there are very few of them, only two percent. yes, but there is, but 2% of all stars, but it's just that they are very easy to detect with our methods, that's why you find them. that is, we are looking for the keys under the lantern, because light is not where we lost them. that's about it. and what problem is revealed to you on the earth, it is small and if there are two main ways how this planet is noticed either when the planet passes between us as a star and slightly extinguishes the light of the star a little literally. here we can notice this either a star at any planet. and the planet attracts the star, because of which the star will sway like this, and we can also notice this sway, but the best way, of course. find out when a planet passes between us by a star, what's the problem it will happen once we've discovered it. no, we didn't find it. is it anything? noise there , problems with the detector, you have to wait at least 3-5 times, so that this period can take a decade. well, in general, yes it is, to confirm, to confirm this , we need at least, well, a few problems. i heard that the second plan. just recently

they wrote the date of february. yes, but not as bad as the stars, and it is in smaller stars than the sun is dimmer somewhere in the habitable zone closer and the year on the planet lasts less, which is in the habitable zone. we can find them there, but the problem of these stars is that they are very active, that is , our sun is a star more or less calm, and there occurs, uh, flashes similar to a flash in the nose, but orders of magnitude more powerful and therefore is now completely unclear. and here can a planet for billions of years have such a complex life, because there it constantly bombards it with particles and heats it with ultraviolet radiation. can she keep her atmosphere or will there be two lives like this? well, i don’t know bare planets without an atmosphere at all, but in habitable zones it’s not yet clear that the james telescope should show this as well. therefore, until recently, it was like we knew the only directly full-fledged second earth. this, in my opinion, is kepler 452 b planet. but now

there seems to be an article coming out, of course not, guys. this is mistake. this is a statistical error - this is not a planet, therefore, we do not know the second earth yet. and anton shkaplerov and we continue the conversation with vyacheslav avdeev so all the same, where is the best place to live outside the earth. well, again, that is, we need so we need to find a calm star, so, uh, more or less, like the sun. and that the planet was in the habitable zone is another problem. now we are talking, as it were, hierarchically. we have, it means the earth and its own habitable zone, there is a star, and it has a habitable zone, but, turns out to be in our galactic personal path, perhaps not all places are equally suitable for life. a couple of decades ago , such a concept appeared. the galactic habitable zone, which means what is the problem here. oh, the more we run to the center of the galaxy, the higher the density of stars. and if the stars are located closer to each other, in the first place more often, close

supernova explosions can occur when old stars explode for us. this is not very good, plus when the stars approach each other at some distance they approach each other. they will resent comet clouds, around the planet comets begin to rush in the central region. again, bad for dinosaur life. no need to lie, but on the other hand. if we move away, for example, let's go lower to the center of the galaxy, we are on the outskirts, let's live where there? well, the stars are not so densely supernovae, there are no dangerous ones there. there is another problem, because life needs what else is needed, so that there is chemical diversity, because there are many chemical elements that will then be directly processed into your living good example. well, the ocean that runs the life of the desert, except for these rift faults. where does it come from under the ground? all these enriched e useful well, all these waters here and there you are, black smokers, all these underwater oases. there is a life that is in the dark. here in this one lives eternal, and then everything is a desert. why because there is chemical diversity and here on the outskirts of the galaxy

apparently, the chemical diversity is lower, because there stars are born more slowly, which means they do not have time to produce much heavier elements hydrogen and helium, therefore , it turns out to be bad in the center, because it is dangerous outside it is bad, because there is nothing to eat our moscow is our moscow that is, it turns out the most, well, of course, the center is not very outskirts. that's all, the rest is on the outskirts of the kadyshe. well it turns out the galaxy is admissible. we have it going along the moscow ring road, this habitable zone is somewhere, probably, it's a little further than the third ring road. well, let's say i don't know the subway profsoyuznaya academicheskaya rub. so this is a good place. yes, yes, yes in our galactic one yes well just yes can not know, well, i mean like the earth. well, while we do not know such planets in other planets. here is the problem of this concept, what is the fact that the stars in the galaxy, they still do not just move in circular orbits, they can approach, closer to the center they can move away, and then star formation in the galaxy. that is, we

used to imagine that stars are evenly born, it turns out not, our stars can stop being born altogether, then there is a sudden burst of star formation, let's say our galaxy ate some galaxy the neighboring small one received more gas for herself and went to give birth to stars from it. and we always eat someone. here is our galaxy, gluttonous constantly eats small galaxy has life. well, we have here on earth right? no earth is difficult, it is difficult to ask questions when i speak at the forefront, have i seen something like that, well, if the cosmonauts have a protocol on how to act with an oncoming alien, so it’s not interesting to eat that there are no such protocols, very astronomers. i am also asked if i have seen anything. and i saw a lot. but how do i see that well, life is different somewhere else. here usually they say that about ufo yes, that it is an unidentified flying object. i see that i don’t know what an unidentified person is. i'm late guys. honestly, well, there was one who was not late and after a lapse, maybe even a few years, i recognized it. what is it? i actually

saw. for example, there was such a system. uh, in my opinion, the americans are some kind of reconnaissance satellites, they fly in threes. here. i somehow remember looking outside were these three satellites. i think wow satellites shoal or fly. what it is? moreover, they form such a right triangle. that is, i'm such a figure hmm artificial. i think wow. well, it doesn't happen, not only. so what is elo? do not know what is not just an object, and then years later found out. so it turns out that there are such satellites three by three, they have been flying for years. well, ok. and about life, the question is, of course, an interesting one, because on the one hand, we know that life formed quite quickly on earth, but we don’t have any data yet on how widespread this phenomenon is in the universe, because roughly speaking, we have one point on the graph we have our planet. through it, you can carry out many functions. here we have at least one more point to put, so that at least it becomes clear. that's the question everyone cares about is life. on mars there is no life on mars skills. this is very still unknown.

i hope that in the next decade, after all, we will understand something, because mars has its own oddities, there are these so-called methane anomalies, which, perhaps, have nothing to do with life, but what the hell is not joking or, for example, on venus there are also oddities called ultraviolet absorber in the clouds, that is, the appearance of clouds in ultraviolet light changes very quickly. and it is not clear what it is that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, it has been suggested. it is one of the many that is possible, it is some kind of cloudy plankton of a living form, which is very hot down there, and in the clouds there the temperature is just right. we need blocks. eh, well, just like here we would seem in this situation. if there was water there, even a little bit, maybe someone would want water. yes, there sulfuric acid is more difficult with this you have to protect yourself from it, but nevertheless. now, if we find something, at least it will probably be clear, but in connection with this , another problem arises. and the fact is that we do not see aliens. we do not see

their traces in space. and if you imagine a very highly developed civilization, then, well, it is very difficult to hide the high energy consumption, most likely, according to the spectrum, something will be strange with these stars. uh, we should notice it, we don't see it. let's have a question. if it is common, and it is more likely everything will develop. that is, if it exists, then it will become cellular, then it will become cellular and then intelligent, then further, because we know that all living forms fill all available niches. so, when you and i are reasonable, sooner or later we will break so much that we can colonize the sose. and the stars beyond, we know that the system has found it is much younger than the galaxy yes, there is a galaxy more than two times older than our sleepy system. so, probably, someone had to be born much earlier than us and already colonize everything, because what if hmm, even the speeds we have remain approximately accessible to us. well, there, well, well, 15 km / s. yes, here we are during this time for 100 million years , anyway colonize most of

the galaxy shows most of the models. that's the question then. where are they? here, too, there is the terrible concept of the great filter, that perhaps there is something that destroys civilization. it's just that we don't yet know that it's in the area where the space for speculation is very wide. can not understand anything. you need to study for this you need astronomy. can you help predict just the threat that go space the fact is that hollywood has taught everyone that it is necessary to be afraid of a meteorite, but , oddly enough , we already know more of the near-earth and dangerous objects. uh, when is the next one to wait for the next one? well, here we have an asteroid, the office will arrive in the twenty-ninth year, it will fly by. eh, it's 300 m, which means that such a potato will fly by. it is even closer to us than geosonic satellites fly. here but some of these well, no, he's a little different angle. uh, satellites do not use geostar satellites. well, thank god it won't hurt. there is another problem at first, when his orbit was poorly known, there were fears that he would still

collide with us, and only when you clarified the orbit they said no, thank god it flew by, but the next such unpleasant guest who is known. this is already the second half of 2100. this is the asteroid ben no, to which we now flew on the asia spacecraft from rex, they took about the ground. at the end of this year, it should be delivered to the ground to see what the second of this is. yes, most likely, he is also not particularly scary, there is a possibility clashes, small but, nevertheless, again, there is a lot of time to prepare and somehow recapture it from us. would that we can do it, in my opinion, where is it more dangerous? esteroid is our sun, because solar flares sometimes occur on the sun and there are a lot of interesting effects associated with them. so i remember that when in the eighty-ninth year there was this powerful flare on the sun, when there in canada the province of quebec was left without electricity for 12 hours, they all burned out there transformers, because of the flash here. well, already because of the consequences of the outbreak , that is, the emission of solar matter arrives at us , a very powerful magnetic storm begins

, a very large current is induced in the electrical circuits, and the transformer, but its mode of operation, when it just starts to operate, it is violated. in general, everything was just on fire there. so just then there was a shuttle, i don’t remember which one i don’t remember what was in orbit, but in general there are astronauts. yes, they are hiding. uh, in my opinion, the very back. uh, the shuttle was deployed here so that the radiation yes and drowning describe that flashes are observed in the eyes, that is , you close your eyes, close your eyes, the flashes remain the appearance of a particle. they somehow interact with the retina. well, usually before going to bed, when you lie down, if there is a flash in the sun, and the astronauts report to us when there are big flashes, but not to get scared, on the contrary, uh, because due to this, e aurora appears at the poles, that is , uh, as we say in the service they don't matter, it's north and south america yes, the aurora borealis and we get time for us they say, even when this happens, when we can take beautiful pictures with him on the dark side to show people on earth, as from

space. what a beautiful aurora, so that we , on the contrary, are waiting, when the astronaut is yes, but as research shows, too powerful flashes can sometimes occur on the sun. here is the most, probably, well-known here in history, this is our study. this is an event for the ringtone. this is 1.850 the ninth year. that is, it was the first flash that someone saw with their eyes. yes, ringtone observed the sun, it is projected onto a screen. and then he suddenly that there is a group of five, it is a huge fee. it is very large on the sun, and suddenly there is some kind of such a family stretched between them, such a double one, what is it like. at first he thought, maybe this is the screen with which he covered the sun of the last device. yes, they moved the staples, this flash moved along with it, which means no, it's in the sun. here he described. so that means, i ran there, sketched it quickly, ran to look for someone. so whoever looks with him will confirm that he is not crazy. so, when he came with people, it was already barely visible there, that is, it literally went out almost completely in 5 minutes, but they watched it with him. there , several more people confirmed that it was. and

after 18 hours , this one collapsed on the ground. here is a very powerful stream of particles, that is, the polarity of the aurora were. well, if the data is from cuba and india yes, yes, yes, almost yes, almost all, as if for a fiber. it was so vividly describing, so, uh, prospectors of the rocky mountains, so in the usa, uh, well, outside the window it became so bright someone got up and went to cook tomorrow, guys, everything has to be done already. well, we didn't get enough sleep. yes, what to do? here is the telegraph again. uh, there was already a telegraph and a global one then, but there were already networks, and here, again , there is a description that being disconnected from the batteries on the telegraph. it was possible to work due to induced currents. here are the wires, only he telegraphers. e current. yes, these were the problems. ah, here again , there were studies to happen to us now if the event happened again, well, usually in the usa checks for himself. they said what it means to us is damage to our economy, at least two

trillion dollars, and recovery time. there, from six months to several years, and, as it were, for the whole world. it is clear that this figure increases many times over. and this, if you can’t prepare for an outbreak in any way, you need to prepare. i think that this task is for our soldiers to develop an action plan. here, let's say there is a flash or a mass ejection in our direction in about an hour. we learn that the release is very powerful because we have the same kilogram at the point l1 which is between the earth and the sun yes , there are devices that can measure the flow of particles. now, if the guys are a nightmare . we have an hour to first turn off everything that can be turned off, which means dividing these hospitals and transferring them to a backup one, somehow prepare all the data centers. that is for an hour. need to. it must be a plan of action, otherwise it will be yes grandiose. what should i do? here it is clear that well, the satellites, if possible , transfer the protected mode there, as it were , these are all astronauts, but again, open, where and all astronauts that's how you can get away from uh, directions. and that's because

, again, it turns out the root event, who on this is not the most powerful thing that happened in the sun, because in 2012 a japanese university graduate student kicked. yes listen miyaki they explored the ripe trees. according to the chemical composition, they found that there are two points in time in the middle ages - this is 774 and 993, when there are our eras, yes, when there is a very strong peak of carbon c14, this is radiocarbon, which is also formed when protons are called so high-energy just a fire was. and this is not. this is a name that is not sacrificed, because , roughly speaking, this is precisely the nature of this impact. it is precisely c14, which was formed as a result of the fact that nitrogen absorbs high-energy protons from the flash. here he is, then settles down. and then the trees are swallowed up by animals, and in general, there are two characteristic peaks there, and so they appreciated this thing. something in a few tensions more powerful than the ringtone was, and

this happens now. well, it was worse than pre-correctors. yes, searched in ancient texts there is nothing for 774, but 99 3 there is some mention of hmm, it means that it was the help of the lecterns, which means it suddenly became at night. it means it is so bright in the north, it means it developed in red for an hour. then it means everything is gone. there is such a mention. that is, something is there, obviously in the north, just that it was. well, how do you see a person in 50 years in space? it would be a good question to see the light like that . well, so fluently, of course , it’s hard to say, not for me. i hope in 50 years. we should definitely have a base on the moon, i would very much like guys, how much can you, yes, all the time? well , at least visited, but it’s better that it’s not, that i would constantly like to fly to mars , it’s very difficult for me to predict something in astronautics. i'm more because of astronomy,

so i can say what will happen to countries, that is, it seems to me that the future telescopes. they will all follow the swarm principle, that is, we are launching many devices that, united in a network , work as a single whole. here we now have on earth. such a network of radio telescopes, apparently in the future such networks will be very space telescopes. let's see what they show. today we had a very interesting conversation with autophysicist vyacheslav avdeev and anton shkapper. this is a podcast of space stories.