makhno had his own currency. it was from here that this mass of completely depreciated pieces of paper was collected, which by the end of the civil war really turned into waste paper and even soviet money. it is known that in the state institutions of the soviet twenties in the early twenties, salaries were issued every day in the morning. it was necessary to spend it until the evening, until that's the inflation team. yes, what was the situation and what did the twenty-second year in sokolnikov, first of all, and in his 22nd year they carried out monetary reforms. it was a great thing, of course, when they managed get rid of this paper rubbish and introduce a really hard currency called chervonets, which was even provided by the real gold reserves of essentially soviet russia and even chervonets. although not

exchanged, as in the days of witte, for a gold coin. eh, but nevertheless, he had a gold backing and therefore he became such a fairly hard currency, thanks to which the financial life as a whole was actually adjusted economically, because full-fledged full-fledged money appeared, but this became possible, when it was already over, of course, active hostilities, of course, 22 years, it began and lasted until 24 years of this reform 2 years found but this is a very short period because of this time they really managed not to commit gigantic. generally. i act thanks to which russia soviet russia came out of the kazakh war and managed to develop its team during the nep period. you did not have an attraction to coins. it is a well-known fact that coins from that period, but here are 22-22 plus soviet coins, they are valued even more than coins. royal there xix centuries. why is that? i have never been a numismatist and have not

collected, but the story, i heard, of course, the fact is that then they released silver and e- poltina and rubles. and there were also golden chervonets minted, but you didn’t put them into circulation. here, i think that we are probably talking about them. they were very rare. and, of course, for collectors. that is, it's all the same harmfulness, of course, the main thing is not the materials from which the money is made, but the rarity of the next step in the usa the great depression. the end of the twenties and the beginning of the thirties, the ruble strengthened in thirty fifth year for the dollar gave 1 ruble. 15 kop. of course, there was a period when the ruble was even more expensive, but nevertheless at that moment it was the maximum exchange rate of the ruble, then the dollar began to grow again and the rate of 5.3 was already set in the soviet union. 5 rub. 30 kop. is

this the reason for the war? i would still know how we would have become so accustomed to expressing ourselves in dollars now, giving rubles in those days. it was originally nothing for the dollar was given a term, because it was a currency that was absolutely at the sole disposal of the government for a year. i think that even more change, as it were in relation to the dollar ruble. they were clean. i would have foreign economic calculations and which did not affect the country's population in any way. yes , dollars, as no one has seen. so they never existed, but where did the course come from, because someone considered the course, as they considered the national product at the cost of some household items, i don’t know, they’ll say that i know that it’s underwater, as they thought, but it’s is that all these calculations. they seemed

to have no real economic significance for the country . yes, for external economic calculations. yes, it is possible, despite the fact that the country had a monopoly of foreign trade and only the state could introduce foreign economic operations. there it had meaning and desire. well, it was installed on the opposite side. well, yes, i agreed. yes, since, well, there was a trade turnover, then also, frankly, from the west. they say the east is not yet so great. there this pre-revolutionary time in russia fed europe with its grain. yes, it seems, as you know, you were between buying grain and selling hermitage masterpieces to get food. here food was then the main financial resource. i would say war after war inflation and uh 10 times. changed prices

after the war 10 to one without touching a penny. and that is inflation. well, not even the forty-seventh year of the reform. that's right, money was changed about him, of course. yes, well, in different ways, this is the reform of the forty-seventh year, the post-war one is now remembered by everyone. due to the fact that food cards were abolished , the people, as it were, sighed, that is, no one paid attention to this card reform was overshadowed. cancel cards. it was so the trick is to mix. this is actually a negative impact on a very large part of the population. the purpose of that reform of the forty-seventh year was to take extra money from the population from the same peasants who, during the war years, due to the rise in food prices, which the pastor did not have enough in

the collective farm bazaars, sold their goods, received a large amount of cash. and this reform was aimed at them against them. here's a ratio of 10 to one that meant cash. yes, of course, here you are have money at home. you go to change you are given for 10 rubles. one. that was a reform, while state-owned enterprises did not count. they have not been revised, they have been preserved one by one . here, as it were, is the whole point of this reform, but against the backdrop of the abolition of cards, the majority of the population, which did not have such a scale for personal money. i think it has passed enough such measures have been saved pensions. all salary scholarships were not preserved in the same volume, yes, that is, the entire electorate was, that is, against kurkuli, what is called yes, something like that, in general, if we talk about

inflation, this is a cyclical process, and when there was the largest inflation in history, that's before our times. yes, if you take from the seventeenth year to our time, there is information when there was the highest inflation, the inflation rate, is it still the nineties or not, during the women's war, it was called hyper inflation, here you can estimate the scale by just one figure this inflation, when the reform began in the twentieth year, then for one new ruble. uh, accepted 100,000 former signs 100.000 billion 100.000. yes, this ratio was in the nineties. we also had inflation. maybe even hyper, but still not the same as in those years. it is a well-known story that in february 1950 , stalin was given a course to sign, which he instructed the central statistical office to calculate the exchange rate of the post-war ruble, they were given to economists.

uh, the soviets got 14 rubles. for a dollar. and i think that joseph vissarionovich wrote a poet in his style e. the largest is four rubles. so they counted, they transferred the ruble to the golden basis and e, the price for 1 g was set at 4 rubles. 45 kop. and in fact, stalin canceled the peg of the ruble to the dollar, pegging it to gold again, and this rate was maintained for 10 years. how did it manage to keep this course, and this is no longer the economy. there , a single country, after all, the country has been integrated into the world economy in one way or another, but not yet. there was no such author after all. yes, and we traded very little in the twentieth year, khrushchev had already gone from well, gone, but, she was just beginning. now i would like to say something else. here i am the fact that it was possible to correct the figure of this course by the hands of the general secretary speaks of its full effectiveness, that is, all these

economic calculations knew nothing when they entered into the matter, politically expedient, that's all, as it were, and then they counted and it turned out yes, and 14, and four rubles in a joke. a young soviet republic, an exhausted war. can't afford such a big one , that's what we're talking about. so, all these calculations in dollars in gold are repeated. everything is quite such crafty figures of the soviet era, no one not gold in the country, as if, except for jewelry , i haven’t seen even more dollars, it’s important here, what to note, it seems to me that it was. the concept of the soviet transferable ruble is when it was created by the soviets. well, it was also called the foreign exchange council for mutual economic assistance in the socialist camp, which united it was created, then

such a special category of transferable ruble was introduced, which was used in relations between members of the cmea ugu and which was built on the basis of mutual trade turnover. yes, it was an attempt by the soviet to replace, as it were, dollars and all the world and other currencies in the internal, as it were, the turnover of their camp of cuba, then repeated from the experiments. well, by the way, then he was the chief. when he broke up, this idea disappeared as a transferable ruble. yeah, well, it's so contour currency. yes, now many currencies are against, as it were, world currencies. yes, this attempt was unsuccessful, but nevertheless it says that this whole world system of socialism, as i call it, was a rather closed structure and, as it were, in world foreign trade. she did not participate much, but that's all.

was self sufficient. this was an extended subsistence economy within the framework of e-e economic cooperation. when bulgarian tomatoes traveled in the soviet country and the post of the dentist along marin e, everywhere was bulgarian and only bulgarian. yes, respectively, yes, i remember these from time to time, and other countries had their own , as if lower, and this is the system it worked to ensure that the entire socialist camp was self-sufficient, without, as it were, dependence, uh, the capitalist environment, from which, by the way, received good injections due to the increase in oil prices at the beginning in the seventies after the arabs of the israeli war when there was an oil crisis and oil prices skyrocketed the soviet union received a very powerful infusion. and we have just mastered the deposits of western siberia

and this is oil. she, i would say, kept the state budget very strongly, but it also played a cruel joke, then, when the price of oil fell in the eighties. and what is called there to heaven? here there under the plinth and, uh, up to two to two and a half dollars, if not memory, and that actually became one of the causes of inflation, not secured printing of money, which in the end actually became savings. that's right. yes, we can say that we fell into the trap of resource abundance, because this oil, which was supplied to the west. we bought consumer goods with it, what is called, but they used this money to renew the economy, new investments, technological processes. everything, it was very weak, so we can say that we ate this oil. and when the prices for it fell, the world we could no longer cope with a

lot of reasons. i think that if we now touch on there will not be enough, not one, yes, not two, not even 10 is correct. yes, there will be many others. uh, here, uh, the situation looked like the issue was money, because the need was more and more to help the strange developing from the slider. more and more money was needed. actually, these are the famous declassified archives, when orders were issued by the ministry of finance for everything new.

this is an easy money podcast, i am its presenter mikhail khanov today, together with yura aleksandrovich petrov, doctor of historical sciences, director of the institute russian history, iran we are discussing the topic of russian economic history the end of the era of the soviet union is characterized by, uh, the cold war. and tell me, if you end in the period of the history of the ussr, uh, and the financial and economic one, you can draw parallels between the current period in the history of russia with the most severe sanctions, uh, with the period of

the cold war in the ussr in the late eighties. and what is the difference or what is the similarity, on the contrary , it seems to me, similar. then the motive was used, the invasion of afghanistan and the punishment of the soviets for this and sanctions, then there were imposed and there was a famous committee. which one, who made sure that some of the latest technological developments did not fall into the council, but the current situation, of course, is even more acute, then, in any case, it was going somewhere far away, somewhere on the outskirts of the world , some steppes and the mountains of afghanistan now, of course, events are taking place in europe , which is why the west is reacting to this so sharply. and completely inadequate, i would say, well, because of the reasons. i think, after all,

we will not call others there now, neither strange nor reasons that are put on the flag. yes victory of defense democracy, that is all. i think that, uh, money is at the forefront, geopolitical interests of specific uh, even countries. well, maybe not strange, but, let's say, groups of financial industrial, uh, who are very strict in their interests. do you know how war is war? yes, nothing personal. that's just business, and there, too, the topic is, let's say, immense. well, i certainly agree that there are always some corporations lobbying for it behind the war, but nevertheless political elites. now they are so russophobic. i think, not casually, because there is some kind of common e and, again, consonant with the soviet era. the atmosphere when this country does not live like this. and she, she behaves too actively, well, in fact, we are talking about russophobia.

i would say that the condition itself , which is now so popular, and i, in principle, agree with it, we are talking about the deepest basis, we are talking about the same process to contain russia and prevent it from expanding, not to increase its sphere of influence, if possible, its cut. and also better and investigate what is called? yes, yes, the actual policy of political elites, tactics and strategy, of course, boils down to this , and it is supplemented by the economic interests that you say, that is, the way out, but to build up economic muscles and become strong, and in order to be able to stand up for yourself, defending your right to this same expansion. how it was possible to do this in the ninety- first year in russia, because inflation was, though not the same as during the civil war. you yourself said that there was no such inflation, but no less we all remember and again the same rationing system, but we

probably remember many of our contemporaries in the nineties. and it was the era of, i would say , the national humiliation of russia, we just ended up on the backs of us, so to speak, out of mercy for the fact that we did away with communism , we were given some. i would say handouts through the currency board and things like that, the pegs are bushing, yes, that was the reward. the west for this is what russia actually did, as if all the decline and production and both economic and military-industrial the building was gambled. this is the decade of the nineties. one of the hardest. i would say in the history of russia managed to recover about what but again, not at the expense of foreign aid. this is certainly due to the fact that they began to do a lot themselves, especially after the crisis of the ninety-eighth

year of default, they changed their policy and realized that they still needed to raise their own industry. own production. so that is, in fact, they began to invest in the economy. yes, that is, the state turned its attention to the development of the economy on production development. yes, i think that this is how it is, and even simple numbers will tell us how much we are now harvesting grain wheat. they are my parents, we collect them several times more than 20 years ago. otherwise, we are talking about the fact that funds were invested in the equipment of fertilizers and so on and so forth, and this is the result. yes, and now russia is again trading in grain. they are buying it abroad this year. in the summer i drove a car. the skirt was such an idea just to ride and focus on the sea there for a couple of days, and it was just amazing. here you go here is rostov-krasnodar. uh, these regions and there

fields are just fields of sunflower wheat. you think, lord, well, what kind of country? what resources? it's not just fields a fields it was the end of august, of course, a stunning sight a few years ago, and i was shocked there by other fields shouting to me shouting endless fields of buckwheat, which are still beautifully blooming and visible. here it is, here it is our resource of buckwheat. we are all hotels, there only still likes buckwheat more than you, so no one really likes buckwheat, they think that is not a smart person. they love buckwheat. i would take buckwheat in all the hotels in the world and teach them to cook back, they didn’t eat anything. yes, all this wealth, nevertheless , i had to learn the name of buckwheat in english, explain how to cook it, and so on. why did europe manage to make a single currency from the same friendly independent states and so on. are we too different or didn’t want to be as close to impoverishment as europe why was there no

single currency in the save or dominant in russia was the soviet union so great why not at least analogues of the euro appeared. but proshev, i said that there was a transferable ruble there. and this, in general, he played his role here for the internal exchange of goods between the members of the ussr. as for the cis, i think that if you pay attention, when they introduced their own currency, larry soms and others, then this is all the mid-nineties years ninety -fifth ninety-sixth year, when russia was in demand crisis and it was clear that, as it were, my martial arts strength. yes, we will not build then, yes, then it was impossible. well plus. uh, national ambition. still , each country should have its own currency , especially at the stage of only its self-determination, when these countries only appeared, one can

say, as independent subjects of international law. and this desire, as it were , to have all the attributes of national independence , including currency. i think i played my part too , one way or another, we are equal, well, until recently , we were equal to the euro and the dollar. that is, they are currencies. well, it is customary to say these are western currencies. why russia, and was there such a period in the history of russia of the soviet union when russia was more oriented to the east and, accordingly, the binding of both currencies and trade would be to the east. well, i’m talking there now, well, okay, china yes there, and even india yes , the middle east was such a period in russia when russia looked more, and in the other direction towards the sunrise, the sun, they were sunsets and oriented. uh, it was precisely the currencies of these countries, in my opinion, that there was no such period. and this is easily explained, why did such russia grow

and become an independent large state. to a european country that then spread its influence all the way to the pacific ocean. this is true, but still , as they say, all economic ones are now tied. we had them in western europe and, of course, we traded mainly with her. and therefore, well, since the time of peter, it’s certainly what was fumbling to russia from china, these were valuable things. it was tea and chinese tea, like the whole russian empire. enjoyed. this was a lot. it was really serious, but nevertheless, everything that such main partners, foreign economic partners were western the countries and the east, then what is called , were just waking up and china and india were still actually a semi-colony and which did not

play an independent role in world trade. therefore, i repeat what is happening now, uh, this is probably an unprecedented period in the history of russia when we are making such a real turn in our economic and not only economic goals to the east towards china, which, in general, we contributed a lot. if we talk about china, then it’s quite obvious that without soviet help after world war ii, without help mao zedong china would never have become the power it is now. most likely, it would have been divided among the colonial powers that already had their own interests there. yes, of course, he achieved independence precisely with the help of the soviet union, and there were huge economic injections into the chinese economy from the ussr, so the fact that

china has now grown into such a giant economic dragon has our good relations. well, not good positive attitude towards russia is the chinese. just repay historical debts before until now, many chinese of the older generation sing katyusha very well and treat the soviet union very well, and remember, and many studied in the soviet union, this factor of our long-standing closeness cannot be ignored when assessing our relations with china and the question is for you as a historian. well, it's no secret that one of the most important tasks taking place for political change now in the world, and in europe in particular, is that the us e. well, here i have a certain theory there. yes, what are we watching now? hospitalism in its purest form is an attempt. here are the formations of centers of power.

yes, of course, there is one of the centers of power - this is china, the second center of power, and with it the first is the usa e, which seeks to destroy and destroyed quite successfully, forming a raw material financial center, there russia and europe are even more of a dynamo russia germany issue. eh, all of this here. uh, let's put it this way economic friendship hmm cooperation flew off like dust in just a few years of propaganda, but especially over the last year this demonization of this destruction, and not will this happen to china, i.e., uh, when china realizes that its interests are all resolved, and this economic russia is no longer needed as a long-term partner, and uh, won't it be , so what are we actually now? well, here is what you are saying, an unprecedented turn towards the east, primarily china and india, the largest powers in this region. yes , because indonesia is the other 105 economies of the world in the next 10 years. but won't it happen? so, in terms of mentality, the east is so far from russia that it simply uses russia as

lever arm? a step in order to rise even higher is here. eh, if it is possible, some historical forecasts can be made, some parallels can be drawn, to what extent russia will withstand precisely long-term cooperation will not be discarded. and the next partner there, next there, even if it’s in debt. yes, there for 20-30 years, but the next step will be such that the east, which has grown there, including at the expense of our resources, will go further, firstly, i don’t think that we have been thrown back several decades. i'm with europe i mean relations with europe well, maybe. you could say that, but still. i do not think that europe itself will not be thrown back, that is, they are inseparable relations in economic development, and it will itself be thrown back, as it seems to me, far enough back and

the molecules of freedom will lose economic profitability behind expensive american gas. yes, and secondly, are the chinese such cunning people who seem to use us for their own purposes, but, probably, i cannot be responsible for the chinese. such a suspicion such a doubt can arise unconditionally, but on the other hand, if we look at how geopolitical and historical these processes are, then let's immediately decide china needs russia and not just as a source of resource, as a global partner, of course, it is necessary. he, what, he is not interested in weakening it, and we see the latest reactions, just china very clearly confirms this, as far as our resources are concerned. of course they are. uh, we're building these gas pipelines

so that china gets the energy it needs, and we're interested in to make china strong and powerful . and so it already is. i actually believe that we still have rather positive and as stories. i'm not supposed to be a futurist, but still, based on such a historical tradition and trend. i think that our relations with china will be friendly and partner-like for a long time and to mutual benefit. thank you. and i think that this is a question that, let's say , worries every thinking russian now. and it's very positive. but there is a blessing. e where to grow for us and china and our relationship with china thank you very much for the historical insight and thank you for the positive thank you for coming. thank

you hello this is a podcast by fire and i am its presenter denis gorelov with a story about the main domestic tv shows of the month. true, it should be noted that if there is no suitable domestic series in the week, then we are talking about either a foreign series or some important film. e fatherland in the film, e-e central theatrical distribution, first of all, the conversation will be about the picture, dude, and for 14 years in at the national box office, the absolute record for the film avatar was 3 1/2 billion rubles. which could not only be surpassed, and even at least close to approach not one, not that the patriotic but not a single foreign picture over the next 14 years. uh, competitors, quietly.

the first shot of the 2013 film stalingrad was selected. then the film moving up crossed the bar of 3 billion rubles. and already then in the review. i painted this picture that sooner or later the avatar will fall. who could have known that he would lie under the cheburashka under the rootless cosmopolitan who arrived from brazil in boxes of oranges, but it happened just like that, he won cheburashka , cheburashka made the result , he collected all the christmas money of our magical country, and as such was immediately burned by all russian film critics, along with his teeth, along with his ears , together with six billion rental fees and orange peels that flew with him from brazil, cheburashka was fiercely criticized because he had teeth and they ran into cheburashka because he did not look like uh, the ideal image created by eduard uspensky to be absolutely untrue,

uh, and i show that my colleagues didn’t read a damn book about crocodile gena . e. thick and gluttonous, and at the right moment, when, uh , the thieves tried, uh, to steal all sorts of building materials from the construction of the house of friendship , who wrote on the fence the inscription cautiously evil cheburashka imagine. here is that tiny one with drooping ears, lovely, very, whose goosebumps were painted by the artist leonid shvartsman for the cartoon by roman kochanov. the sixty-ninth year as an evil cheburashka was completely impossible, but nevertheless, in no way did the creators of the new film sin against the original. why, on the contrary, did shvartsman create cheburashka with increased touchingness, and in the sixty-seventh year , the ostankino television tower was built. as a result, the body signal began to cover the entire vast expanse of our country and suddenly.

the question arose that there was not enough suitable studio content for television, all of a certain amount of the cartoon was ordered, and the cartoon for saturday and sunday shows x69 came out, the first series, e, the franchise well, wait a minute, the first series of the cheburashka franchise, the first series of the e series about the bremen town musicians and the first winnie the pooh. you can imagine how gifted people then worked at soyuzmultfilm, if they were given a task. they released four brilliant cartoons in 2 years. uh, launching entire long series on the air. ah. well, it was at this moment in the country that the middle class was forming with its very lonely and very unhappy. uh, very imaginative and secluded children of intelligent parents. that's just such a spokesman for all these children was the tiny cheburashka with his sweet smile and with his sadly drooping ears. and

a lot of years have passed since then, and there are no more children with uh, drooping ears. now all children have teeth. they are all loudmouthed. gluttonous uh, charming cute and all of them, if you hug them for a long time, they will definitely bite off the ear, exactly such cheburashka uh, similar to a modern child, was created by uh artists of the new painting, for which they are thankful they absolutely fell into demand, but a separate clarification in the book next to it. uh, beautiful crocodile gena working at the zoo. it’s clear to everyone that these films are created only about one hero in the film d’arkhanyan and the three musketeers, the hero d’artagna, all the rest are just a background, and in the film romeo and juliet is the main one or romeo if you play leonardo dicaprio or juliet if he plays her olivier hasile galina ulanova in a production in the fifty-fourth year, a stamp, and, accordingly, if

two cartoon characters wandered around the modern city with people. and they would just draw attention to each other, and hmm the result would be perfect. that's right, therefore, the producer's decision to make crocodile gena a living person was absolutely sniping, magnificent and fair producers of iloyan, the hat of the otradsukoy zhalinsky, uh, quite widely known in the profession as vampires of the middle lane. this is also their work. and besides, with the same director dmitry dyachenko, they did, just er already well, the last film bogatyr and more or less imagine how to spud a modern viewer. and it was clear that the role of the new man of the crocodile required an artist with perfect deplication plastics of a cartoon look and cartoon behavior. therefore, ah, when hmm is perhaps the best cartoon.