respect despisers, i remind you that the teams of maxim fotoshov and andrey kozlov are interested in the victory of connoisseurs, but only with a score of 6: 5, and the team of boris belozerov dreams of victory, televisually, but in principle, as the head is enough for kozlov, everyone agrees on everything, sir leo and i was told that you and alexander were sorry that you would not have to play the decisive round. and you trained him. it's true, sorry boris well , no problem, if you want to play on your own, then at the count of five. once you break the rules, you can break ask. and mr. yazov and i will consider granting your requests. we trained him does not mean that we wanted to play him. engineer alexander konikov is playing against you , the city of kiyat, shmana, israel attention

dominoes. dear experts, the game of dominoes in china has acquired various terms. for example, some knuckles were given the original names 4 4 people. 3 1 harmony 55 plum blossom five six tiger's head 1 2 2 must be or graphic figures

please. what is logical, that you can pull a chirp out of a sparrow in a row or something on a sparrow, it looks like some combination of dots to read no chirp does not grow either 1: 1, or two two, or three , or, well, we can sort through a lot, but just empty, as if it is knocked out well mr. presenter. we'd like to take an extra extra minute and , by the way, repeat the question unconditionally. well, it’s already taken out in general, so that it’s good to use different terms, for example, some knuckles were

given, the original names of four or four people three one harmony five five plum blossoms 5-6, tiger head. and what is called the chirping sparrows i never have a shallow version of the empty empty. uh, a sparrow chirping is something so insignificant. in general , we cannot choose 1:133. and why is it promised, but it doesn't matter. here after the person is written. here is the chinese character for man. well , it doesn't look like 4:40, look at one by one two, two by three, we won't choose this, but empty empty it kills some kind of logic, of course, completely that it does not mean anything, or it looks like a five. yes, for 20 cards, there yes, a very specific head of a tiger, please, you can’t chirp at all that the story, if you

draw a bird, still knows how to paw, i don’t know well, i like two too. everything, in fact , you need to call the knuckle or some terminster of these attack. boris is good, well, because in order to somehow choose from what i don’t know chinese, we choose this knuckle. before, well let's note the correct answer. i have a question mr rus and why did you somehow say at the end in china domino about the game being overgrown with various terms? yes, and the question is, what is called vorobyov's chirping on the basis?

what did you conclude that it is necessary to name the knuckle? i will tell you more than that, what i said was right. boris levin that something else should be, and mr. avdientov said in the first minute, this is somehow dmitry correct me. you said something, it's something audible. guests can be domino itself and that's what it's called. no, chirping chinese called, listen to the mixing of the bones before the start of the game just mixing five five thousand rubles will receive alexander horses mr. kozlov what are you shouting there? we wish the team to win the eleventh round but it's a

shame you want to take the decisive round. this needs to be resolved before the top stops, mr. cargo, i ask you to pull something, everything will be sick for us, we will do it. so we will sleep . the team was. look, don't take it. show the bastard

again. see how likely are you on the topic of this particular question. the thirteenth 1/13 is belgorod, mr. belozerov. and what's interesting? this is exactly the same question that did not fall out last week to your team. you have not played sector 13. and this question is perfectly fine friends will be able to cope with it against you, project coordinator maria sukhorukova plays, city, belgorod look at the screen. this is colobass or bottle gourd, percussion instruments make dishes from it. and in january 2009 after the release of a new law, some cunning

residents of the nigerian city of kano, bypassing this law, found such a pumpkin unexpected use. true, the notion - it did not work for long, but the cunning people were caught and fined by the traffic police attention to the issue. why were the residents of nigeria fined by the traffic police ? capacity, they carried gasoline. i'm talking about this, what can be? and what is the law that you can not refuel more than you can? somehow reminds, that is, here is an additional passenger or something stood, a bottle of all obliged. we this cyclists put on a hard hat. they started to put on this imitation pumpkin, and they

began to fine them, what's the difference in dressing like this or medicines? yes, instead of a helmet, they put on a scarecrow in the last video and put their head next to it. yes, as it were, most likely for well, i think it's understandable. yes, there is less car than motorcycle. that is, it is not there. yes? well, probably there are cities, mr. rus. we'll have to decide what he is doing, who is responsible here, an offer has been received from the hall, which means help to the clubs. no well, master, no master, but this is a fundamental rule. who will be responsible? yes, you will be responsible. i suppose that this things will be

victor blue please sir. well, i will use the version, avdeenko, that since there are a lot of motorcyclists there and a rule was introduced that all motorcyclists must wear helmets, for some time the inhabitants made a semblance of helmets from this pumpkin, but they were exposed and fined. i told you, the gourd is very strong , percussion instruments are made from them. mr. belozerov likes they came up with exactly came up with the use of such helmets.

as motorcycle helmets, the cunning people were insured for violating the law prohibiting driving without a helmet dmitry on a day viktor sidnev alexander druz score 6:5 volvo expert team alexander druzyaeva victory over tv viewers and together with three other teams will play in the final of the year. here are the names of the victor city winners boris in the sky dmitry avdeevka oksana petruko, mihailva and alexander rus mister coward your team will play.

which of the experts was the best today and let's give dmitry tenths in money professionals, and then cancel. congratulations sir. who will get the best question frisk, and the best question will be the question that was a difficult beautiful no-taker because the master tried to answer the abrams fight question. andrei will receive another 200,000 rubles. there were no draws from the alpha-bank, and all this amount goes to the prize fund of the final code for a special deposit, the alpha-bank. now the prize wants 3 million 253.000 rubles. and this is before the final of the year, dear viewers, the final game of 2022

. watch the following on channel one sunday 25 december just after time a is game over. thanks everyone for playing. mister cargo you are beautiful in your joy. worse than it could. get ready to pay alexander in a week there is a chance to recoup. to win, first of all , you need to play the corporation of knowledge. there are many options true one alpha-bank the best mobile

bank grand duke pavel petrovich his mother catherine the great ran through the corridors of the winter palace at death's door and now only a few steps separate him from the throne. if not for the secret testament of the empress and to destroy power will pass to his son alexander , bypassing his direct heir. alexander was born to become an emperor for this, he was given all the mind beauty talent, except for one.

desire to rule over a dead father the birth of tsarevich pavel petrovich caused universal joy. the great-grandson of peter the great he closed the gap in the dynasty for most of his life. he lived in the shadow of his great mother the eternal

prince lonely romantic, mysterious in his own carefully built little world, he seemed to many, crazy he was called the russian hamlet and there was every reason for that. as soon as he was born, the grandmother of the empress elizaveta petrovna immediately took him away from the mother of the future catherine the great and allowed her to visit her son once a week, the future father peter iii and hardly saw him at all, they said that his real father was emerger saltykov and some argued that catherine gave birth to a dead child and was replaced by a chukhonian baby from the village of boilers version that paul was not the son of peter iii turned out to be tenacious courtiers circles. only when pavel petrovich had matured did his contemporaries begin to recognize both

his father's madness and his military manners did not look like his parents. outwardly, pavel was in many ways his mental copy, right down to illness and habits. for example, walking around the room with long steps and incoherently talking with a companion, most often with his wife maria feodorovna, who once catherine ii was forced to hide her husband's madness from those around her only grandson. she loved it very much, and over time it began to think about how to transfer the throne by paul, bypassing him whose father she considered crazy, it took care of education in advance. heir, inviting to him the best of their teachers. the future emperor studied five languages, history , literature, mathematics, physics, drawing architecture were mandatory, horse riding, fencing, dancing, hard lathe

and chess. the program did not provide for military affairs, but pavel insisted on studying it for driving lessons. a table was made, painted blue and lined with a sea chart. when paul was 7 years old did elizabeth die? yet six months later, he lost his father, who died in ropsha, under unclear circumstances, and his mother became empress, there were rumors that she promised to transfer the throne to her son as soon as he became an adult. that is, after 14 years, the promised had to wait 34 years. as a teenager, pavel was prone to frequent neurosis and depression. at the same time, the teachers noted the great abilities and interest of the young prince in the exact sciences

, the art of mystical philosophy. he had a cherished dream of becoming a knight of the order of malta , which he read about in the old book. and being an emperor seemed to him a terrible and difficult fate; he was ashamed of his mother, whom he considered depraved, was afraid of her favorites, was burdened by the frivolous atmosphere of the court. the only consolation was friendship with the young count. andrei razumovsky, pavel wrote enthusiastic letters to him. your friendship has produced a miracle in me. i begin to renounce my former suspicions, away from chimeras, away from anxious worries. when pavel turned 19, his mother found him a bride, 18-year-old bessen, the darmstadt princess of august. pavel fell in love with her at first sight

it was natalya alekseevna who accepted wilhelmina. in the fourth year of her marriage, she died in childbirth with her child. pavel nearly went mad with grief. a caring mother, as a consolation, showed him letters from natalya kandria, razumovsky, from which it clearly followed that his wife was cheating on him with his best friend. paul will never recover from this blow and will never be able to trust anyone again. the empress hastily found another german princess for her heir after only six months. paul married sophia mary dorothea vertemburskaya, which in orthodoxy became maria feodorovna's second marriage. paul's will turn out to be successful and very prolific in 25 years of family life, maria fedorovna will give birth to 10 children and

provide the dynasty with healthy male offspring for 1.5 centuries, forward her sons, emperors alexander i and nicholas i, grandson alexander ii, great-grandson alexander iii, great-great nicholas ii, all living representatives houses of the romanovs are also her descendants immediately after the wedding, the young went on a trip to europe incognito under the name of the count and countess of the north in the french dur. european capitals received paul with an honor that he had never known in his homeland. hamlets were given at the viennese court theater in honor of count dinor and his wife, but the main actors refused to play. i will not be able to play the role of a prince who wants revenge for his murdered father, when

his double will watch the performance from the royal box since then, pavel was called the russian hamlet. empress catherine almost did not allow paul to public affairs. he did not even allow him to raise the sons of alexander and konstantin himself, taking his grandchildren to for himself, and so that pavel could not callous his eyes gave him the gatchina palace, the russian hamlet received his elsinore for 13 years of gatchina life pavel created his own world there with knight's castles one-fifth of their natural size and an army of two thousand soldiers dressed in russian powdered braids, catherine's the feigned excelled in malicious wit. count rastopchin viper wrote to count vorontsov. it is impossible to look without disgust at what the

grand duke is doing, he imagines himself the prussian king, every wednesday he has maneuvers. the gatchina troops never participated in battles and did not have a chance to show themselves in action. however, the plans for the exercises show that these regiments practiced the most complex military maneuvers of multiple rocket launchers and that they were trained in such a battle to force water barriers and repel an amphibious assault. special exercises were held for artillery in 1796. these units were one of the most disciplined and trained units of the russian army. gatchina drill entered the legends before putting a person in the guards screwed him into a special machine for several hours so that he would keep his back and head straight and, most importantly, his white

trousers, leggings would not move, it was necessary to wet and dry on himself so that there was not a single wrinkle, they taught to march with a glass of water on his head if the water splashed out over the edge, which means that the step is not even enough for any misses , corporal punishment was investigated; the printed step for the guard of honor, which we see today during the solemn ceremonies under paul, was the usual drill today's army guard guard is nothing more than the pavlovsk parade. only he fought for 15 minutes, and several hours. catherine mockingly called the regiments of pavel the father’s army of her son in the palace did not like to accept and put all her strength into raising her grandson alexander. that is, she step by step repeated the actions of her predecessor elizabeth, who once herself condemned, marrying

alexander barely. he turned 16 catherine began to slowly ask the nobles whether they agreed to transfer the crown to her grandson, and her son, and pavel began to seriously fear for his a life. on the night of november 6, 1796, pavel and his wife maria feodorovna saw the same dream at the same time. as if an invisible force lifted them up and carried them up in horror, they woke up at that time in gatchina on the lathered horses galloped the end of the news the empress was dying. a few hours later, forty-two-year-old paul became emperor barely upon ascending the throne. he

broke the hectic activity, as if he felt the time. he has very little for 4.5 years of the reign of paul i, 7.865 legislative acts and decrees were issued twice more than during the 43-year reign of peter i and one and a half times more than during the 34-year reign of catherine ii. in addition, paul managed to give 14.27 orders. the emperor got up at 4:00 in the morning and worked in his office until nine. accepting reports and giving audiences, then he usually rode on horseback, accompanied by grand duke alexander, to visit some state institution at 11:00, he began in a parade from 12:00 to 1:00, the emperor walked the streets, then returned to the parade ground and personally reviewed a shelf. measured the length of the braids, checked the quality and quantity

powder in the hair of every soldier and for any deviation from the charter, invariably the coral commander, only in the first three days of his reign, 16 lieutenant generals 57 major generals and three full generals a for 4 years 2.594 officers were sent into retirement. of these, 333 generals, the emperor's entourage were in constant stress of the wife of his adjutant for military affairs, the princess. daria levin recalled. numerous victims were not transferred to the fortress, and sometimes all their fault was reduced to too long hair or too short a caftan to wear vests it was completely forbidden for the emperor to spot a waistcoat somewhere on the street and the same unfortunate ones, the owner got on a tie, it happened that a

lady got there if, when they met with pavel, they didn’t jump out fast enough or didn’t make a deep enough reference, thanks to this now ordinary walks , the street of st. petersburg completely let all three metals. to himself, paul imagined the ideal of a medieval knight on the throne in the fulfillment of his childhood dream. he took custody. order of malta before napoleon conquered malta, paul granted the order refuge in russia and even became its grand master. despite the fact that the order is catholic, and he is paul the orthodox, he was the first of the romanovs, he met with the pope and invited his holiness to visit russia. and maybe even forever, since rome was also captured by the napoleons in the eyes. paul napoleon personified the world evil, against which any knight must fight with all his

might, so the russian emperor joined the anti-napoleonic coalition and sent against french army led by the famous field marshal suvorov. suvorov's troops defeated the french three times in switzerland, made the famous crossing of the alps, overcame the saint gagart pass, through which even now only experienced climbers with full equipment dare to pass. pavel khotei did not love suvorov, he could not resist admiration, you did not get one kind of glory to overcome and your new nature won over it in heaven. paul had a goal to destroy everything created by his mothers, he declared war on the nobility, which, under catherine, experienced its golden age, returned taxes and corporal punishment for the nobles, abolished the mass, privileges sharply

limited the rights of the nobility. he tried to personally monitor everything, and the whole mountain of unread complaints and unconsidered employees of institutions grew on the sovereign’s desk because of the mass layoffs of officials, it became somewhat difficult to work. english went to russia charles bidward, closely, watching the emperor, wrote an alarming report to his government. the emperor has gone mad since he took the throne his mental disorder began to intensify. strangeness in the behavior of the sovereign became more and more paul avoided going to the embankment. he was afraid that a strong wind would blow his head off like a soap bubble, at night the emperor could not fall asleep, even medicines with sopium helped maria feodorovna. at night, i had to walk arm in arm with my husband so that he would not pester the sentries with his incoherent conversations. by this

time, the governor of st. petersburg had already conspired against pavel. count parin vice-chancellor. nikita panin ekaterina's favorite ii plato teeth. generals bankson. and uvarov english went to bidward and many others, according to various sources, up to 300 people. grand duke alexander did not join the conspirators, but he did not interfere with them either. he only demanded that not a single hair fall from his father's head; the conspirators swore in this , it was assumed that paul would sign the abdication and retire to his beloved mikhailovsky castle. or in the most extreme case, he will be planted in a fortress. mikhailovsky castle was embodied in stone by the dream of paul, he painted it for twelve years, and architects bazhenov and brenna, turned the imperial sketches into an architectural project, the castle was built in a record 3 1/2 years by the

time the grand opening of the interior decoration. the dark staircases were not yet finished, the eerie corridors, in which lamps burned day and night, gave the palace a wittlabyrinth, walked on the grounds, the wind attacked and was pleased and ordered the court to immediately move to the castle of their dreams. soon , new oddities appeared in the behavior of the emperor every now and then, he thought deeply about something and more and more often with suspicion looked at zhenya and his sons and wrote a certain letter. he didn’t show it to anyone and hid a chest with an indication that the letter should be read by one of his descendants exactly 100 years later, it was known that the letter spoke about the fate of the dynasty. and that it was written after a conversation between the sovereign and one of the prisoners of the peter and paul fortress, a monk named

monk abel, the soothsayer in the world vasily vasilyev was born in 1757, took tonsure at the valaam monastery, where he acquired the gift of divination, subsequently wandered wrote handwritten books of his prophecies predicted a number of events that came true during his lifetime, the death of catherine the great death. paul's invasion and the fire of moscow the decembrist uprising and many events in the distant future world war i and the revolution the execution of the tsar the civil war mass repressions the war with hitler for predicting the death of catherine, he was released into the fortress, pavel spoke to him alone after the conversation, he again ended up in the fortress. what are you today? thoughtful

concentrated indignant happy excited passionate surprised calm satisfied romantic you can be anything if you remain yourself all the richness of emotions in the main tournament of the year the championship of russia from december 22 to first of december and i participate 200.

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of more than 9,000 growth points in small towns throughout russia, villains on march 11, 1801, dinner with their eldest sons, pavel was unusually weighed and even deigned to joke, looking in the mirror, he said.

what a funny mirror i see myself in it with neck on the side. at this time fell found the last meeting of the conspirators someone asked, what if the tyrant, it seems nasty pauline replied with a french proverb. you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs. after dinner, the emperor suddenly declared that it was not his fault and went to bed to check. whether the doors and windows were well locked was surprised. why? suddenly , the defenses in the summer garden made a noise. the summer garden conspirators approached the female guards and let them inside. hearing heavy steps in the corridor, pavel understood this come for him? the

conspirators who broke into the bedroom did not immediately find a stick, he hid behind a mistake, the emperors tried to force him to sign a renunciation no, lord no, i will not sign anything, paul repeated as a wounded plato of teeth hit him in the temple with a golden snuffbox, like brass knuckles. paul fell followed by an ugly scene guards officers trampled underfoot their state resisted one against 12 was strangled with his own officer's scarf and did. for the rest of the night, the three medics and the court painter worked on the body of the sovereign, trying to hide the traces of the beating. the people were informed that emperor paul was the first to die as a result of a

journalistic blow. at court they joked about the apoplectic blow of a snuffbox to the temple. the figure of how the death of the emperor was accepted in st. petersburg turned out to be the french artist elisabeth brand, the whole city went wild with joy, people sang, danced and kissed right on the streets, acquaintances who met ran up to my carriage and exclaimed shaking hands with me. now we are free the night before. many houses were even aluminized. the death of this unfortunate sovereign caused general merriment.

the new emperor, 24-year-old alexander pavlovich , a few hours after the death of his father, became a manifesto, which he promised to rule according to the mind and heart of his wise grandmother. he seemed not to hear, unable to recover from the nightmares of the previous night. after all, he wanted to know how best to protect the country from a mentally ill state. but with good intentions, as always, the road to hell was paved with his personal hell, which he would carry in himself for the rest of his life. the name, which is from greek translated as a protector of people, catherine the great herself officially gave him in honor of the holy

prince nevsky; in fact, in honor of the great commander of macedonia, the empress brought down all her unspent maternal love on her first grandson, taking him from her parents. in addition, the boy turned out to be unusually good-looking. catherine proudly wrote to the little prince to her old friend baron mane. he will be kind. i will not be deceived in this, how he weighed and obedient, and since then has been trying to please. everyone expected something from him. he was closely watched. he constantly felt as if on stage and eventually acquired a whole set of different masks for all occasions, noted in his memoirs. the sovereign of the highest degree knew how to conquer his own minds and penetrate the souls of others, hiding his own feelings and thoughts. alexander

knew that his grandmother wanted to enthrone him , bypassing his father, and he was afraid of this; he trusted only his tutor, the swiss frederic laharp, a republican and idealist philosopher, laharp, was invited by catherine herself to instill humanistic ideals in the young prince. the concept of the welfare of the state and the people alexander was not yet 15 years old, when, at the behest of the empress , two sisters, princesses of baden, twelve-year-old louise and ten-year-old dorothea, were brought to him from germany. they told me to choose a bride. alexander chose the elder orthodoxy. she received the name elizaveta alekseevna a year later , a magnificent wedding of touching teenagers of the newlyweds was called cupid and psyche, the beautiful smart elizabeth inspired

artists and poets fyodor glinka wrote. about her queen meek beauty of earthly kings divine your face is worthy of altars, and beethoven dedicated his famous piano piece to her. by elise, elizaveta alekseevna will become a true patriot of russia in 1812. she will create a patriotic society for the issuance of benefits to the sick and wounded and their placement in the hospital. she will open orphanages and government schools for the children of fallen officers, establish orphan schools and houses of industriousness elizaveta alekseevna was a wonderful lady. in that era of the guards , entire clubs arose in the capital society, inspired by love for elizabeth alekseevna youth. en masse elected her ladies of the heart , even a masonic lodge or the testament to virtue appeared. after the accession of paul,

the carefree brilliant life came to an end. the gloomy atmosphere at the court of constant nit-picking, empress maria feodorovna, treated her daughter-in-law, emperor paul , took revenge on his unloved son. in addition, cupids are crazy, they grew up and it turned out that the romantic coldness of elizabeth did not go well with the ardor of alexander's family life. in the sixth year of marriage, elizabeth gave birth daughter, but the baby died at the age of one. every year, alexander understood more and more clearly. he doesn't want to be emperor. he had a dream to leave everything, to leave with his wife somewhere on the banks of the rhine and spend in

romantic solitude and everything in life and laughter to a close friend of the count, kochubey, alexander somehow admitted and i realize that born for that san who is now even less for our destined for me in the future, from which i swore an oath to myself to refuse in one way or another. place of a kind of psychological unloading for alexander was the gatchina flag while one study near the grand duke alexander fired a cannon. from what she became deaf in the left ear of deafness alexander will become suspicious, it will constantly seem to him that he is condemned or laughed at him

. one of the generals. they called him into his office. alexander meticulously examined himself from all sides in a large mirror, is that not funny to you? why are you laughing at me now? convince him that they were laughing because of a joke? after the death of his father, the first thing alexander hurried to do, barely recovering from the shock, was to cancel all the unpopular decrees and orders of paul. he closed the secret office; he allowed travel abroad ; projects and plans alexander gathered a new

team of friends and like-minded people european educated young liberals. as a result of the two-year activity of the secret committee, the ministry was established to replace the obsolete collegiums . the first attempt was made to resolve the peasant issue, the decree on free grazers, according to which the landowners had the right to free the peasants with land for the ransom of the reforms, too slowly and hard alexander was disappointed, it seemed to him that everyone pursues his own goals, not counting his dream of the common good, alexander nevertheless found a person who seemed destined to realize all his good intentions, a former

seminarian and genius of jurisprudence mikhailsperansky. at first he was the secretary brought to us by the committee, soon the emperor made him his confidant. and he himself plunged headlong into the intricacies of foreign policy ; something grandiose was brewing there. another victorious war, seeking power over all of europe. in 1805, they met at austerlitz in the battle of the three emperors alexander and the austrian emperor franz ii against napoleon, the officially commander-in-chief of the russian army was the old experienced general mikhail kutuzov, but alexander was jealous of napoleon's military glory and wanted to command himself. alexander saw

how his army fled, and was forced to flee himself in order to save his life, and many saw how the sovereign sobbed and trembled, unable to control himself, even in the face of his soldiers. zakida became his fault. he calmed down with difficulty and fell asleep in the barn in the sauna after the shame under the aster, the face of alexander will never interfere in the actions of his generals and will engage in diplomacy in art, which he will not be equal to and will be forced to admit even his sworn enemy emperor napoleon the russian emperor is easy creeps into the soul, but you can not trust him, he has no sincerity. this is a real greek of ancient

byzantium after 2 years of a few more battles, alexander offered napoleon to make peace. at that moment, both emperors were in east prussia, not far from the fersit, the troops shared the decisions of the night, the french sappers, brought ponyny and put exactly in the middle and talked for more than two hours. in tilsit, a peace treaty was signed, under the terms of which russia joined the continental blockade of england because of this, russian exports decreased by 20%, which immediately affected the economy, french exports decreased by the same 20% but russia received several years of respite to prepare to the big war is that the war will be alexander no longer doubted after

the peace of tilsit, alexander almost doubled the cost of the army - 63 million 400,000 rubles. up to 118.5 million a year on the night of june 12, 1812 crossing the river. neman began 450,000 soldiers of napoleon, alexander had no more than two hundred thousand soldiers, on the very first day of the war, alexander arrived in moscow from the ancient capital. rolling to his people was shocked to the core when, during a prayer service on poklonnaya hill, a simple peasant suddenly shouted to the emperor, lead us father dear, we will all die, but the next day he will win, a riscripto of his imperial majesty alexander i came out, which said i will not put down, the weapon until a single

enemy warrior remains in the kingdom of the head. like bagration, they wanted a decisive battle, alexander perfectly understood what it was fraught with and approved the proposed barklinde, or the tactics of napoleon's protracted retreat, there was nothing left. how to move forward at each bivouac. hoping to receive a peace offer at every crossing, i try catch up and defeat the main forces of the russians. the capital was preparing to flee, fearing that napoleon would suddenly turn to petersburg . alexander again, the dead , powdered face of his father began to dream. he was sure that it was his fault, he was a killer to his father, and the invasion was a punishment for his terrible sin. once he decided to tell about his fears to an old friend, prince galitsin, golitsyn, who wants to read something to the emperor from the holy scripture,

awkwardly dropped a heavy book. yes, revealed on the ninth psalm. my refuge and my protection is my god, in whom i trust. alexandra who had never shown any interest in religion before. this made a very strong impression of his condition. he wrote to a friend. i have devoured the bible, finding that its words infuse a new never experienced peace into my heart and satisfy the thirst of my soul. the emperor retired from solving military problems, appointing the commander-in-chief of the 67-year-old prince kutuzov and kutuzov, having four wars and a dozen battles behind him, finally decided on the general battle that everyone was waiting for napoleon alexander

half a million soldiers and officers on both sides to raise the people's spirit, an unconditional victory was declared and all the surviving participants in the battle of borodino were awarded, as the winners, the news that kutuzov decided to leave moscow after receiving his report silently retired to his office and went all night to head to corner. when he went out in the morning, his younger brother, empress constantine, immediately attacked him with reproaches, his mother threw a tantrum and only his wife noticed what happened that night. he was almost half seated. second of september napoleon entered the kremlin and settled in the ceremonial chambers of emperor alexander the same day moscow caught fire, set on fire in several places. for four days, napoleon sent

alexander the first letter with a proposal for peace. there was no answer. napoleon made two more attempts to make peace. alexander was silent. all persuasions of exhortation were in vain ; the emperor shared his thoughts and intentions only in letters to his beloved sister catherine pavlovna. i'd rather end my existence. than to reconcile with a monster that causes misfortune to everyone. i hope on god, but on the admirable character of my people, and on the perseverance, which i decided not to bow to hermon. a month later, napoleon left, devastated, burnt out by two-thirds of moscow, the flight of the french army began, on november 16 , six months later. after the outbreak of the war , 9,000 ragged, hungry, demoralized

soldiers managed to cross the berezina river. pathetic remnants of the 50 great napoleonic army. the patriotic war was over, more than 200,000 russian soldiers died . nobody counted the losses among the civilian population. but fold weapons alexander was not going to. the russian army went on a foreign campaign in pursuit of the already defeated, but not yet defeated napoleon, alexander i marched through europe , returning the crowns knocked down by bonaparte and instilling fear and respect in the european peoples on march 19, 1814. at the head of all allied troops, alexander entered paris. europe was at his feet in london a newborn crown. the princess-to-be queen was christened the name of the russian emperor alexandrin victoria

in berlin, the main square was named in his honor city ​​alexander platz parisian salons. he made a strong impression with his reasoning of the constitution and freedom, the parisians were fascinated by the russian anthem, tall, tall , beautiful physique, golden hair, radiant blue. eyes soft smile, this was his favorite role on baliwa beautiful king. after paris, vienna applauded alexander, there was a congress dedicated to the organization of post-war europe, it was a meeting of the most skillful cunning and treacherous diplomats of that era, among which the russian emperor took a worthy place, magnificently kept his face and masterfully concealed his feelings and intentions. the mysterious russian sphinx spoke about him in europe. the division of europe brought him new titles. now he began to be called

autocrats. all-russian tsar, polish grand duke of finland, only 55 titles after the victory. over napoleon, he was solemnly called blessed. not that ardent, beautiful young man who wanted to grant freedom to everyone and dreamed of returning to russia returned. in general, the good of alexander was not yet forty, and he had already turned into a monument to himself. for alexandrov, it was always important decoration. everything should be symmetrically flawlessly neat in his uniform. impeccable were always sewn, they sat perfectly, no one , even at home, had ever seen the emperor casually win back. on his desk, papers of the same size were always laid out in even piles in rooms, furniture. it was placed according to a strict plan and

it was impossible to move a chair or rearrange a vase. now, if it were possible to restore such order throughout russia, alexander’s closest associates at that time were already there, not enlightened reformer speransky a old soldier count aleksey andreevich arakcheev from gatchina servants, an unsurpassed master of drill. rak, whose disposition of the emperor did not forgive him, they feared and hated him, they called him a martinet and a gorilla for his eyes, of course, the graphics were the most incredible rumors. bud spoke in a rage. sometimes he pulled out soldiers, and allegedly bit off the ear of one. however, he was a wonderful, military specialist , an exceptionally honest man and, moreover, personally devoted by the emperor, so alexander completely trusted arakcheev precisely he was instructed to bring to life the idea that he borrowed in england from the socialists of the ram, a

military settlement where the soldiers live in families and combine their service with agriculture. alexei tried to dissuade alexander, even on his knees asking him to abandon this strange idea, but he received an order and executed it with precision for the emperor for the settlement seemed a boon. soldiers are not separated from their families. perfect order provides itself with food everywhere, and he was very surprised at the news, but the riots. among the settlers. everybody life was regulated down to household and family details. everything was the same from houses to pots, they got up, stoked stoves and worked in the field strictly on command. children of seven years of age were enrolled in military duties and were not subordinate to their parents, but to commanders for the slightest misconduct, the perpetrators were subjected to

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masonic societies, free-thinking writers were placed under supervision, sent into exile, however, when alexander was reported on the secrets of the society. they even showed lists, completely familiar names of trubetskoy brothers, ants, balcony pestel, he did not undertake anything by saying, i cannot judge them too harshly. i myself once shared their beliefs. the emperor was increasingly moving away from governing the country from a letter from emperor alexander to the french diplomat auguste de choiselle gouffia, you need to be in my place to get an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat i feel at the thought that someday i will not have to give an account to god for my life each of my soldiers. no, the throne is not my calling. if i could honorably change the conditions of my life. i'd willingly did it to admit. sometimes i'm ready

to bang my head against the wall. the death of thousands of russian soldiers is an endless race for glory, which now cost nothing. the bible he underlined the words i saw, i saw all the works that are done under the sun, and that's all vanity. his psyche, empress elizaveta alekseevna, came to his aid for many years, each of them lived their own lives, as if they were strangers, and now again, as in his youth, he found an unfaithful friend with whom you can talk about anything, you can be silent about anything, having learned that elizabeth is ill with tuberculosis alexander

i was afraid to immediately leave petersburg with its damp climate. he had been thinking about this for a long time from the next inspection trip, he wrote to his old friend prince peter volkonsky. i will soon move to the crimea and will live as a private person and have served 25 years. but it was decided to go to the deaf provincial taganrog emperor. somehow he was there with an inspection and he liked the hasty, feverish gatherings began. alexander suddenly seemed to elizabeth that it was there in taganrog that life would not suit him, as in an idyllic hut on the banks of the rhine o,

which alexander once dreamed of was the first to arrive in order to prepare everything for the arrival of his wife, he settled in the one-story house of the mayor on grecheskaya 40. he himself cleaned the paths in the garden, helped to hang engravings in the rooms and move furniture. when elizaveta alekseevna arrived, they lived a calm , measured life. we went for a walk, bowed to acquaintances, read aloud to each other, favorite books together. prayed alexander perked up and felt almost happy, but living a private life. he was still the emperor. it's strange a few months later, alexander's carelessness will become a pretext for an uprising, the decembrists and the cause of the death of several hundred people, but the emperor will no longer know about this. his southern idyll lasted only 2

months on november 19, 1825, alexander died of an infectious disease that ended in inflammation of the brain. six months later, elizaveta alekseevna died. the sudden death of the emperor seemed mysterious to many, rumors appeared that alexander staged his death, while he himself was hiding somewhere after 10 years. known to some mysterious old man named fyodor kuzmich living in a settlement in the tomsk province. he possessed extensive knowledge , spoke several foreign languages, was very devout, but did not take communion, he said cryptically that he could not go to communion, because it was already dinner. the elder was tall , broad-shouldered, slightly stooped and deaf in one spirit fyodor kuzmich died in 1864

was buried in the cemetery of the tomsk monastery on the cross an inscription was made here the body of the great blessed elder fyodor kuzmich rests the identity of fyodor kuzmich alexander i in the blessed one has not been proven or refuted so far. 2 years before his death, alexander spoke with his younger brother, grand duke nikolai pavlovich about the intention to abdicate in his favor, nikolai's wife wrote in her diary. the emperor, speaking, told us about his renunciation, how i will rejoice, when i see you passing by me, and i am lost in the crowd. i will shout hurray for you on

december 14, 1825, the uprising was suppressed. but the eldest son of the emperor tsarevich alexander still trembling from the experience, fear, the boy knew that his father had gone to fulfill his duty. and that he could be killed for this, the sovereign ordered alexander to be taken out into the courtyard, where the laziness of the guard had already lined up. the engineer battalion had already lined up an hour earlier, which did not allow the rebels to seize the palace of his family and turned to the apartment owners. i do not need protection, but i entrust him to your protection and handed him over. shafts soldiers with tears in their eyes shouted hurray young

their duty, for which they can kill. he was born very large, 61 cm tall, like a good three-month-old baby catherine the great enthusiastically wrote in my life for the first time i see such a knight, if he continues, as the brothers began to seem. when nikolai was 5 years old, his father pavel was the first to die at the hands of a conspirator. the boy well remembered the eve of the reign of his three-year-old brother.

mikhail settled down to play away from the other children. he built from tiny wagons a whole motorcade and the weight of a grenadier's tin soldier skating rinks with a palm tree, where he buried on the question of the nanny, what is he doing, the child answered that he was burying his father. after the death of paul , nikolai's brother alexander pavlovich, who was 19 years older, became emperor, and the second brother konstantin pavlovich became the heir to the throne at that moment , nikolai's accession to the throne was not expected, he grew up in the care of his mother maria feodorovna under strict spartan conditions and only at the age of 17 received permission together with his younger brother michael to go on a trip after many years. nikolaev recalled we began to live and definitely stepped over one of the guys. in berlin i saw for the

first time the one who aroused in me the desire to belong to her for life. sixteen-year-old princess frederica louise charlotte wilhelmina, the daughter of the prussian king , was an excellent match for the grand duke after 2 years they got married in orthodoxy charlotte became alexandra feodorovna soon grand duke nikolai pavlovich was appointed chief inspector of the corps of engineers and chief of the guards of the sapper battalion, having a phenomenal memory knew all the sappers in face afterwards. he will often repeat. i'm just an old guards ally. every day, getting up early, praying, charging , not with a gun, performing rather complicated gun techniques, then developing inspection instructions, watching what others

called boring nikolai. brothers. tsarevich konstantin did not want to become emperor in 1823 alexander signed a manifesto declaring heir to the throne. nicholas but only four people knew about this, and nicholas himself was not among them on november 19, 1825. in taganrog , emperor alexander the first died suddenly after 8 days, they learned about it in st. petersburg, a meeting of the state council, a manifesto on the heir to the throne on nicholas was announced, he had already managed to swear allegiance to constantine and swear in the troops. constantine did not accept the throne after 2 weeks sent an official

abdication from warsaw. a unique case in world history instead of challenging the throne the romanov brothers persistently yielded it to each other later. count spar, will give them a subtle compliment in french, members of your dynasty. so noble that they do not rise, but descend to the throne. however, as a result , a most dangerous situation arose between the kingdom , and the conspirators took advantage of it, who would later be called the decembrists by the decembrists, members of secret societies opposed to autocracy and serfdom, for the most part, officers of the guard, all nobles , many very, rich and titled members of the northern society. led by nikita muravyov advocated a constitutional monarchy, the participants of the southern society, headed by palomessel, intended the republic

, a military one was planned. the main pains of the radical conspirators also included the murder of the entire royal family, including great books, married abroad and children born, so that no one could claim the russian throne. on december 14, the government appointed a re-oath to the new emperor on the eve of the terrible day, nikolai visited the mikhailovsky castle in the evening, where he died his father, returning, asked his wife if something happened to die fortunately 11:20 nicholas report that the moscow lev guards regiment refused to take the oath and went to the senate. square 11:30, accompanied by a palace guard, the emperor goes to the square

12-20. general miloradovich. the decembrist is trying to persuade the rebellious soldiers. kakhovsky shoots the tune 900 rebellious years of wine growers are approaching the winter 13:20. nicholas sends metropolitan seraphim forms 14:00 superiority water empress alexandra feodorovna the entire life will remember this day. we saw that the entire square up to the senate itself was filled with people at the first salvo. i fell on my knees in a small office, as i prayed then, so

i have never prayed because of the shock of december 14, the empress will suffer from nervous convulsions and strong neuralgic fields all her life, and already thin. she will lose even more weight and will be sick almost constantly. by order of the emperor, they fired buckshot over the heads of those lined up in the square, soldiers hit into the walls of buildings and into the crowd of onlookers around the perimeter of the square. one general, 18 officers, 282 soldiers, 1,174 were killed, including 79 women and 150 children, a total of 1,271 people.

679 people were involved in the investigation, however, almost 2/3 of them were simply slandered by members of secret societies in order to give the conspiracy a mass character after the trial 112 people were sentenced to civil execution with deprivation of all rights of the state 99 were exiled to siberia, including 36 to penal servitude nine officers were demoted soldiers death penalty, 36 people were sentenced 31 by amputation chapters and five through quartering, emperor nicholas by personal decision commuted the punishment for all the death sentences remained with five pavel pestel kondra terliyev sergey muravyov apostle mikhail bestuzhevn. and pyotr kakhovsky replaced the quartering with a hanged man. in the new

case, the emperor paid out the executed with the help of backlog and his own funds and assigned a pension to the family of the convicts received a cash allowance from the general staff. for 20 years. the children were placed in educational institutions at public expense, nikolai ordered the projects of the decembrists to be transferred to special established committee. count kiselyov was a resolute opponent of serfdom. whose name appeared on the lists of the conspirators was involved by the emperor in the development of the peasant reform, accepting a delegation of smolensk nobles. sovereign, directly told them. i don't understand. how a man did things and i can’t explain it to myself otherwise than by cunning and deceit on the one hand and ignorance on the other. under nicholas i

, serfdom turned into an institution of rent in kind; landowners were forbidden to send peasants to hard labor to sell them without peasants received relative freedom of movement and the right to conduct business activities, the proportion of serfs in the population of russia decreased by 57% to 35; the number of peasant schools increased by sixty to 2,500, since nikolai pavlovich was a military engineer by profession. he was always interested in technical innovations and in 1835 he became madly carried away, as then many considered the project of a cast-iron or piece of iron by that time there were only three public railways in the world, two in england and one in america nikolay carefully studied all the proposed projects and already a year later the construction of an experimental road from

st. petersburg to tsarskoye selo began, and after 3 years, despite the objection of the committees of ministers. he signed a decree on the construction of the railway. petersburg-moscow. nikolaev railway . at that time it was the longest in the world 649 km and 700 m, the construction cost 67 million rubles. a third of the empire's annual budget, all 34 stations and both stations were built by the same architect konstantin ton. exactly this the largest architectural structure in the world , the track gauge is 1524 mm, 89 mm more than the european one. the track gauge was expanded by the personal order of the emperor, he made sure that he could not pass by rail. rejection after exactly 100 years in 1941. these 89 mm will greatly complicate the supply of german

troops, the army group center will receive only a third of the ammunition necessary for the capture of moscow . in total, about a thousand miles of railroad tracks were laid during the nikolaev era. what gave impetus to the development of domestic mechanical engineering, the volume of industrial output over three decades has grown 30 times ; the first paved highways in russia were built; engineers working day of the emperor began at 7:00 am and lasted 18 hours with short breaks for meals and obligatory walks around 11 pm in any weather, the emperor had a simple overcoat,

without. every guard walked around the palace embankment, bowing with a friend. in the evening, after 8:00, he could afford to take a break, have tea with his family, go for a walk with his wife, go to the theater or a masquerade, returning after midnight to his place, sometimes even before 3:00 at night, he worked, then tiptoed past the sleeping valet. the emperor himself undressed and went to bed and ate. he did not much prefer simple healthy food, he especially liked chopped veal cutlets with mashed potatoes, he could be satisfied for dinner with a crust of brown bread or pickles on the road and, more simply, buckwheat porridge, look for it. you can usually drink mineral water from alzburg in one plate. and extremely rare bordeaux wines. never smoked in everything loved the order was extremely pedantic. it was said that the gaze of the emperor could not be endured by the faint of heart

. his presence sometimes fainted ladies, but not from fear, and in a fit of adoration, nikolai pavlovich leaked. one of the most beautiful men in europe, height 189 cm, broad shoulders, athletic build, it was rumored that he puts cotton wool under his uniform for impressiveness, but his personal doctors testified that this was not so, just the emperor had an unusually wide chest in the fashion of that time, he tightly pulled his waist, he could not afford to relax even for a minute, the emperor must be perfect in everything, it is not by chance that he will become the standard for all the following novels . sinful newspaper tourists depicted france as a bottle of champagne, from which there was a cork above russia as a bottle of vodka, in which there was

not a bubble, but in the late forties, when all europe was shaken by revolutionary unrest to avoid unrest. only england and russia succeeded in not dorland and russia, the thirty-year reign of nicholas i turned out to be the most stable time in the history of imperial russia . office.

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make way taiga prokhor gromov is coming. i can't. i don't want to be like that. a gloomy river, a 1tv movie presents a

fried chicken would kiss, true, i don’t know how it will be cut now, i don’t know how in paris, but i know how soviet russia kisses now the world wide web creatively presents music and mathematics to a variety of life situations. best friends here, math. the first branch of his imperial majesty's chancellery was responsible for the preparation of the

highest decrees and control over them. execution, the second department was engaged in the preparation of a unified code of laws of the russian empire, the third department was political investigation, censorship, search, big moneymen and the investigation of peasant complaints against landowners, the fourth department or the department of empress maria feodorovna, charity affairs, including hospital shelters and women's education, the fifth department was preparing peasant, reform, the famous third branch, his imperial majesty's own. the chancellery was the highest police, its main task was to oversee execution of legislation, and first of all by state bodies, the personnel numbered only 36. the employees were headed by the third branch of the hero of the war of the twelfth year and a personal friend of the emperor,

count alexander benckendorff. he also led the corps of gendarmes from the french gendarme armed people who played the role of internal troops with a total number of 4,000 people. the prestige and authority of the corps was very high, it is no coincidence that in the finale of the gogol auditor in the famous silent scene, it is the gendarmes that appear. only thanks thanks to the intercession of the emperors, the play was staged. the emperor, who went down in history as a reactionary, did not think of banning the slanderous play. and the first thing he did after the coronation returned the links of the disgraced cannon. they were almost the same age as nikolai, the emperor's three years older, freed pushkin from general censorship, declaring that he himself would personally be his censor pushkin dedicated a total of nine poems to nikolai nikolai saved

pushkin from trouble by personal intervention several times and even paid for it debts totaling 165,000 rubles. 198 million for today's money. at this time, the cornet life guards of the hussar regiment, mikhail lermontov, was transferred to the active army for an endless caucasian war for serious disciplinary violations. the caucasian war, the conquest of the russian imperial army of the territory of the north caucasus, began in 1817 under alexander the first, the eika reached in the thirties under nicholas, when the highlanders of chechnya and dagestan, led by imam shamil, declared the russian gazovat, the holy war would end by the capture of shamil and the conquest of the north caucasus only in the sixties under

alexander ii, meanwhile, a whole coalition against russia had formed in europe, the european powers had long been preoccupied with the foreign policy and military activity of nicholas for a quarter of a century. russian troops won two local wars with persia and turkey and suppressed two uprisings in poland , hungary, after which nikolai received the nickname gendarme of europe. in the autumn of 1853, the crimean war began in november in the caucasus, russian troops defeated the turkish army, and in bay admiral nakhimov's squadron destroyed the turkish fleet four days after the sinop battle. english and french personnel appeared in the black sea next spring . russia found itself at war with england, france, turkey, sardia. austria kept prussia, hostile neutrality. this

position of the former allies, who owed a lot to russia, offended the emperor, the war actually unfolded in three theaters in the crimea in the caucasus and on the white sea, the english made an attempt from the frame. besiege solovetsky monastery, but the brothers managed to roll out a few old cannons and repulse enemy fire in the caucasus russian troops. they also won, but in the crimea the events developed tragically for the defense of sevastopol there were not enough forces or technical means, steam ships in the russian fleet occupied 30%. in the allied fleet, 70% of the russian sailing frame admiral nakhimov. i had to flood across the fartator. and only in this way it was possible to protect the sevastopol bay from the anglo-french steam fleet during the defense of sevastopol 127.000 died. .587 people total loss of the

russian army amounted to 143,000 people a disaster. russian soldiers showed miracles of heroism and ingenuity, but nevertheless, the black sea fleet was destroyed at the time of the break in relations with england, nikolai said , listened. maybe i will wear mourning for the russian fleet, but i will never wear herbs in russian. nicholas was crushed. he lost sleep, the doctors warned that the reserves of his body were running out, but the emperor did not listen to anyone in a personal conversation. nikolai somehow said, if i could choose, i would never choose my current position, but i am

a sentry who has received an order and i try to carry it out as best i can. at the end of january, the emperor caught a serious cold, his personal doctor categorically forbade him to go out into the cold, but it was necessary to accept the parade of troops that were sent to the crimea to go to war, the emperor said to the doctor. you have done your duty. allow me to fulfill my guards uniform, went out to the troops in the icy wind. he soon developed symptoms of pneumonia . february lung paralysis began, the emperor was fully conscious and understood that in a few hours he would die of suffocation, he managed to pray and say goodbye to his loved ones, having learned that a courier from the crimea had arrived with a hasty report nicholas i showed us his son. this is now not for me, but for alexander, he

said, i am giving you the command not at all in the order in which i wanted to give it. on february 18, at 12:00 30 minutes, a mourning flag was raised over the winter palace. the main watchmaking empire passed his bridge nicholas i died at the age of 59 on the throne was taken by 37-year-old alexander nikolayevich, he had to do what he did not succeed in his time about the grandmother of catherine ii, his uncle alexander, the first non-father nikolai, his father says.

i want to raise a man in my son. before making a sovereign out of him , scientists with liberal views were invited as mentors for the crown prince, the staff of teachers was headed by the famous romantic poet vasily zhukovsky when alexander was 13, his father came to him. just in the middle of the decembrist uprising lesson. and what would you do on my place, - asked nikolai forgave - alexander answered after completing his studies the heir went on a trip to russia, traveled 30,000 km and visited 30 provinces, was the first of the romanovs to cross the border between europe and asia and visited siberia in tobolsk, the tsarevich met with the decembrists and tried his best

to facilitate them fate in the heel, met by alexander exiled there, young people quickly found a common language and subsequently alexander would do everything possible to free herzen from police supervision. later herzen will write odes to the king reformers alexander ii made a lot of very much his name. now it stands above all its predecessors. he fought in the name of human rights that he and the russian people will not forget world history. and a few years later, herzen from london will launch his revolutionary agitation, will call on russia to the ax, will do a lot to create anti-government public opinion, and to some extent become an indirect culprit of death. while still a prince, alexander often

acted at the behest of his heart, and not of reason. the displeasure of his severe father. in alexander, non-royal features of frivolity, softness and sensitivity were increasingly manifested. the heir to the russian throne most of all resembled a handsome prince from a fairy tale and all the time strove to find cinderella for himself, falling in love with young people in 1838 . parents sent alexander to europe in search of a bride. among the european princesses for nothing in the state, the heir liked the sixteen-year-old princess maximilian wilhelmina august sophia maria of hesse, the fragile big angel a in london alexander was introduced to her majesty queen victoria was 20 years old, and she was just looking after herself a groom among european queen victoria records. in my diary, i found the grand duke extremely

attractive. he has beautiful blue eyes. he is only a year older than me, we danced at the ball until three-quarters of the night. he is so incredibly strong, and so quickly spinning, we were spinning like a whirlwind. i have never been so happy, alexander in love was already about to renounce the russian throne to become a british prince in the end, but retinues about i could not even conceive of such a thing in relation to the crowned romeo and juliet. they interfered and reminded someone of sarevich. about his long before russia i am a little hessian princess. this union was approved by everyone and they married maximilian orthodoxy august sofia maria accepted maria alexandrovna for the first few years alexander was passionately in love with his young wife and spoiled

her without limiting his imagination, for example, by his order, in the fall, a live apple tree was installed in the dining room in a huge skating rink with fruits to maria herself could pick the apple she liked. but a few years later, the romance disappeared, they were practically never alone in the presence of the courtiers, they were on duty talking about health and children. about the weather, together they participated in ceremonies and paid visits, and in the evening the empress, weakened by the st. petersburg climate and frequent childbirth, fell ill with consumption of tuberculosis and, by the age of 36, gave birth to six children, went to different bedrooms. she has become a shadow of herself. the fleeting royal hobbies flared up, secular ladies, frayling senior students of the smolny institute for noble maidens. then at the very beginning of the reign. they

forgave him everything and everyone loved him. alexander the second was bound by the brightest, most dazzling hopes. you didn't live in russia in 1856, he doesn't know what life is and the leo hall is fat. a mature 37-year-old well-trained ruler, who had been participating in the work of state committees for many years, took the throne. he managed to destroy the foreign policy blockade of russia , the paris peace treaty was signed, according to which russian losses in the crimean war turned out to be not so great, although russia was losing its supremacy in european politics, but the young emperor left the solution of this problem for later. in one of his first addresses to the representatives of the nobility, the emperor declared the existing

order of the possession of souls could not remain unchanged better. to abolish serfdom from above, rather than wait until it begins to change itself from below. previously, the russian emperors did not dare to abolish serfdom , fearing the opposition of the nobility, alexander had nowhere to retreat. he understood one wrong step and russia is threatened, either a military coup or a new pugachevism after 7 years of disputes and discussions on february 19, 1861, the emperor signed a manifesto, and all the merciful granting serfs the rights of the state of free rural inhabitants of the reform, the peasants, liberated with land that they had to redeem from the landowners, the government assisted in the redemption of

subsidies and long-term loans to the peasants, paid 20% of the state, 80 %. the amount of the ransom is much more than their real value, the peasants became debtors to the treasury, many decades ahead. the land was distributed as follows among 99 million 800,000 peasants, 71% of the population 33 million 700,000. one million 700,000 nobles have one and a half percent of the population of 71 1/2 million. following the abolition of serfdom, a chain reaction of reforms began, a new system was needed to govern the new country.

education reform made available secondary and higher education, an increased network of public schools, a school for raznochintsy was created. established. the first general education courses. for women, universities have received a special status regarding the car. the judicial reform established the equality of all estates. before the law, an adversarial process involving lawyers institute, sworn attorneys authoritativeness and public court hearings, military reform abolished corporal punishment in the army. complete refurbishment carried out rifled rifles and cannons. instead of overloading the set, all class conscription was introduced. these were the first democratic transformations in the history of russia, when one of the old dignitaries told the emperor the liberation of the peasants could lead people to the idea of ​​the constitution alexander ii answered him, well,

if this is exactly the desire of russia, if she is ready for this, i am ready alexander made him his minister and adviser tight deadlines for the preparation of projects and he himself always fit exactly. though on his table daily thick packets of documents lay down, it was necessary to complete everything that his father did not have time to do. first of all, to end the war in the caucasus, the war ended in 1864.

the only territorial loss during this period was alaska. 1.5 million square kilometers unsuitable for agriculture and practically uninhabited land were sold to the united states of america for 7 million 200,000 dollars in gold. in the current equivalent of $ 108 million, the deal was considered very profitable . alexander nikolayevich usually worked with short breaks from 9:00 in the morning until lunch, which started at 6:00 pm. then there was already private time, which he devoted to his family and secular receptions, his main hobby was hunting, he especially loved big animal hunts for bears and bison. however , ordinary walks will soon become much more dangerous for him, when the hunt is announced for him alexander ii was the last ruler in the history of russia who could allow you

to simply walk around the city without armed guards and any escort. almost every day in the summer garden, petersburgers diligently pretended that they did not recognize the gentleman whose portraits were hung in all government places and whispered, the sovereign was walking his chimney to alexander. innocent dates, the emperor fell in love in earnest. many years later, catherine recalled how with a sacred object. it's so noble and beautiful, but we met every day,

crazy from happiness to love and understand each other. he swore to me before the image that he was devoted to me forever and that his only dream was to marry her. if ever he will be free. on april 4, 1866, after another meeting, the sovereign, in an excellent mood, walked the lapel of the summer garden, waiting for his koreans. he did not immediately realize that the crackling echoing over the lindens was the sound of a shot. the emperor was fully aware

that opponents of the reforms might try to overthrow him from the throne, even kill him. once upon a time an old fortune-teller predicted that he would survive seven assassination attempts, and alexander always remembered this. and win up to 5 million sberban bonuses,

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