different money was also arab dirhems. these were european, uh, denarii coins. this is the eighth ninth. yes, but i would pay attention here at this point. ah, the state. e ancient russia nevertheless arose as a transit state, but along those international trade routes, uh, that were formed. eh, here, just in the ninth-tenth century, the paths from the varangians to the greeks, which we know, and the second one, no less. ah, the important way. this is the path from the varangians to persia, that is, along the volga to the caspian sea, and yes, indeed, persia and, in general, china but the main thing was still this way from the varangian river, why, because during this period, trade across the mediterranean sea, it was difficult, but due to the fact that, well, these movements of peoples begin, there, and questions of creation own currency . just uh, it was dangerous for european merchants. to raft, therefore, the mediterranean

sea to byzantium and, er, this route, er from the baltic sea, the black sea, which passed just through the territory of ancient russia, it became extremely in demand. here it arose. so called caravan trade. uh, this international money came and was given. so they came with money, that is, they brought their system. and then , so to speak, here is the prince, who e. actually. what the prince did the prince was involved in securing the passage of the tape and collecting money, but uh, he collected. uh, hmm means under these uh , the so-called tithe, which olga later established yes and hmm here, uh, hmm since the economy was subsistence and the domestic market was weak, then, of course, he collected this nature than he could collect he could collect. uh, they left for skins, but skins. uh,

it's honey. uh, this beekeeping was extremely developed. this is a very useful product that was in demand both in europe and in byzantium - this is wax. here are the main types yes skins and uh, but these were, so to speak, the main export goods. these are the export items. they were offered in exchange for em foreign money, with which foreigners came for their services for business support. so well, and in this sense we can say that here ancient russia - this is the so-called without the monetary period, which lasted until when the idea came up, you understand you need your money, but there were short periods when money was minted, say, the owners of the holy yes, he is such a year, e. well, this is well, but the tenth century, the eleventh tenth eleventh. literally not for long, that is, some 1,000. no, there are 25-30 years. here is this period, he is chika goldsmiths, uh, silversmiths. and where they had

circulation, they had circulation inside, but, in fact, archaeologists have found few of them money. does that say what? well, that is , the circulation was very small and the coinage could not have been small, rather, they were not even used by trade. they used it as a reward. hmm, but because they themselves were expensive money. i have already said that only under peter the silver mines began to be developed already in transbaikalia, that is , their own silver appeared from which coins could be minted, but in relation to the current situation. here for ours for our audience it is really possible to find a treasure. from this money, now or everything has already been dug up, they dug up, because zlotnikov, uh, in my opinion, only nine uh. the coins were actually found there by archaeologists, well, more, of course, silver coins, but, probably, it’s even easier to develop the silver gold places of russia, i understood, but so, after all, when

their first money appeared and began to be perceived not only within the territory, but also well , let's just say that outside of it, you understand , the equivalent of money was the hryvnia, as if it were a silver ingot. e hmm weight. he was in the order of 400. wow, when does it mean and actually from this hryvnia and chopped money. here, uh, the ruble is happening. yes, this is a chopped hryvnia, but a hryvnia. ah, the origin of the word. this, well, this is a hoop in general, such a female hoop , a female jewelry, and then, uh, so it was transformed. here hmm in such an uh, silver mask uh yes. well, silver items that were convenient to cut into rubles, but mostly such oblong alexander ruble, but the equivalent of what? here was i do not know the skins per unit. it's like the equivalent of money, it

was a hryvnia of silver, which was worth it, certain uh, money. this is how much a ruble two 10 there i don’t know the skin to buy a cow there, well, some just comparisons. that is, what could be bought with the ruble that was mined from the hryvnia. rubles are not money. here is our understanding. yes, it's some. e, so, e is also a bar, from which then, e, the actual coins were minted. and here is the very name e money. well, it's already happening. uh, from here from uh, so to speak, this ruble hryvnia, which was cut into uh, 400 uh parts and from these, so to speak, here are the parts. uh, minted a small coin, therefore actually coin like a coin. it appears only now as a result of the reform of elena glinskaya, uh, in the 15th century. before that, we can only say that these were such equivalents. yes

, that is, either this is a hryvnia by weight, that is , a certain amount of silver, which was equated to a certain amount of goods, or there was fur money. uh, they were called hryvnia, godfather there, let's say for this hryvnia, they gave some amount of either uh, well, cheap furs. this is a squirrel. she was the most massive, or uh hmm well more expensive fur, of course, it was a marten, or it was the so-called leather money. so, too, the equivalence that could be obtained, a certain product, then appeared for quite a long time, and uh, it continued under the conditions of the mongol-tatar yoke, because uh, in the conditions of fragmentation, each principality tried, so to speak, to have some their money was hryvnia. e novgorod e, then

later, then smolensk and so on, but uh, the main thing was that this is a certain amount of silver, which should be this was yes? let's now take a step and immediately go to peter a. during the reign of peter i , the ruble also changed physically. i think that it is nominal, but 10 times even more than ten times. why did this happen and why yes, and was the very famous one, there the ruble the strongest monetary unit in the history of russia or not? or what you said about securing direct silver chopped was already a security, but nonetheless. that's why these reforms were needed. why change the ruble because before peter here in as a result of the reform, uh, which elena glinskaya carried out, this is the second wife of vasily iii, yes, that is, when a single centralized state was actually formed, and it included the novgorod

republic, it ceased to be a republic. it became part of the state, so those mints that e existed in these different e principalities, and they, e, begin to mint a single coin according to a single pattern. uh, and uh, this coin becomes a silver penny. and there was established amount of silver. that is, from e, then e. this hryvnia was supposed to be minted in 100 kopecks. e for 64 g. this is the total weight, which means that a penny cost 0.64 g, then there were e, money, 0.34 and the smallest semi-coin. 0.17 g . that is, these are the first official coins that appeared, the ruble was not the ruble as before. e, he played, as it were, the role of an equivalent. that is, that is, without it, peter - it is an attempt to come to some kind of uniform

is like a coin. until opёt, why did peter cross? eh, so, e for some, because the volumes have increased? here is a small coin became lacking. e, the country was actively entering foreign markets. peter, created industry. they exported goods because they needed funds. it was a silver ruble, we must not forget this, because under alexei mikhailovich they began to mint copper money, and when the state hmm tried, as it were, to play with the population, that is, the salaries of archers and civil servants began to be paid in copper money, and taxes were collected from the peasants in silver, then in the end. it resulted in a copper riot and uh, as a result, uh, the state was needed back again to silver money. is it true. uh, the silver content

was decreasing all the time and therefore the petrovsky ruble. he already included not e. there are 45 e grams, yes, and it included only if my memory serves me, there is about 18 g e of silver, that is, the value of this ruble is the value of this silver in rubles. she was smaller. let's all the same, from money that was directly executed from silver or silver content, let's move on to paper money, how did they appear? yes, the famous banknotes of catherine ii credit tickets of nicholas i well, they went further there, but various modifications. here they are as they were met by the population for the first time. that is, how they were treated as paper money. that is, in general, what is it, yes, that is, but one thing is there, e jelly, well, there is not something like iron, there is no money from precious metals, yes, which everyone has been used to for centuries, yes, that is, now all of a sudden pieces of paper, what kind of piece of paper is this? how can you fake it , draw it, and so on, how did you put it there?

the question is, uh, attitudes towards money among the population first appeared well, the next question as soon as their safety was ensured, then. well, this next stage is already the middle of the 18th century. and after the petrovsky period. here it is still necessary, probably, to say. this post-peter period from after the e death of peter and before catherine went down in history, like the period of palace coups and e, here, of course, there could be no question of any e reforms, although as how the state expanded the state expanded all the time, peter significantly expanded the territory, and elizabeth fought and, so to speak, also annexed certain territories and for this was followed by, uh, growth in the volume of economic activity, so u transport all the money in large quantities of metallic money. it was already inconvenient, and it was also dangerous

for the merchant to go with it. a box filled with e, so, as it were, the idea of ​​paper money, it , e, arose before catherine and it was discussed under elizabeth but then they did not dare. uh, to carry out this reform , elizabeth called paper money bad money. e term, then bad money arose, just protection, as alexander provided and protection was provided under catherine a special bank was created. at first he was called exchange, that is, he took, uh, physically, like himself with metal threads. holography is still something like secured silver, so it was possible to come up with a set rate of fakes, there were a lot. i'm talking about it. e. i'm talking about safety not that i won't change as physically. well, i don’t know how such stories would be, but let’s say it’s metal, of course. uh, as if

they were forging them and vice versa, paper money was more reliable and that is, uh, as if this situation was always present, but paper money, uh, well, at the level, who will be there and, uh, there in the middle of the 18th century to draw these is another matter, which, of course, u was somewhat wary of them, because the course that was originally set. this is 96 kopecks. uh one. uh , it means ekaterina ekaterininskaya, this bill was worth, uh, to the silver ruble, that is, 96 kopecks. uh, silver uh, one banknote ruble and uh, the result of the end of her reign. uh, that means that the banknote already cost only 65 kopecks. that is, it was already other money and their uh, the room rate was less of an interesting question. that is, we are even now discussing the fact that the same money

within the same state had different value equivalents somehow. there was an exchange between and what are the equivalents of the exchanges between the money of various states located there at a distance of them, i don’t know thousands of kilometers from each other, as it is established , in modern terms, cross-currency rates, weight, who who considered and e, again, the content of silver, the content of silver , that is, russia is always took these european waists. true , for some reason there were few french ones, but a lot of german ones, and a lot of dutch thalers , and in general there are german ones from various of these to try on the teeth silver a. a. they were simply chirped, that is, from these talilers. uh, it means they minted a coat of arms. he began to be called, uh, under alexei mikhailovich. it was called e, efimok with e corresponding to e signs. and that is, a coat of arms was put there and in such

a way, as if it had already stopped, uh, domestic money. therefore, uh , another market has climbed in, after all. eh, as if regulate this demand. here, uh, about the copper riot. i started to tell. eh, after all, the state said that copper and silver kopecks cost the same, but the people did not believe this and the peasants, when they sold their uh, goods on the market. they either refused to take copper money, or took it at the rate. at first, for one silver kopeck they gave 5 copper ones, and then up to 15, and in the end it was yes. that was inflation. a. well, here, ending with the alarms of catherine's paper money, it means that their rates and time were declining, and in the end, the signal is due to the development due to the war due to inflation in practice. yes, and

then, roughly speaking, they were simply reprinted all the time, they were reprinted. there were too many of them printed 150 ml. in fact, there were no real goods for this money, and trust in them fell even after catherine under alexander and especially at the beginning of the 19th century, after the patriotic war of 1812, and those alarms already cost 20 kopecks. that is, it costs practically nothing and the question became, but some new six, yes ninety-six and in general, look. for how many there for 60 years. this means that they started the reform practically, galloping quite right, and therefore, under nicholas i, the question arose about the need to stabilize this situation, and nicholas was lucky in the sense that his minister of finance was a german yegor frantsevich. karin who carried out his reform. instead of signaling, he introduced credit rubles. eh, so it was a denomination, and

the alarms were accepted there according to the appropriate. and the credit ruble was secured, again, with silver and, uh, that means he was, as it were, guaranteed by the state bank, and in this sense, he was able to stabilize this financial system and its credit ruble. uh there, he, uh , several values ​​​​of it increased, and he remained so stable until the middle of the 19th century , the word credit came to us from germany or from where yes. he is probably a german and specifically a fairly well-known surname among professionals. why? it doesn't sound as loud. now we will probably talk more about reforms. why is this surname vita, despite the fact that it was indeed, a rather serious step towards stabilization was taken after this one. well, let's call a spade a spade devaluation, yes, catherine, why is the person, uh, who did so much to stabilize the financial system of russia , remained unknown to the broad mask, that

is, i think that many more people know kind of, like, uh, the finance minister there. you know what it was exactly, after all, he was a conservative person. his financial policy. she was, oh, extremely conservative. it did not contribute to the development of the country. actually deed. for example, he was against the construction of the railway, when they began to build the first economic railway between moscow and st. petersburg, he opposed the real conservative financial director. yes, he stabilized the money, but he kept them. it is actually due to what they can be stabilized there that the only way to defeat inflation is to spend less, but he did not give the possibility of further development, as if it were his policy and somehow he was also partially to blame for this, and therefore, er, therefore he did not receive such popularity, right? well let's then buried in st. petersburg at the lutheran cemetery and grave. e, in good condition

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