it was because it was sick to remember once again. yes, there was such a woman. lyuda is an irreconcilable mother, her name is later, by the way, vasilina is also a good girl, but a good girl is good. yes, everything is fine. everyone is different. sergey

has been living in russia for 36 years yes, everyone here in moscow is studying to be a chemist. by the way, i’m all, by the way, now ekaterina is sitting in royal names. clear well, mom? she didn't get married a second time. no, she somehow felt sad after the divorce, but she didn’t get married, probably, she switched to children. no. she worked at the school. i

was with my grandmother, and everyone else is with us there was an eye at home and my mother, through acquaintances , arranged them there. may i have tea? yes, of course, of course, how do you make friends now, support each other? yes, you do communicate. i myself wanted to have a brother or sister. very friendly.

reserves i well do you love? all right, let's go.

that's how we went, opa yes, but whoever throws on his back is even more equal, sit down. please god, everything is fine. come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, i told you straight back. well, you can, after all

, well done, well done, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, here, well done, well done well, my sunshine. here she is. see, it's okay, it's okay to get off? please. rrr. well, let me take a picture for you. come to me. come on, sunshine. that's it. well, you see, listen or maybe you need something from me? i mean found me. they say let's go.

i love you to tears. come on, come on, come on crazy. only

the beginning i love you, funny. le white roses our face was covered.

this is an easy money podcast, i am its host mikhail khanov, today we continue the discussion historical topic. the history of money on the territory of the russian state from the time, and the beginning of the centuries, continues through the russian empire, the soviet union, russia, and our guest yuri alexandrovich petrov, doctor of historical sciences, director of the institute of russian history of the russian academy of sciences kur, alexander hello. let's have a question. uh, for starters, throughout history, it was in russia or maybe not only in russia that very negative attitudes towards the rich are a characteristic of only our country or in all over the world, all my life i have always treated the rich negatively. and why does it happen, because everyone is poor or, uh, in general. there were some such periods in history when the majority of the population was rich and there was no one to relate to such negative ones. well, there has always been negativity. uh, fat-bellied kupchino is the hero of the nekrasov poem, who

lives well in russia. here it was considered to him, that it is good to live as a fat belly, yes, who does not work himself, and everyone works for him, but still you know this one is not so unambiguous. i would answer to this question. in the very word rich in the russian word rich. after all, there is a root. god is a person who, to some extent , marks god . oh, he made him such a state. therefore, in this sense, i would not say that we had a common hatred of the rich. in fact, when the era of great reforms began in russia, the peasants got the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurship. what do we call now? many became rich, and the russian business elite of the early 20th century includes dozens of names, and they are almost all peasants. so

it was a christian dream to get rich. immediately, everyone moved into the category of so-called from my guys everyone we don’t love anymore, but in general, yes, to some extent, it was like that, as vladimir froginsky wrote in his memoirs, before they workers valued the owner because he feeds them, and then they got the times when they began to shout to him, that you are the only fat-bellied about this, we feed you all. okay, let's go through the steps. so the october revolution, in general, the event is very expensive, in addition to the fact that a well, basic stuff. yes, where the premises gather to issue a leaflet, as we now say, as advertising propaganda materials. it was necessary to pay, uh, and the red army soldiers to buy weapons somewhere, who are the sponsors, that is, the money shields of the existing masses of history, starting. with american german money for a day they were not traveling there in a sealed carriage with lenin or in the next where did the money for the e- revolution come from? well, we can say for sure that

it was not foreign money and the bolsheviks, as if they were branded with her now. they were not german spies or agents. this is quite clear. lenin was still a man of such a level of intelligence that he used the resource as a shoulder. yes, with the use of any instructions, so to speak, he did not fulfill the tasks, as for where the bolsheviks took the money from. it was necessary to have a huge very tens of thousands of people, and then hundreds of thousands of organizations. there, actually from these resources internal internal yes nasty resources. actually, everything and all these things were done, which as for weapons - there were a lot of weapons then. from the words of the first world war , it came along with the soldiers, but sponsored, which became such triggers for the revolution, but i want

to emphasize again. you don’t have to look at the russian revolution from the point of view that it was carried out on someone’s foreign, food without fire, but on a national scale, and you don’t need it like this, i would say exaggerate and or which million people, i cost the civil war together with millions of victims, so this is our national tragedy. i would like to see her in such a way that you would be treated well, but closer to the topic of our program, and during a special time during the civil war, and there is such a figure at some time in the country, in the xix xviii in the twentieth year, it already went up to 20.000 . different types of currencies, that is, not just had a currency. each province, almost every village had its own currency, the reasons for this are understandable. nobody trusts anyone. uh, a small-town means of exchange there

was created, like a country, then it coped with this situation, which became such an anchor, how it was possible to lead, then the single currency. well , it was a consequence of the same civil war, money was issued by both red and white governments. and you correctly noticed that every independent republic that declared itself there, you went to moscow had its own currency. it was from here that this mass of completely depreciated pieces of paper was collected, which by the end of the civil war. indeed, waste paper and even soviet money have turned. it is known that in state institutions in the soviet twenties in the early twenties salaries were issued every day in the morning. it was necessary to spend it until the evening, until that's the very inflation ate it. why, what is the situation and what was done in the twenty-second year in sokolnikov, first of all, and in his 22nd year they carried out a monetary reform.

it was a great thing, of course, when they managed to get rid of this paper trash and introduce a real hard currency called the gold coin, which was even provided with a real gold reserve; in russia it was the gold reserve of soviet russia and yes, the gold coin. although he did not exchange. as in times. after all you on the gold coin. eh, but nevertheless , he had gold backing and therefore he became such a fairly hard currency, thanks to which the financial life and the economic life in general were improved, because full-fledged blood money appeared. well, this became possible. when, of course, active hostilities had already ended, of course, in 22, it began and lasted until 24. went, but this is a very short time during this time they really managed to make a giant in general. i am a deed thanks to

which russia soviet russia came out of civil war and managed during the nep period to develop its team as much as possible. you didn’t have an attraction to coins. it’s a well-known fact that the coins of that period, but here are his 22-22 plus soviet coins, they are valued even more than the royal coins of the xix centuries there. why so i have never been, but without obscenities did not collect. you have heard such a story, but the story, i heard, of course, the fact is that at that time they issued silver and a half rubles, and there were also gold coins. mint new conversions. they didn't do it. here, i think that we are probably talking about them, they they were very rare. and, of course, for collectors. this is the value, of course, the main thing is not the material from which the money is made, the next step is the rare next step in the us the great

depression. the end of the twenties and the beginning of the thirties , the ruble strengthened in the thirty-fifth year , 1 ruble was given for the dollar. 15 kop. of course, there was a period when the ruble was even more expensive, but nevertheless at that moment it was the maximum exchange rate of the ruble, then the dollar began to grow again and the rate of 5.3 was already set in the soviet union, that is, 5 rubles. 30 kop. and the reason is the war. i would still, you know how we would be so accustomed to expressing ourselves in terms of a dollar now, they gave rubles in those days. it was otherwise no one was given anything for the dollar, because it was the currency that was absolutely at the sole disposal of the government this year. i think that even more changes, as it were, in relation to the dollar ruble. these were purely foreign economic calculations, which

had no effect on the population of the country. yes , dollars, as no one has seen. so they never existed, but where did the course come from, after all, someone calculated the course, how they considered pvp for a national product at the cost of some household items, i don’t know, they will say that i know, all this is an underwater year. well, as they thought, but the fact is that all these calculations. they seemed to have no real economic significance for the country. yes, for external economic calculations. yes, it is possible, despite the fact that the country had a monopoly of foreign trade and only the state could introduce foreign economic operations. there it had meaning and desire. buy agreed to the opposite side. well, yes, i agreed. yes, since, well, there was a trade turnover, then, frankly speaking, with the west, they, speaking in the east, are not yet so, this pre-revolutionary time

in russia fed europe with its grain the soviet people, as you know, between you were buying grain and selling hermitage masterpieces in order to to get food, here's food, then was the main financial resource said the war after the war inflation and e 10 times. changed prices after the war 10 to one without touching a penny. and that is inflation. well, not even the forty-seventh year of the reform. that's right, about him money, of course they changed. yes, well, in different ways, this is the reform of the forty-seventh year, the post-war one is now remembered by everyone. due to the fact that ration cards were canceled , the people, as it were, sighed, that is, no one paid attention. this is the reform of the fact cards eclipsed. cancel cards. it was

such a trick to mix this really negative impact on a very large part of the population. the purpose of that reform of the forty-seventh year was to take extra money from the population from the same peasants who during the war years, thanks to the rise in food prices, which the pastor did not have enough at the collective farm bazaars, selling his goods received a large amount of cash. and this reform was aimed at them against them. he's a 10 to one ratio of what he meant, cash. yes, of course, here you have money at home. you go to change you are given for 10 rubles. one. that was a reform, while state-owned enterprises e did not count. they have not been revised, they have been preserved one by one. this is the whole point of this reform, but against the backdrop of the abolition of cards and the majority of the population who did not have such

a scale of cash. i think it went fairly painlessly. in addition , good measures were also taken there , and pensions were preserved here. all salary scholarships were not preserved in the same volume, yes, that is, the entire electorate was, that is, against kurkuly, what is called yes, something like that , in general, if we talk about inflation, this is a cyclical process, and when there was the largest inflation in history, up to our time. yes, if you take here is the seventeenth year in our time, here is the information, when there was the highest inflation rate of inflation, is it still the nineties or not during the wife’s time she was called hyper inflation, here you can estimate the scale of this inflation by just one figure, when the reform began in the twenty-second year, then for 1 new ruble. eh, 100,000 previous conscious signs were accepted 100,000 billion. 100,000 gives the relationship was yes

the nineties. we also had inflation. maybe even hyper, but still not the same as in those years. famous story that february 1950, stalin was brought to sign the exchange rate, which he instructed the central statistical office to calculate the exchange rate of the post-war ruble, they were received by economists. uh, the soviets got 14 rubles. for a dollar. and i think that joseph vissarionovich, in his style e, wrote the poet at most 4 rubles. so they calculated, uh, transferred the ruble to the gold base and uh, the price for 1 g was set at 4 rubles. 45 kop. and in fact, stalin canceled the peg of the ruble to the dollar, pegging it to gold again, and this rate was maintained for 10 years. how in general managed to keep this course, and it is no longer the economy. there, for a single country , after all, the country was somehow integrated into the world economies after all.

yes, and we traded very little in the twenties , khrushchev had already gone from ogo, but she was just beginning. now i would like to say something else. the very fact that it was possible to correct the number of this course with the hands of the secretary general speaks of its full effectiveness. that is, all these economic calculations knew nothing when they entered into political expediency. here and everything, as it were, and then they counted it and it turned out, yes, and the fourteenth four rubles in a joke. a young soviet republic, an exhausted war. can't afford such a big jacket, that's what we're talking about. so, all these calculations in dollars in gold are repeated. these are all rather crafty figures of the soviet era. no one has gold in the country, as if,

except for jewelry, they have not seen even more so dollars. well, what is important here, what to note? it seems to me that there was. the concept of the soviet transferable ruble is when the council was created, well, it was also called the foreign exchange council for mutual economic assistance in the socialist camp, which united it was created, then such a special category of transferable ruble was introduced, which was used in relations between members of the cmea ugu and which was built on the basis of mutual trade turnover. yes, it was an attempt by the soviets to replace, as it were, dollars and all world and other currencies in the internal, as if the circulation of their moisture, cuba then repeated from experiments and cubes. well , by the way, then he was the chief as when he broke up, this idea disappeared as a transferable ruble. yes, but this

so now create a counter-currency against, as it were, world currencies. yes, this attempt was unsuccessful , but nevertheless it says that this whole world system of socialism, as we call it, it was a rather closed constructor, and, as it were, in world foreign trade. she did not participate much, and everything was self-sufficient, it was an expanded subsistence economy within the framework of e-e economic cooperation, when bulgarian tomatoes traveled in the soviet country and toothpaste along marin was everywhere in bulgarian and only bulgarian. yes, respectively. yes, here i remember these from time to time, and other countries had their own, as it were, the lowest, and this. the system worked to ensure self-sufficiency of the entire stan-socialism, without, as it were, dependence

on, uh, the capitalist environment, from which , by the way, they received good injections due to the increase in oil prices in the early seventies after the arabs of the israeli war when there was an oil crisis and oil prices skyrocketed into the soviet union received a very powerful infusion. and we have just mastered the deposits of western siberia and this is oil. i would say she is very strong kept the state budget, but it played a cruel joke, then, when in the eighties the price of oil fell. and what is called there to heaven? here there under the plinth, and there up to two to two and a half dollars, if memory serves, and that actually became one of the causes of inflation, not secured by printing money, which in the end actually became savings. yes, yes, we can say we fell into the trap of resource abundance, because this oil, which

was supplied to the west. we bought it for consumer goods called, but they let these money in the renewal of the economy new investment technological processes. everything, it was very weak, so we can say that we ate this oil. and when the prices for it fell, the world we could no longer cope with a lot of reasons. i think that if we now touch on there will not be enough, not one, yes, not two, not even 10 is correct. yes, there will be many others. uh, here, uh, the situation looks like the mission was money, because it was necessary to help more and more strange developing from the slider. more and more money was needed. actually, these are the famous declassified archives, when orders were issued by the ministry of finance for everything new. the mission of money, which was not secured by anything, which in the end was precisely the financial reason for the collapse of the union ah. that is, it turns out that

the economy of the ussr is now invading from a clearing of history into a clearing of economists, that is, the economy of the ussr was it competitive or not, well, in different sectors of the military-industrial complex absolutely and even i would say above space technologies. well that's including the cosmic lot higher. but, uh, we didn’t know how to make shoes or soap , and here we were everything that concerns, here are consumer goods, what the people needed, and what was sorely lacking. and it was a substitute for the soviet deficit, when it was necessary, that's the necessary thing to get yourself. this was the main achilles' heel. 1999

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the big game big bookmaker venline general partner of the russian premier league this is an easy money podcast, i am its host mikhail khanov today together with yuri, alexandrovich petrov doctor of historical sciences director of the institute russian history, iran we are discussing the topic of russian economic history the end of the era of the soviet union is characterized by, uh, the cold war. and tell me, if you end in the period of the history of the ussr, uh, and financial and economic, you can draw parallels between the current period in the history of russia with the most severe sanctions, uh, with the period of the cold war in the ussr in the late eighties. and what is the difference or what is the similarity, on the contrary , it seems to me, it seems. then the motive for the invasion of afghanistan and the punishment

of the soviets for this and sanctions were used, then there were imposed and there was a famous committee. which one , who made sure that some of the latest technological developments did not fall into the council, but the current situation, of course, is even more acute. then, in any case, things were going somewhere far away, there, somewhere on the outskirts of the world, some steppes and mountains of afghanistan, now, of course, events are taking place in europe , so the west reacts to this so sharply and completely inadequate. i would say. well, because of the reasons. i think, after all, we will not call others there now, strangely, not reasons that are put on the flag. yes victory of defense democracy, that is all. i think that money is at the forefront, the geopolitical interests of specific countries, it may

not even be strange, but, let's say, groups of financial industrial, uh, who are very strictly watching their interests. do you know how war is war? yes, nothing personal, or is it just business, and there, too, the topic is, let's say, immense. well, i agree, of course, there are always some behind the war. these are corporations lobbying for it, but nevertheless, political elites. now uh configured so russophobic. i think for a reason, because there is some common e and again in tune with the soviet era. the atmosphere when this country does not live like this, and it behaves too actively to communicate. well, actually we are talking about russophobia. i would say in the very word that is now so popular, and i, in principle, agree with it, we are talking about the deepest basis, we are talking about the very process of restraining russia, preventing it

from expanding, not allowing it to increase its sphere of influence, if possible, reducing it . and also better and investigate. yes, yes, the actual policy of the political elite tactics and strategy comes down to this, of course, and it is supplemented by those economic interests. on which you speak, that is, a way out, but to build up economic muscles and become strong, and to be able to stand up for yourself, defending your right to this very expansion. how it was possible to do this in the ninety-first year in russia, after all, inflation was, although not the same as during the civil war. e you yourself about this they said that there was no such inflation, but nevertheless. we all remember and again the same card system. well, we probably remember many of our contemporaries in the nineties. and it was the era of, i would say, the national humiliation of russia, we just ended up on the backs of us, so to speak, out of mercy for the fact

that we did away with communism, we were given some. i would say handouts through the monetary fund and other pegs there. yes, yes, that was the reward. the west for this is what made russia in fact, as if the whole fall. production and and economic and military-industrial potential was enormous this decade of the nineties one of the most difficult. i would say in the history of russia managed to recover. i think yes i think what, well, again, not at the expense of foreign aid. this is certainly due to the fact that they began to do a lot on their own, especially after the crisis of the ninety-eighth year of the default, they changed their policy, er, and realized that they still needed to raise their own industry, their own production. so that is , in fact, they began to invest in the economy. yes, that is, the state turned its attention to

development of the economy for the development of production. yes, i think that this is how it is , and even simple numbers will tell us how much we are now harvesting grain wheat. there are several times more of them than 20 years ago otherwise. the funds were invested in fertilizer equipment and so on and so forth, and this is the result. and now russia is again trading in grain. they buy it abroad not only in grain. yes, this year i drove a car to the south this year, there was such an idea, just ride and focus around in the sea there for a couple of days and it was just amazing. here you go here rostov krasnodar uh these regions and there fields are simply fields of sunflower wheat. you think, lord , well, what kind of country? what resources? it's not just fields a fields it was the end of august, amazing a few years ago and i was shocked by other fields there, shouting to me

shouting several endless fields of buckwheat, which are still beautifully blooming and visible. here it is , here it is our resource of buckwheat. we are all chinese there so not very much. well, they don't like buckwheat and this is not a smart person adore buckwheat i took buckwheat with me in all the hotels in the world, taught them how to cook it back, did not eat anything. yes, all this wealth, nevertheless , i had to learn the name of buckwheat in english, explain how to cook it, and so on. why did europe manage to make a single currency from the same commonwealth of independent states and so on. are we too different or didn’t want to unite as closely as in europe why was there no single currency in the save or russia was so dominant in the soviet union why didn’t there appear analogues of the euro at least i said that there was a transferable ruble.

and this, in general, he played his role here for the internal exchange of goods between members of the ussr countries . as for the cis, i think that if you pay attention, when they introduced their own som currency and others, then this is all the mid -nineties ninety the fifth ninety -sixth year, when russia was faster than the crisis and it was clear that no matter how we built then, yes, then it was impossible. well, that's a plus. uh, national ambition. still, each country should have its own currency yes, especially at the stage and only its self-determination, when these countries first appeared, can be said as independent subjects of international law. and this desire , as it were, to have all the attributes of national independence, including currency. i think i also played mine one way or another, we are equal, well, until

recently we were equal to the euro and the dollar. that is, they are currencies. well, it is customary to say these are western currencies. why russia uh, and was there such a period in the history of russia of the soviet union when russia was more oriented to the east and, accordingly, the peg and currencies and trade would be to the east. well, i’m talking now there, well, well, china yes, even india is there yes, the middle east was such a period in russia when russia looked more, and in the other direction towards the sunrise, the sun, they were sunsets and oriented. uh, in my opinion, there was no such period for the currencies of these countries. and this is easily explained, why such russia grew up as an independent large state. like a european country that then extended its influence all the way to the pacific? it's like that for everything.