we will be attacked, i don’t know, i don’t think so. i counted over a hundred. i even know that it is not merkulov nibir. moreover, they don't even read your messages, stalin. i know just like you. why stalin does not believe that the germans will attack us this year, they don’t believe in what they don’t believe steel merkulov believes in what he doesn’t see in underwear, this report will not change anything for the country. and for you? maybe change a lot. what are you offering? try to take a break from work, then the question will go crazy. now you can't do anything do. saturday 18:00 in full order.

therefore, the preparation should be completed by june 18 will be finally decided in the very near future. break 10 minutes

well, our germans danced to eat after all. with you in the evening at a reception at the german

embassy we can communicate. that we dance right after the stars of the world ballet is really funny, but to be honest,

i don't like to dance in this waltz at all. we 've gone too far. sorry for the mess. this room is not intended for the eyes of our guests. and now i think it's time return you to your boss.

good evening , i just heard the most important information at a diplomatic reception. about six thousand aircraft and an incredible number of tanks are currently concentrated on the border of the soviet union.

in the history of mankind of course, of course. the issue is resolved, the final blow should be expected any day. yes the exact date has not been confirmed, he is not, but other reports of operational information looms not only the date of june 22, but even the exact time of 4 o'clock in the morning. we already have the numbers and locations of the german division of the battalions concentrated within our borders, as

well as the location of the barracks. warehouse airfield headquarters. after passive then twentieth then 30 then ska, finally, can i tell you? the same materials that you passed

to the russians and they admire you.

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so germany will attack us on the night of june 21-22, that is, in four days. that's right. and 23 not 25 and 24 not next year, namely on the night of june 21 to 22 so for sure the sources are reliable for the entire time of working with them there was no reason to doubt their reliability, that is

, free do you even understand that you are a death sentence for yourself signed, diode, who pulled you the fool by the tongue, if you even made a mistake for one day.

today, june 22, 4 o'clock in the morning of the declaration of war , german troops attacked our country. our borders were attacked in many places and cities were bombarded.

you to shoot mish without trial or investigation. for nothing, for anyone. for your lyceum student of my information from him through whom it went. right here.

hang all the dogs on you. that is ok. don't be afraid. we'll spend two or three weeks there, no more. now the main thing is sitting, and then what? so what is next?

and then moscow , please thank

you hello, i'm pilot cosmonaut anton shkapper this is a podcast of space history, away. today i have vyacheslav avdeev, a scientist physicist, an employee of the ostrokosmos center of fian. yes, uh, the russian academy of sciences is a very big popularizer of astronomy , therefore, today, of course, we will talk about space from the point of view of astronomy and astrophysics. yes, the first question i have. please. tell us what are you doing? what is your work my scientific field is the study of space masers. we have such a word. please tell me okay? we have lasers. everyone knows that well

, you can roughly imagine a laser, it turns out we have, if this laser shines not in visible light, but in the radio range, then it is called, yes michael, that is, mather and it is very tasty to eat natural sources. here is such a radio laser, that is, laser radiation. these are the areas where stars are born , young stars, when they are born , conditions arise that they begin to shine them with radio lasers or, on the contrary, very old stars, when a star with a giant is a supergiant. she sheds the shell and begins to shine too. well, the third option is the neighborhood of supermassive black holes in the cores of other galaxies. and these same masers - they are interesting not only because here is a strange the thing is glowing, you have to look. what is it? why and because we understand it by examining it. what kind of conditions are there near black holes in shells, dying stars. we can restore them and understand what is happening there, something in the laboratory is difficult to obtain in places, because the density is too low. there are many other problems there. and here is the cosmos you have. naturally,

the laboratory. see how the installation goes. and how? well, like, uh, radio telescopes, since it's microwave radiation, that is, radio, so there needs to be a radio. telescopes, or even rather a ground-based network of radio telescopes, because now you won't surprise anyone alone in radio telescopes. now all the telescopes are combined, all these one, let's say it is on one continent, another project is not on the other. uh, in principle, the idea of ​​​​combining a radio telescope into a network was proposed, by the way, by three soviet scientists matvienko kartashov sholomitsky back, in my opinion, in the sixties and the first observation between the ussr and the usa was carried out in approximately the same way, in general, well then they walked so much on earth, right? yes and now, of course, how much later? please explain, this whole structure is modern, of course. there is a project. well , roughly speaking, i should probably say. why do we need this, why do we combine telescoping? here is imagine a telescope. it looks like let's say felberg. this is the rest of the philliesberg telescope, and this is the antenna. we think it's interesting and so

sharply you can see something. here you can imagine a hundred-meter plate, for sure, small parts. would look at her. no, he does not see much better than the human eye. why? well, on the one hand it would seem a large telescope, more small power it has a good problem on the other. and what determines how small details we can see on the object, firstly, on the diameter. we look at him. here we have a small eye, we see a little badly, yes, some kind of proud. the eagle has a larger pupil. he already sees better. if our eyes were, i don’t know , a meter in size, then we could generally see much finer details, but the second problem is that this is our zorka depends on the wavelength, on which we look, apparently, in the range. everything is clear, but the radio waves are how many times larger than the visible, right? many orders of magnitude? that is, if we have 550 m there, sorry, but here we have, uh, centimeters and even meters, so it turns out that yes, a large telescope is many times larger than an eye. well, the wavelength,

which observes many times more than the eye. therefore, we see in the sky, only some are not much better than in general, we saw it with our eyes. it's been a problem radio astronomers have had for a long time, outsiders, here are the shameful things, and then the soviet scientists suggested the guys. look what we are doing, we are taking telescopes in different parts of the globe, combining them all and then, roughly speaking , the signals that come from them are added there in phase. for them to come, that is, we imitate, as it were, the surface of a giant plate the size of the earth. and here we are pointing this plate with the size of the earth at various, uh, interesting sources. and what happens? how many times such a plate will be more vigilant for you so many times so much the earth is more than separate telescope. and this is called the technique of the terrible word razdb radio interferometry with super long bases, but the point is not that the point is that we are thanks to this technique. e brought out the radio astronomy of the leader of infamy and in the nineteenth year for the first time the corporeal event horizon saw the shadow of a supermassive black hole. e in the core of another galaxy. that is , i don’t know what size this black spot is, you see,

we’ll put it, for example, from the moon from the earth. we look. seen from the same angle here. here this very shadow divided made out a wonderful problem. what is the problem is that if we want and something more shallow to consider the earth is already starting to interfere with us. the earth cannot be more. this is the limit, so radio telescopes must be launched into space. by the way, the first such project was, again, russian, this is the radioastron telescope, which flew for this purpose, and in space, and in a very elongated orbit. he approached, then closer to the ground at a height, such as the international space station. well, a little higher there 500 km. a actually at the farthest point of the orbit. it reached almost the orbit of the moon 350.000. that is , such an elongated one, and therefore he could see very well. here are some interesting details there, black smoke, of course, i could not see. there were other problems that were already revealed during operation, which, it turns out, is on the bands on which the radio astron observed the not entirely transparent space there, this hot plasma. it distorts everything, and the telescope is a horizontal event that was taught. yep,

they didn't succeed. we made the wavelength slightly less. and now they will be transparent plasma and took everything. so again thanks to the radio astronomers these guys. as a result, we saw a black hole. you can say so, although now what kind of projects we have now, if we are talking about the scientific russian space, then here is the radio building. it was the first of four projects of the so-called spectra of the universe . this is the radio astron radio band, then in the nineteenth year, in july, in my opinion, they launched spektr rg - this is, accordingly, an x-ray telescope. even just two the telescope was russian and, uh, the artections are german and now germany turned off its rosita, so the following works in a slightly embedded version, which means that in the twenty-seventh or rather even the twenty- eighth, everything from a different number should be voiced spectrum uv, this is ultraviolet well, there is a telescope with such a diameter of 1 ,7 m which is still not bad for the cosmic, that is , it will observe, let's say, the hot universe, that is, objects

whose temperature there is more than several tens of thousands of °. here is the next one with us - this is the most, probably the main most difficult project. well , it is precisely complex in terms of technical innovations that are applied in it. this is spectrum m such a modest name or millimetron. it's already that it's ten meters flying into space, but a mirror. well, or the antenna is there, like millimeter somillimeter waves, that is , there, well, now the question is. it doesn't matter what you call it a mirror. here, in a complex form, 96 petals should open. here further means a 10 m mirror and a 20 m cooling system around this mirror, because the millimeter range is what it starts antitangent. the angara, respectively , the fifth should lift it all. and then it flies quite far at a distance of 1.5 million km from the ground to the lager point, while l2 will open. and this is a crooked tool. that is, it is not just a stylist that needs to be cooled down. yes, the very low temperatures of the james, in principle, are also cooled over there, as there is a system of

five screens. well, somewhere up to 50 ° above absolutely zero, the mirror is cooled, and here it will be, otherwise there will be four screens and the last one will be a crooked screen, along which there will be coolant for another circus. yes, to have a mirror, well, somewhere around 20 in total, that is, two who played absolutely zero. yes, scientific instruments will be even colder. naturally. and so it turns out that we cool the telescope, and at the same time we get a huge sensitivity. we have a ten-meter mirror. that is, we can see a very dim object and at the same time the object is very small, and most importantly, this is a telescope. it has two modes of operation one, respectively. we will observe a very dim object, study the chemistry of space, observe complex organic molecules can appear in protostellar clouds. there needs to be understood in general, life, but began to take shape. here. uh, let's say pre-biological molecules on the planets or you can already in space when the star systems were formed. that is, this is the goal of launching one of these one of the goals earlier the universe is there the ancient galaxies there , uh, elevators, you radiation there like this, what it looks

like this is the first oldest photograph of our universe well, when we look, the farther we look uh through a telescope more so, let's say. the extreme region of the universe we respectively observe. but this has a limit, a limit - this is the same relict background. that is, roughly speaking, this is the moment when the universe became transparent to radiation. i was then approximately 380,000 years old. she was opaque. it was very in a non-bla-dense plasma, and then the plasma began to slowly cool down. and when the electron sat on the orbit to the proton, hydrogen was obtained. then the cosmos became transparent and an echo of this. here are the events. we see then there was a temperature of 4.000 °, eh, since then the universe has expanded there by 1.000 with something times. here we have, so it turns out this is the temperature of the electrode. somewhere two there, well, three kevins that is, it can be seen, and it is very important to radiate an electronic fund to build maps in distributions, because in fact this is the most ancient universe well, like a children's

photo oh, what a sweet lord yes, so that it happens later, nightmare like this here, i look at our infant universe, we look at what is happening with it now and, perhaps, we are trying to imagine. what yes, why, of course, that is. you have to somehow understand that this is developing like this, uh, and what will happen to her next. and why do we need this we want to understand how the universe will be with us somehow further? uh, how it will develop, that we are waiting for the heat death of the universe , a big gap, or is it all back, everything is fine, and most importantly, closer even interesting. well, it's interesting, at least. and then again, that is, the cosmos, but i always really like the quote that the cosmos is a laboratory for the poor, that is, roughly speaking, the universe is experimenting with colossal energies with powerful magnetic fields there , very large very small densities low or high temperatures. we won't be able to do this for 1,000 years on earth. and now someone is experimenting. you need to peep with telescopes to understand what they are doing there? and it is possible to apply it somehow later in practice already here, someone has already done everything for us, well , such overly complicated laboratories are not needed. here is

one task for the parties, probably in this, but what projects are in the near future? well, of course, in russia, roscosmos. well, let's do it this way, if we come, then this year we should finally fly to 25, as well. that is, we have 1976, we didn’t fly to the moon, luna 24, in my opinion, was finished. yes, it means london 24 she brought the soil. and that 's actually all, and now it is necessary because it is already clear that there are no people who thought it then. i'm not retired already, that is, i need to re-learn how to land vehicles on the moon. and it will be in the area of ​​the south pole landing. that is, we have not done this yet, we should try it at all, and from this, by the way, the design of the apparatus is quite interesting . it has no solar battery. here we are used to look at all these blenders. uh, that is, they are not horizontal, or maybe vertically around him, that is, because he standard does not rise degrees, therefore , in general, the battery is needed vertical, that is, they dance this year this year he will sit down

he has a bucket manipulator . maybe there from thirty centimeters e dig out. e that we will bring the earth no to the earth. here you will not bring, it will only be analyzed on the spot. and luna 26. it will be the next one, and here, then, the moon, 27, is another ler but , well, 28, it is already planned to return the ground to earth. i don’t know when it will be, most likely, the deadlines may be shifted, but for now , uh, that is, only after three vehicles, it turns out that we will bring soil to the ground. this already they were not not coming. yes, but nevertheless, that is, it’s interesting, but recently the chinese brought soil to the ground for them , so on in this matter very quickly there, and they continue this year, by the way, again, china has completed its space station now with money , ah, but there is another module planned, which, in my opinion, is also quite interesting they are planning to launch a space telescope, and their chinese is called the station is not quite called it

or the ussr for those who have a difficult chinese name to pronounce. that is, tea with uh, something there is a space in the telescope, which means it will not dock. why because the station? visited on it only navts, as they call themselves? yes, that is, they are shaking this station, where the life support system is running oxygen. and all this will shake the telescope, and it will not see well, so what they decided, and the telescope goes in the same orbit some distance from the herd. i'm watching , uh, that's all it takes, if maintenance needs to be repaired, replace the detector. something else means there, respectively, the telescope to the manipulators, is attracted to the station and docks. now they go out to carry out these replacements and back the telescope next to them. here is such a plan. and this is also very cool, because now the problem is with the hubble. not only we are hubble's grandfathers for 30 years, we probably flew for repairs, the largest shuttle orbit, as long as we could while we could, that is, there were five launches to the hubble. here, a

now we have, let's say, so that it turns out that the shuttles no longer fly. uh, now they don’t suggest all these american ships. here are similar missions, the maximum that musk promised? i say i can hawal. push up, because the hubble does not have its own engines and because of friction, and the upper layers of the atmosphere. it loses speed and decreases a little, so there is a plan to throw it up, but in the case of uh, there is some kind of breakdown there, nothing can be done about it. here, but the chinese still have a station in this regard there is a telescope. here is the project. yes, a little less interesting. the hubble will be two meters in diameter, but it will have a large field of view, that is, it will work over the area. i would like to talk about the habitability of space, if we have any prospects, because many people ask me at a meeting why we fly into space? well, of course, i say, we do various space experiments. that is, those experiments that well, just in the conditions of the earth, well, there is gravitosis, or when it is impossible to do them, only possible in space. why do it? i'm starting to look

ahead like a science fiction writer, uh, practically. i say that you know, sooner or later it will become so much on earth that the earth will not be able to feed physically. we don't want to have to colonize other planets, well, starting there. the ecoplanet tells the theory and so on. that's what our telescopes will help us with, in general, all this study, because they look so far, so, by the way, there in my opinion. uh, it seems to me that we need to colonize after all, not planets, probably, asteroids. because when we land on the planet, we again land in the same gravity well. but we spent so much only strength to get so much fuel out of it, it took us an asteroid. he. well, it weighs almost nothing. yes, but there are asteroids, and let's say with volatile substances, where there are a lot of all kinds of gases, and there are organics that can be useful to eat. uh, stone there are some silicates there or there, but something carbon. and there are, for example, asteroids, where there are iron ones, where there are a lot of earth metals. that is, it would seem that everything

you need to eat in the asteroid belt. you don't need to land on the planet, they are europeans , yes, yes, yes. the only problem with asteroids. as answered, then through the birthplace. i was just flying for a while , the harpoons that were supposed to cling to the camera did not work, so it turned out how he sat down. they knew that they would work , because it was clear that the test on the ground was carrying this system there, in my opinion, there should have been an explosion, and the charge and the harpoon should have fired. and in general. they seemed to be in conditions. this explosion is not carried out, it was clear that everything was bad, so the touch was fixed on the device. hooray, half an hour later, the base sat down again, both poor and unhappy. he rode along this comite until they entered some kind of crevice. yes, he came into his own. he said guys up , i'm sitting with my feet, look how interesting it is, but the problem is that there was little sunlight there. here the crevice finished off, so he, alas, lost his energy and was not enough to continue. this, of course, is the only problem, in my opinion, such a serious colonization of asteroids, because their gravity is weak, we can fly to them, but slow down. it’s already more difficult,

therefore, here’s the mission, when we don’t fly by an asteroid, but fly towards it, they last. well, i don't know, it's been there for a few years. we just taxi to it in order to approach it from a very small delta tv, that is, at a low speed, so as not to fly past, but here we are talking about life. well, there is such a thing as a life zone, a habitable zone. well, in general, roughly speaking, the earth also has its own zone of life. here we are living with you on surface, and above 5,000, probably 6,000 meters there or there, oxygen starvation blows the roof off all sorts of bad things, and so on, the second zone of life, oh, which is most often said to be the zone around the stars. that is, this is the distance between the planet and the star, uh, at which the planet receives enough heat so that liquid water can count in our country, that is, not too much, not too much. little so that's the problem, what, what do we want to find a planet? what is the name of the second earth, that the planet was terrestrial mass at the star, but, which looks like sun here in this very zone inhabited. do it