, germany, great britain, italy began to create a new self-propelled howitzer sp-70, its caliber was 155 mm, the estimated firing range was supposed to be about 30 km in the ussr, its direct competitor was the acacia self-propelled howitzer, it could fire at a maximum of 20 km, poddubnye characteristics gave a very big advantage over the soviet divisional artillery systems, these characteristics made it possible to destroy forces and means of the countries of the warsaw pact long before they reach the area of ​​destination for conducting former operations. the logic of the arms race that unfolded between the ussr and western countries during the cold war was assumed that there should be parity in everything, it was necessary at least not to yield. it's better to outperform the enemy. moreover, the acacia was part of the

artillery regiments, tank and motorized rifle divisions. it was the basis of the striking force of the ground forces, the conflict with nato countries, and this was the development of the tactics that have already been worked out when there is an oncoming battle and opponents. before colliding with each other in tank battles, it carries out long-range attacks and the attack affects each other. on long-range artillery, including divisional artillery, the soviet military and without external stimulus understood that the characteristic of the ocation was not enough war with the possible use of tactical nuclear weapons, dictated its conditions, it was impossible to concentrate troops on a short section front. otherwise, even one very local nuclear strike would have led to heavy losses, if during the great patriotic war a division before an offensive could focus on two or three kilometers of the front, now it was about

two or three dozen kilometers, in general, a feature of the new era. it consisted in the fact that a small number of people acted in the great space and the need to immediately cover a large area with one formation of ground forces, that is, divisions. it spawned the creation of tools capable of killing the limit up to a range of 30 km and supporting his troops at this long range. and that's a long distance. this is not only even some kind of wide front, but a quick advance , because when the troops move 100% mechanized on tanks armored personnel carriers infantry fighting vehicles which , of course, this is the speed of movement. it also gives rise to the need to hit immediately at long range. based on all these prerequisites, in the seventy-sixth year, the ural transport engineering plant under the leadership of yuri

tamashov, instructed to create a new divisional level self-propelled unit. as the main weapon for this self-propelled guns, they decided to use the artillery part of the towed gun, which was developed at the volgograd plant. the barricades under the leadership of georgy sergeev subsequently received the designation 2s19 mstas, self-propelled and 2a65 m 100 b towed, their caliber was 152 mm. the towed versions of the place were put into service in the eighty-sixth year, and it took more time to develop a self-propelled version. the car decided to develop based on the latest t-72 tank at that time. this is a common practice in the creation of self-propelled guns, which makes it possible to simplify the production and operation of military equipment. the first prototype of the new self-propelled howitzer was ready in 83. however,

during the tests, serious shortcomings were revealed, among which was a large buildup of the gun during firing, so they decided to borrow rollers and a torsion bar suspension from another new soviet tank, the t-80. it was a fairly fast car and its undercarriage was better suited to compensate for the sway. the final tests of the msta s gun took place in the second half of the eighties, and in the eighty-ninth a new self-propelled howitzer was put into service. the maximum speed of the car on the highway was 60 km / h and 30 km / h on rough terrain, the cruising range was 500 km. the thickness of the armor plates of the hull and turret of the self-propelled gun ranged from 15 to 30 mm. this provided anti-bullet and anti-fragmentation protection for the crew. it was possible to point vertically in the range from

-4 ° to + 68 °, the rotating tower provided circular firing. the maximum firing range of the place when using an active-rocket projectile reached 29 km. this was comparable to the firing range of the european, self-propelled howitzer sp-70, however, for a number of reasons, it never came to mass production of this combat vehicle. well , an opponent for revenge. yet found in the eighties , the americans carried out the modernization of the self-propelled howitzer m109 caliber 155 mm, and increased its maximum range from 24:00 to 30 km, while the american m109 surpassed 50 shells, against thirty-nine the bridge was created later and, of course, there the camp looks preferable from all points of view, and

here it is possible this envelope loading of shots and automation of loading and here, of course, when compared with the american self-propelled gun. and then taking into account the equipment, for example, modern navigation aids. in the seventies, the ussr decided to create a new multiple launch rocket system, the main task was also to increase the firing range, the starting point for steel rocket artillery systems, used during the great patriotic war. katyusha shells could hit the enemy at a distance of up to 8 km, already in the early sixties it was adopted by the soviet army. combat vehicle bm-21. grad its firing range

was 21 km. around the same time, it was noted that the use of multiple launch rocket systems in terms of efficiency is commensurate with the use of tactical nuclear weapons, but without the consequences in the form of radioactive contamination of the area. in addition, nuclear weapons were no less expensive it was possible to effectively solve the combat mission with the help of multiple launch rocket systems, but for this it was necessary to further increase their range. for years in service with the soviet army, a combat vehicle of nine kopecks was adopted. 57 hurricane caliber of her rockets was 200 mm. the launcher was designed for 16 such missiles. the maximum firing range of the hurricane was already 35 km, but by the beginning of the seventies a similar combat vehicle had appeared in the united states. it was a universal

launcher m270 mlrs in the jet variant salvo fire systems, its firing range was even slightly more than 40 km. in both countries, they began to calculate options for further increasing the firing range of such weapons, the main problem was the large russian unguided missiles that were used in such systems. this was compensated just by a massive volley, but it increased with an increase in the dispersion range. in addition, to increase the range, larger missiles were needed, their number on one machine would be reduced and a volley of fewer missiles would not could compensate for the low accuracy when the mrs system was created. they decided that it was 40 km further, and to develop the firing range of this system. but there is no need, because in subsequent ranges it is narrower, and the large and accuracy

disappears. the designers of the tula niitochmash, under the leadership of gennady denezhkin, found a way to solve this problem; they developed corrected rockets for a new long-range multiple launch rocket system. for this, a special gasonomic control system was invented. the movement of this rocket, which is functioning during the first few seconds of flight, which allows this rocket to stably fly out of the launcher and go further along the trajectory that was laid in them. that is, here in the seventies - this task turned out to be not trivial and a very large amount of time was spent on solving it, but it was solved. lovely ladies attention in front of you still living legend dakama casanova wow, stop it

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the butler of sports complexes throughout the country the new multiple launch rocket system was designated 9k58 tornado. the caliber of her shells was 300 mm. one launcher housed 12 such ammunition, the maximum firing range, the tornado was 70 km. armed with a new combat the car was accepted in 1987. the smerch system made approximately the same revolution in military affairs

as the appearance of the grad system once, because it was able, e, to solve problems that had previously been solved with the help of guided missiles of the point-to-point type and the effectiveness of strikes. in what way does it correspond to striking with the help of tactical missile weapons, which means that the cost of solving a combat mission varies by several orders of magnitude, so the price of using a tornado. it turned out to be much smaller than use the formation of these special combat weapons, including nuclear ones. preparing a tornado for battle takes 3 minutes; a full salvo is fired within 38 seconds. after firing the batteries, it is ready for mars in 1 minute, which allows you to quickly escape from the enemy's retaliatory strike. also included

are transport, charging machines that allow you to recharge the launchers within 15 minutes. in the process of modernization , the tornado's firing range has been increased to 90 km , defeating opponents even before it approaches to the front line of our troops and hits the columns hits the enemy unit in the waiting areas, so even before entering the kill zone, and other artillery systems. this system ensures the defeat of the enemy with a sufficiently high probability and efficiency. in the middle

of the last century, various missile systems firmly entered the armament system of the ground forces, one of the areas where the missile complemented the capabilities of traditional cannon artillery was the fight against enemy armored vehicles anti-tank missile the complexes made it possible to increase the effective range of tanks from 2 km, as was the case with anti-tank guns, to three or four, but anti-tank missiles, like any guided weapon, were subject to interference, depending on the type of guidance used, this could be electronic or optical interference, which could disrupt guidance. in addition, the first anti-tank missiles flew to the target quite slowly for 3-4 km. flight, they needed 20-25 seconds. noticing their start. it was possible to open fire on the gunner operator and abort hover operator is in place.

he starts a missile-targeted vulnerable to run, he can not, if it is he who can die and the second. the lower the flight speed, the lower your rate of fire, until he has flown. the first missiles to the next target cannot be exposed in the mid-seventies in the kolomna design bureau of mechanical engineering under the leadership of sergei the invincible, a new anti-tank complex was created. it was called assault. the speed of his rocket exceeded supersonic and reached 450 m / s, 2 1/2 times more than that of its predecessors, in order to to overcome 5 km and it took only 11 seconds to react to its launch was much more difficult? the complex was developed in two versions for arming helicopters and self-propelled guns. its time to test the ground version. there was an unforeseen problem launching a sonic rocket sphere, kicking up a large cloud of dust. naturally,

it also prevented the operator from ensuring shooting, and because of this accuracy, the efficiency was greatly reduced. for this, we first came up with an interesting method. it was called the dust mode, that is the operator was observed in the aiming device. the target at the same time the rocket flew from the adjusters. well, for example, 5 m came out thus the field block. it just didn’t begin to form, and already when approaching the point of impact, a direct hit was removed. the self-propelled complex received the designation assault with it was created on the basis of the mtlb transporter. in his arsenal, mercy 12 missiles were reloaded mechanically using a drum-type installation, thanks to the automation of loading, the rate of fire was up to 4 rounds per minute. successes rocket scientists forced the designers of armored vehicles to look for ways to increase the security of tanks, the first

and most obvious way was to increase the thickness of the armor plates. but this simply led the masses of cars, then they came up with composite armor between the other two armor plates, a filler was placed from another material lighter than steel, such a filler sharply extinguished the power of the imploring jet of anti-tank shells. in addition , various devices began to be used on tanks that forced cumulative charges. to be blown up even before meeting with the armor, but these protection options could be bypassed by a more powerful shaped charge, which, even if fired at a distance, could break through the armor. and then they began to install the so-called dynamic protection on the tank. these were small explosive charges that were attached to the hull when a projectile hit them, they exploded and extinguished the energy of the cumulative jet one and a half to two times, which was enough to neutralize its effect.

now the move was for the creators of anti-tank missiles. and the answer was a tandem warhead, that is, one cumulative charge was followed by the second, the first took on the impact of dynamic protection, and the second pierced the armor of the tank and received modernized assault missiles. they are still in service with the russian army . the missile refused to be effective for use with a self-propelled helicopter, and then later from ships, and the second circumstance is that this is a missile, being created, as anti-tank seemed effective for firing at other types of targets, several types of warheads were created for him ; it is correct to call it multi-purpose experience in the use of anti-tank guided missiles. they were actively used in numerous maneuvers

and exercises were analyzed. you were positive in the eighty-first year in the ussr, exercises were conducted west over the training ground, where maneuvers were held , black clubs hung, smoke, dust flew, raised by dozens of military vehicles, watching this picture. then wait for the minister of defense. dmitry ustinov asked those present, and how in a real battle in such conditions will function, the anti-tank systems in service, the problem was that all anti-tank systems could be used only in those conditions when the operator saw the target, the tank came out of the dust, came out of the smoke, and sometimes they even put a smoke screen in front of them and the focus shot the defenders with their weapons and life has shown that this problem must be solved. the new self-propelled complex received the designation chrysanthemum. the

radar station was supposed to be his eyes. she could detect targets in poor visibility and in the dark. the time of day is a very complex problem. target detection near the surface of the earth. radioactions are a huge problem. even a plane flying at a height of 50 m is detected with problems, and a tank walking on the ground is even more difficult to detect and this was solved. the presence of an onboard locator made it possible to simplify the work of the guidance operator. after selecting the object of attack, he only had to press the start button , the guidance system itself accompanied the target and directed a missile at it, but by the eighties, an electronic warfare tool. the enemy could already seriously enough to complicate radar aiming, so the developers of the chrysanthemum proposed another solution - they armed it with missiles with different guidance principles. if the visibility on the battlefield was good, then it was possible to

direct the missile along the laser beam. a light beam was directed towards the attacked tank, the axis of which coincided with the line of sight of the target, and an information field was formed. at each point of which the laser radiation was different, in the tail of the rocket there was a photodetector, which fixed this radiation electronics determined the position of the rocket relative to the central axis and issued commands to the control system to correct the flight, electronic means of warfare. in this case, they were useless, since the locator did not participate in guidance and radio commands were not transmitted to the rocket using two channels. it gives, firstly, a significantly higher interference protection for a wider use in various conditions, and it makes it possible to simultaneously fire two missiles of two different channels. at that moment, no complex in the world had such capabilities. modeling of combat situations showed that a unit of only three

combat vehicles is capable of repelling an attack of 15 modern tanks equipped with dynamic protection, and under any weather conditions and at any time of the day, the chrysanthemum complex began to enter the russian army in 2005. such an analogue as a chrysanthemum with its power of the warhead here, as it were, a new part was also created. she has enough significant performance indicators. this is 1200 mm homogeneous armor, behind the block of dynamic protection there is also a supersonic flight speed, which provides a high rate of fire if necessary, therefore, today there are analogues in such a complex. kolomna engineering design bureau, where many domestic anti-tank systems were created, generally became one of the main suppliers of missile systems to the ground forces. it was here that the complex was created, which is a visiting card

missile forces and artillery of the russian army, we are talking about the operational-tactical complex iskande m. a little background back in the late seventies in kolomna, a complex aka its missile could be hit at a distance of up to 400 km and most importantly, a number of measures were provided to successfully overcome the enemy’s missile defense zones according to the designer. sergei is not invincible. he happened to read classified information on the report of one of the army officials. it was written there that the ss23 rocket was called that akuna in the west can actually cover the whole of europe . the ak complex really scared the americans very much, and therefore they insisted that it be included in the treaty on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles. it was signed by the ussr and the usa on june 1, 1988. although formally oka was not supposed to

fall into this agreement, in article number two of the treaty, the term short-range missiles meant systems with a range of 500 to 1,000 km. however, in the third article, the oka was also assigned to such complexes, despite the fact that its range was shorter. once again i confirm, as a direct participant in the development of this complex, that the flight range of this missile was 400 km of the agreement that was signed with the american side. it started from missiles with a range of 500 km, nevertheless, the american side insisted on the inclusion of this complex in this agreement, of course, based on the fact that this complex posed a very big threat to western europe. achievement of soviet hockey. here they are vaunted canadian professionals. this is

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of up to 500 km, and so it began. the history of the iskander nuclear warhead was not foreseen for him, they made a bet on improving accuracy and more effective breakthrough of systems against missile defense. in the ninety-third year, when the requirements for the complex were adjusted, he became be called iskanderm. he had to notice the sharks, but at the same time act within the limits that we agreed on in terms of dimensions and dimensions , the complex should be less lighter than the destroyed one, as well as he had to replace it. that task was very difficult and it was very difficult to do it all. on one iskander launcher, now there was more than one, two missiles at once, the designers changed the principles of guidance. previously, the control system operated only in the initial phase of the flight, while it was working engine. she gave the rocket direction to the target. now the management has become. possibly throughout

the flight. this allowed the rocket to maneuver for a long time and repeatedly. complicating the work of enemy missile defense systems, the missile was also equipped with an optical homing head. as a result, the probable deviation from the target was only 5-7 m. the operational-tactical complexes iskander m were adopted by the russian army in 2006. this is an ultra-modern system, so many of its performance characteristics are under classified as secret strengths are, firstly, high accuracy and the ability to parry targets almost all targets with one and two missiles, and secondly, this is a high probability of overcoming against missile defense. not only existing, but also prospects. the third is the presence of a large number of different missiles that can be used from this complex, according to

western analysts, iskander is the main threat to nato troops in europe, he plays a key role in the concept known in the west as the no -access zone. it lies in the fact that the troops may not be in this area without risk of unacceptable damage. the iskander sports-tactical missile system is a unique modern e, perhaps the only means of defeating the enemy at a sufficiently high range in the world, and at present hmm is unsurpassed, you can say it is known all over the world. it can hit both point targets and cape targets, so its use is very effective on various objects and enemy targets. and the artillery of the russian army

prepared a number of new systems. one of them - this is a self-propelled gun with two s-24 khosta as the main weapon for khosta, a universal gun of 120 mm caliber was chosen. it combines the properties of a cannon, howitzers, honey, it is an armored vehicle. it has a modern fire control system that prepares data for firing very quickly and hits any enemy targets at specified ranges up to 14 km. here is such a class. there is a novelty in the artillery of the airborne troops to combat tanks of the airborne units received a self-propelled gun 2s-25 octopus one of the most important problems in holding a captured line or object for

airborne troops is the possibility of the enemy using tank units of units, therefore the weapon of an airborne combat vehicle is not always enough to repel the attack of advancing enemy tanks and here it is necessary to create a special airborne anti-tank self-propelled gun with the main armament. the octopus became a powerful gun of 125 mm caliber. the same type and caliber guns are available in modern russian tanks mounted cannon in a rotating turret, which make this combat vehicle as similar as possible to a tank, but since the octopus was developed primarily as a means of anti-tank defense, they attributed it to the class of self-propelled units. as a matter of fact ? yes, the octopus is a light tank, in addition to firing, with feathered armor-piercing shells, fragmentation mega and cumulative ones could also introduce shooting and guided missiles, in addition, the car is floating.

the only thing in which the octopus is inferior to the main tanks is that in armor protection it is bulletproof only in this way it was possible to keep the self-propelled gun in within the allowable weight for parachute landing its mass is 18 tons, but even despite this, the machine turned out to be certainly unique and unparalleled abroad. they improved the capabilities of multiple rocket launchers to replace the grad and smerch installations with their improved versions of tornado g. and tornado s they have more accurate aiming systems using satellite navigation and new rockets with an increased firing range. external machines are practically no different from their predecessors, but thanks to new efficiency solutions. their combat performance increased substantially. the new

hurricane 1m rocket system also looks interesting; its design provides for the use of projectiles of different calibers, 220 mm, from the basic version of the hurricane or 300 mm from the tornado, for this it is provided. the so -called batch replacement, which directs such a solution allows you to expand the tactical capabilities of the combat vehicle, there is a large modernization of the artillery systems that are in service with the missile artillery troops, the modernization is taking place in different directions, but most importantly a question that is solved by modern designers. this is the automation of control of a fire weapon from its integration with reconnaissance weapons. these are the main priorities in the development of the missile forces today. the use of modern means of reconnaissance and fire control makes it possible to expand the combat capabilities of even such seemingly simple

weapons as mortars. commanders of various levels have at their disposal portable computers that display operational information about the tactical situation and the exact coordinates of targets, in addition, it allows senior commanders to see the location of their units and more effectively manage them. such communication systems are part of the overall combat control network. it collects information from various reconnaissance means, including unmanned aerial vehicles, the received data is analyzed and the coordinates of the targets are distributed among the artillery units. fire, controlled is another sign of the times, the use of adjustable projectiles, such ammunition is in arsenal. it's called krasnopol. trajectories

as usual at the final stage of hitting the guidance system, the spotter illuminates the target with a laser beam. the homing head of the projectile receives the reflected signal and instructs the engine to correct the flight. the firing range of the projectile, krasnopol, reaches 25 km. true, in this case, the spotter must be at a distance of 7 to 15 km from the target, depending on the size of the attacked object, the target can be illuminated both from a ground remote point, and the flying vehicle is controlled by an artillery shell, krasnopol. designed to hit the first shot without zeroing in artillery pieces of individual armored targets bmp btr a, moving at speeds up to 30 km / h. these are bridges, dugouts, separate objects, the strength of guided artillery shells of

the russian army is a high degree of probability of hitting, if it was a red field, the very first roll of this degree was 0.7. at present, with new modified shells , this damage level starts at 0,8,09 simple words. it can be said that out of 10 cases, in nine cases, the object will be hit by its effectiveness. the projectiles, krasnopol, showed during the hostilities in syria that they successfully hit a cluster of terrorists. their fortified structures of the ammunition depot are various vehicles and military equipment, if you explain the tactical use of such weapons, especially in modern conditions, then this is a kind of such a, ah, cell anti-terror that is, when the guns are placed at a distance. uh, twice the efficiency.

the range of their firing and on the area where these batteries are placed. and you can provide support for your column posts and, finally, some units that solve the problem of counter-terrorist operations, or even a in a local war and a fairly large area is immediately covered, as for the latest and promising developments, this is primarily a self-propelled artillery complex coalition on the chassis of a universal tracked platform. armata, on the basis of which the t-14 tank has already been created. today russian artillery is developing in a complex way, not only the gun, but also the shells are being improved; at the same time, new systems are being developed that should ensure the effective use of artillery. but the main thing, of course, is to love only the skillful and weak