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said that initially. uh, let's just say merchants became the engine for the appearance of money. when the profession of a financier appeared, that is, when there was so much knowledge about money that people were needed, who would receive it as a profession , receive education and actually become a financier there. i don’t even know economists there, it’s unlikely that there was a profession of a financial analyst, an innovative consultant. when, when they appeared in russia, we already had a jewish community that gave money in growth uh-huh, that is , moneylenders, but in fact yes from time to time. they are at high interest rates. and even the prince was forced to intervene, because , uh, all the time, these conflicts arose , that is, the first collector. yes led to the fact that this community was expelled from time to time, but then they returned. again, because everyone needs loans when they appear. so i think that it is probably the right question to ask the universities in the higher

educational institutions of russia, financiers and economists. what century is this? probably petrovsky no, i think that in petrovsky it is unlikely that peter, uh, was engaged in education, of course , but first of all he was engaged in military education. here, and state universities - it is rather closer. uh, this is nicholas i and beyond. u alexander ii alexander iii uh, these are the reforms this is the year, respectively, the thousand and sixties of the 18th and 19th centuries, when such specialized universities begin to appear, including technical and, well, specifically, as it were , financial universities, eh, hardly, but here are the faculties that, uh, trained financiers, this is , uh, just uh, according to the reform of the russian education, and the last question from this group, numismatists are hunting for tsarist rubles and kopecks. yes, now what is considered? which coin is considered the most valuable you know

it's hard to say why, because uh, well, how would there be different coins in different periods , yes? well, for example, i'll tell you the nikolaevsky ruble of 1915, because this is the last coinage. and like this, yes, and uh, this is just that, uh, that means the gold reserve that left, yes, this is a rarity or or yes, here is the petrovsky ruble of 1704, it is also very much in demand, this is expensive. uh, currency, then you know also such different coordinating rubles, uh, that is, this is a limited series, yes, as now the most valuable imitated series. well , don’t call me yet, and they say what it means, uh, some foreign coins, they yes, as it were , too, that went here, but in a small amount they are, then you are not fond of either. i'm not fond of, but i have one coin. e with me, which i found myself,

e being. saraiberka, but they said there were no treasures, berke barn is the capital of the golden horde of the period. she's already half-grown really. and this is akhtuba, this is the lower volga, uh, from it. actually, there was nothing left, because these were nomads and the capital was semi-nomadic, but there were, but there yes it is, the volgograd region, but there were fairs. eh, this capital was carried out for about ninety years, and it was a rich city and there were different, so to speak, coins, including these arab diets, with the connection of this arab one, too, small silver coins. they are not such cool shapes. well, actually, it's a small coin. it's like there's no penny, a year. what year is an example? well, well, age, well, it's somewhere, uh, i'll tell you now. it's probably, uh, fifteenth century. yes, somewhere like that, yes, and i, uh, and you see, these coins. they were pushed out

. the earth pushes them out. you don't have to dig them out, but that's what was lost, and after the rain, uh , there, apparently, there is some kind of soil there, uh, that means coins. they turn out to raise tourism in the volgograd region, dear our television, audio and e, other listeners and even readers sometimes, but we go, we take shovels, we take equipment and we go to the volgograd region to dig money is protected archaeologically where are we going, like how who needs tourist? i think we should organize a competition among the governors to find some coin and thereby increase tourism. i recently heard a story. eh, so this is in the crimea e. in yalta, a certain musician who sings on the embankment in the evening. and his spa day. what are you doing? who are you? he works as a lifeguard and in his spare time and time he walks along the beach as a shift seeker and looks for the lost rings. e chains, that is, it’s still easier to play

modern as carelessness. ease attitude to money, yes, again, here's easy money than, uh, trying to find, yes, your rings, including engagement rings. this is an easy money podcast, and i'm its host mikhail khanov today my guest is professor alexander besson, doctor of economic sciences, let's move on to vita yes, that's the famous reform, when the gold standard was first adopted in russia , it was the first data. if we omit those very times when it was made directly from metal, that is, for the first time, it looked and he then was who the minister was, the minister was the minister of finance. yes, actually engaged in their direct professional duties. he proposed and carried out the actual reform. here they are let's talk what it was for russia that's why all of a sudden why suddenly it became such a necessity, what year was considered the first reform of 1893? uh-huh uh, it's

like no reform began a little later, this is the ninety-seventh year, yes, but it looks like minina's finances. he, uh, came to this post in 93, and he came with a program. uh, he came with a development program - this is a modernization program, a program for the industrialization of the country, and, of course, investments were needed for this program, but he, uh, found these investments. eh country. uh, as a result of this reform, so to speak, i was able to get, uh, money in foreign loans and, accordingly , collateral was needed and yes, it was collateral. but uh, before that, i must also say that he carried out a whole series of reforms. e there, well, here is his well-known wine reform. a monopoly which was, by the way, carried out before the e, monetary reform and so. she gave live money to the budget, because it is in the field for production or consumption, because under peter we had wine production in

russia and the various attitudes of the state to this e throughout history are very different, but mostly it was from kupa the state sold the right to manufacture. and the sale of e alcohol and e, products from this alcohol to private individuals, who, e, means , paid the state for it, but the species canceled these farms, and he introduced a monopoly and what was the monopoly, that is, e, the state controlled the production of alcohol, which private e-factories were engaged in, but by order of the state, the state knew how much alcohol was produced and how much of this alcohol was made into the final product? that is, of course, be not controlled, which is the final excess monopoly was not only a private trader yes, no, but those boat bottles. the state emblem was put there and in this sense, it was a monopoly. in this sense, that the state is actually excise parks. yes, and it is responsible for the quality of this product and

, uh, it was very criticized for this reform. can this be discussed separately? why is kvita's relationship in general? hmm , it is much worse than with stolypin. because this is connected with the figure of vit himself, in general, he was a very kind person, still quarrelsome. and he has there were some negatives. let's just say he was. uh, a man of such career growth. well, in general, i liked him. can you let me down? outcome. here's what to say that wit's reforms are over. yes, the moor did his job. mom can leave this what year, well, ed something was dismissed after 1906. yes, but the reform played its role, because it made the ruble actually convertible, that is, in fact, it made golden monometallism. uh, and he secured this money in gold, because uh, well, i already said the first time in the world or

this was the first time yes, and gold mining increased very much, that is, there was a gold reserve with which this money could be secured. therefore, they gave loans and this ruble was accepted by western banks, and therefore, against this ruble, and, and various and england and france and providing investors with real projects. that is, it was non-speculative money. and, for example, the entire electrical industry. in general, it was originally created by the germans, and then russian joint-stock companies began to form. that is, people came with money. well, who knew what they were coming for, because vita's reforms allowed them, in fact, to think about on the horizon there are not years or two there, and on the horizon even, probably, decades, but no one, of course, knew about world wars and so on more yes, but i must tell you that, moreover, the revolutionaries also believed this reform. in 1906,

for example, in the biggest exploitation of the st. petersburg customs, which you carried out with this symbolists. and when, so to speak, revenue, eh? customs took her to the bank was, uh, arranged ek, the so-called, that is, with a raid with shooting. there were victims, they took a million, and they took this million to europe and they exchanged it there for e, which means frank and other currencies. after all, frank cost 37 kopecks. to the ruble that is, the ruble was. uh, such a serious unit and, uh, really, these eras, so this was the last such exploitation, because instead of buying weapons for the revolution, they bought a car there. but it is, as usual, a cod that has burst from the inside of the dallogens. let's go here on this note, we will fix with you the advantages of vita's reform. and in fact , one can really feel proud of the country when, since

1906, the country carried out a monetary reform for the first time, providing the ninety-seventh ninety-seventh. yes, 1906 was fired. even there, in fact, at the end of the xix century yes , a reform was carried out, which russia made the first power that provided its money with gold. here, in fact. uh, the person you made is kind of, uh hard to overestimate. there is his contribution to the development of the country. and actually will just be told that long-term investments it was then that they began to appear. i think that the next step we will analyze is how to deal with this legacy. the bolsheviks managed after the revolution. how did a get developed and what were the reforms in general, and how many of them were there during the period of the new economic policy? well , naturally such a turbulent period, and sad enough in the history of the country. this is a civil war. then. here, in fact,

the new economic policy of the ussr well, and then with all the stops to modern russia, i think that this topic is for a separate big programs. and now alexander, thank you. huge for such an interesting captivating story i hope we will continue this theme in the near future. thank you very much for thank you very much very interesting story. it was an easy money podcast. i am its presenter mikhail khanov and let me remind you that alexander bessolitsin, professor , doctor of economics, was our guest today. hello this is a podcast life is wonderful and with you i am alexei varlamov, a writer, rector of a literary institute, visiting. i have a wonderful prose writer, critic, literary columnist pavel basinsky is the winner of many

literary awards, including the big book award. anti-booker award, a very famous writer, popular in modern russia and not only in russia, but today we will not talk about leo tolstoy, nor about the karenina gang, but we will talk about burning. and why? because pavel is the author, including several books about alexei maksimovich gorky. well, in addition, we both work with him at the gorky literary institute. pavel graduated from this institute and gorky for us one might say, a very great writer. and a brilliant playwright. hmm, for me gorky is a very interesting, very large personality, in general, this figure of the silver age must be understood that when they try to tie gorky to a proletarian writer. this is completely untrue to the pletariat of him, in fact. only one thing. this is the story

of a mother, and this is a man of the silver age. this is the key figure of the silver age, gorky is amazing in that this man, who could absolutely adequately communicate with the fat lion of everything, joseph stalin in at the same time, they could not be friends with lenin and correspond with the pink rozanov and lenin could not correspond with lenin; stalin began to stand up and could not talk. but gorky could, uh, he is sewing together the battle. hmm, all this is very colorful in such a fragmented era. and besides, gorky himself is just a very interesting personality. uh, here, for me, this is a very generous person. this is a writer who loved other writers, which is a rarity, who read young read attentively read all.

uh, who uh and before the revolution and uh, in the first the years of soviet power suited the life of writers, well, about the soviet period , the union of writers is better known there. yes, there is peredelkino there and so on, and before the revolution it was a publishing house of knowledge , in which all the best about bunnies of that time were published bunin kuprin zaitsev, and they are there andreev shmelev, uh , tv shows, everyone can continue to receive huge fees, right? name